双膜耦合系统（MBR-MBfR）处理低碳氮比污水实验研究

为解决实际低碳氮比废水高效脱氮问题，以MBR-MBfR双膜耦合系统为研究对象，探究不同C/N双膜系统的脱氮效果。结果表明，当C/N=2时，其对NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N、TN及COD的协同去除效果最好，COD、NO₃^--N、NO₂^--N、NH₄⁺-N、TN的去除率分别达到79.16%、78.40%、88.41%、77.04%和77.31%，是适合MBR-MBfR双膜耦合系统的最佳碳氮比。用于处理实际废水经过20 d的运行，结果表明，COD、NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N、TN去除率分别达到75.88%、80.02%、76.42%和80.92%。达到较好的双膜耦合效果，为反应器高效脱氮以及去除含有有机碳的低C/N废水提供参考和技术支持。高通量测序结果表明：1)作为氨氧化菌(AOB)的亚硝基...     

改良人工湿地对二级好氧单元出水的深度脱氮研究

针对传统人工湿地脱氮效率低,构建了潮汐-垂直流和垂直潜流人工湿地,对二级好氧单元出水进行深度脱氮。结果表明,潮汐-垂直流和垂直潜流人工湿地分别对 NH₄⁺-N 和 NO₃^--N 去除效果较好,其平均去除率分别为 79.92% 和72.45%,且后者出水 TN 浓度低于城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准一级 A 标准限值,但 NH₄⁺-N 则未能达标。增大进水C/N 比均显著提升了两系统对 TN 的去除效率（p<0.005）。两系统上层填料对 NH₄⁺-N 的去除贡献均超过 75%,同时对TN 和 COD 的去除贡献也最高,表明上层填料在污染物去除过程中发挥了主导作用。完全氨氧化细菌（相对丰度为1.87%）和潜在硝化菌 Rudaea（相对丰度为 0.58%）分别是潮汐-垂直流和垂直潜流人工湿地上层填料主导的氨氧化菌,而Rhodanobacter和Denitratisoma以及norank＿c＿OLB14和Denit...     

新型厌氧水解酸化-短程反硝化厌氧氨氧化工艺同步处理生活污水和含硝酸盐模拟废水

构建新型厌氧水解酸化(AnHA)-短程反硝化厌氧氨氧化(PD/A)工艺,实现了低碳氮比模拟生活污水和低浓度硝酸盐模拟废水的同步和高效处理。通过控制进水NO₃^--N/NH₄⁺-N=1.2、COD/TN=2.36,调控生活污水分段进水比为3∶7,AnHA反应器HRT=3.2h,AnHA-PD/A系统实现了94.78%TN去除,相应出水TN浓度仅为5.47mg/L,远低于我国城镇污水处理厂一级A排放标准。稳定运行期间,PD-Anammox过程作为AnHA-PD/A系统内最为主要的氮素去除过程,其对系统TN去除贡献率高达95.87%。气相色谱结果表明,乙酸作为AnHA出水主要有机成分(43.65%),即优质碳源供给极大地促进了PD/A系统内NO₂^--N供给过程。微生物高通量测序表明,Commamonas和Omatilinea作为AnHA系统内相对丰度最高的水解和酸化菌属,在大分子有机物的降解产酸过程中发挥重要作用,相应丰度分别为2.97%和3.74%;PD/A系统...     

人工快渗系统短程硝化反硝化的协同启动及脱氮性能

为提高人工快渗(CRI)系统的脱氮性能,构建了好氧(O)/缺氧(A)两段式CRI系统处理模拟生活污水,采用NaCl-pH协同调控的方式启动短程硝化反硝化,考察了其对NH₄⁺-N、TN去除的强化效果。结果表明,进水中投加质量浓度为6 000 mg/L的NaCl运行13 d后,O-CRI反应柱的NO₂^--N积累率可达到71.7%,此时提高进水pH至8.8,NO₂^--N积累率可增高至95.5%,NaCl-pH协同调控可成功启动短程硝化。O/A-CRI系统稳定运行期间NH₄⁺-N、TN去除率均值分别达到97.6%、87.5%,比对照组分别提高了2.9、41.3个百分点。O-CRI反应柱内的脱氮功能菌以氨氧化菌(AOB)为主,其中相对丰度较高的菌属为Nitrosomonas、Nitrosospira,而以Nitrospira为代表的亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的活性由于被选择性抑制而致使其相对丰度大幅减小,从而保障了NO     

木质框架土壤渗滤系统处理养猪废水厌氧消化液的效能

为处理高氨氮、低C/N比的养猪废水厌氧消化液, 构建了具有缓释碳源特性的木质框架土壤渗滤系统(WFSI), 并通过运行测试了进水浓度和表面水力负荷(SHL)对系统处理效能的影响。在SHL为0.2 m³·m^-2·d^-1条件下, 当进水COD和NH₄⁺-N平均浓度分别从152和175.5 mg·L^-1提高到421和788.7 mg·L^-1时, 系统对COD的去除率从52.3%提高到61.2%, NH₄⁺-N去除率从84.2%下降到61.5%, TN去除率从28.6%提高到了33.5%, NH₄⁺-N和TN去除负荷分别达到了75.5和41.7 g·m^-3·d^-1。当SHL提高为0.32 m³·m^-2·d^-1时, 系统仍能维持运行, 但处理效能受到显著影响。在进水COD 和NH₄⁺-N分别为265和465 mg·L^-1左右时, COD、NH₄⁺-N及TN的去除率分别平均为56.5%、53.3%和20.9%。木质填料及其附着层形成的NH₄⁺-N浓度梯度, 可使系统承受较高的SHL的同时获得缓释碳源, 并保护氨氧化细菌免受自由氨毒性。     

