桑叶生物碱对小鼠酒精性肝损伤的保护作用

探讨桑叶生物碱（mulberry leaf alkaloids,MLA）对酒精性肝损伤小鼠的改善作用。建立酒精性肝损伤小鼠模型,以MLA（40、80、160 mg/kg?day）干预4周,计算肝脏指数,检测血清甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）和肝脏中过氧化氢酶（CAT）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）、总超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素1β（IL-1β）、白细胞介素6（IL-6）的含量。与模型组相比,MLA中剂量组小鼠的肝脏指数、血清TG、TC、ALT、AST和肝脏MDA、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平分别降低11.18%、22.78%、19.19%、28.08%、16.16%、25.07%、23.51%、18.61%、11.78%,肝脏SOD、CAT、GSH-Px活力分别提高27.47%、15.36%、27.83%;MLA高剂量组小鼠的肝脏指数、血清TG、TC、ALT、AST和肝脏MDA、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平分别降低15.17%、32.65%、23.16%、30.58%、16.41%、31.97%、27.19%、25.41%、29.59%,肝脏SOD、CAT、GSH-Px活力分别提高38.38%、19.09%、31.09%;MLA中、高剂量组肝脏组织结构损伤明显改善。MLA可以改善小鼠酒精性肝损伤,其作用机制可能与改善肝脏氧化应激和抑制炎症反应有关。     

黑枸杞花色苷对酒精性肝损伤的保护作用

研究黑枸杞花色苷(black wolfberry anthocyanins,BWA)对酒精性肝损伤的保护作用。将受试小鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、BWA低中高剂量组及阳性对照组,连续灌胃30 d后,除空白组外,均给予体积分数56%乙醇溶液16 m L/kg灌胃,建立急性酒精性肝损伤模型,在模型建立12 h后,脱臼处死,测定血清中谷丙转氨酶(Alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、谷草转氨酶(Aspartate transaminase,AST)活性及肿瘤坏死因子α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(Interleukin-6,IL-6)水平,肝组织中丙二醛(Malonaldehyde,MDA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(Reduced glutathione,GSH)水平及超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide Dismutase,SOD)活性。结果显示,BWA可显著降低血清中ALT、AST活性及TNF-α、IL-6水平(P0.05);降低肝组织中MDA水平(P0.05),提高SOD活性及GSH水平(P0.05)。BWA对酒精诱发的酒精性肝损伤具有较好的保护作用。     

嗜热链球菌grx02对酒精性肝损伤大鼠保护作用的分子机制

研究了嗜热链球