以硫-铁为基质的自养反硝化深度脱氮性能研究

通过静态批次实验,探讨了硫自养反硝化、铁自养反硝化和硫铁协同脱氮系统的脱氮性能。实验结果表明,单质硫自养反硝化过程中pH由8.46降至5.46,反应前期NO₂^--N发生积累,最高达7.14 mg/L。TN和NO₃^--N随反硝化的进行呈不断降低趋势。反应5 d时TN去除率可达100%。零价铁粉的加入可以有效起到缓冲pH的作用。在硫铁协同脱氮系统中,硫铁体积比为2∶1、1∶1时,反应体系的pH可维持在6.54～7.12之间。硫铁体积比为2∶1时脱氮效果最佳,反应72 h时TN去除率可达98.5%,NO₃^--N去除率可达100%。在铁自养反硝化过程中,pH呈缓慢升高后逐渐稳定的趋势,由8.46增至10.02。与硫自养反硝化系统和硫铁协同脱氮系统相比,铁自养反硝化系统的脱氮性能最差,反应9 d时TN和NO₃^--N的去除率分别为40.52%、48.96%,且在该体系中NH₄⁺-N...     

MABR系统处理空间站模拟废水的研究

微生物法处理空间站废水是未来空间站水回收管理系统的发展方向之一，为了探究生化法对空间站废水的处理效果，设计并搭建了一套MABR反应器，以出水COD、NH₄⁺-N和TN等作为主要考察指标，并结合NO₂^--N、NO₃^--N等指标对反应器的处理效果进行评估和分析。试验对比了不同曝气压力、不同断面流速下反应器的处理效能，从而找出各因素对反应器处理效果的影响规律，然后在一定条件对空间站模拟废水进行处理。结果表明：反应器启动后具有同步硝化反硝化功能；当处理市政污水时，设定曝气压力为0.015 MPa，断面流速为2.5 mm/s,HRT为24 h,COD、NH₄⁺-N和TN去除率分别达到99.9%、97.8%和86.69%；当处理空间站模拟废水(稀释10%)时，补充碳源150 mg/L(葡萄糖)，曝气压力为0.02 MPa，断面流速为2.5 mm/s,HRT为24 h,COD、NH₄⁺     

基于EGSB反应器的不同接种污泥启动厌氧氨氧化特性研究

采用两套相同的EGSB反应器，分别接种厌氧颗粒污泥和好氧活性污泥，在温度(35±1)℃、水力停留时间6 h、上升流速为4 m/h的条件下，通过低浓度基质模拟废水进行驯化启动厌氧氨氧化，考察驯化启动厌氧氨氧化反应变化的特性以及基质浓度梯度提升和基质比对驯化系统运行的影响特性。结果表明：接种厌氧颗粒污泥和好氧活性污泥分别经过93 d和63 d后成功驯化启动了厌氧氨氧化，并经过容积TN负荷提升达到1.76 kgN/(m³·d),TN去除率均值分别达到了83%和81%；当进水基质比为1.32时，接种厌氧颗粒污泥组的NH₄⁺-N去除量∶NO₂^--N去除量∶NO₃^--N产生量为1∶1.24∶0.15，低于理论值1∶1.32∶0.26，而接种好氧活性污泥组的为1∶1.33∶0.17接近理论值。     

锰负载固相碳源在处理生活污水中脱氮性能研究

生物强化脱氮技术是城镇污水处理厂重点关注的技术之一,现有大量研究表明改性填料可以增强污水生物脱氮效果。制备了一种锰负载丝瓜络填料,构建以锰负载丝瓜络为生物载体的生物滤池系统,应用同步硝化反硝化(SND)技术处理模拟低碳氮比生活污水,考察反应器的启动及一系列C/N条件下系统脱氮性能的变化情况。结果表明,系统运行20 d后,实验组和对照组总氮去除率分别可达39.92%和60.07%左右,实现了SND的启动;且在反应器启动阶段,实验组COD、NH₄⁺-N、TN平均去除率均高于对照组,分别提高了4.61%、20.09%、16.31%。在DO=(4.0±0.5)mg/L、HRT=12 h,进水C/N=5的条件下,实验组NH₄⁺-N、TN平均去除率分别可达88.95%、64.98%,相较对照组分别提高9.72%、10.84%。可见锰负载物可提高污水处理中NH₄⁺-N、TN以及COD的去除效果。     

2级A/O-HBR工艺2种填料处理DMF废水研究

采用2级A/O-HBR工艺处理N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)废水,对投加高效生物绳填料和聚氨酯海绵填料的工艺脱氮除碳效果进行对比实验研究。结果表明,2种填料均可在21 d内完成挂膜,COD去除率达到95%以上;聚氨酯海绵填料的TN去除效果明显优于高效生物绳填料,COD、TN去除率分别高达97.35%和88.85%,且抗冲击负荷能力较强,同步硝化反硝化反应效果明显,更适用于在2级A/O-HBR工艺中处理DMF废水。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。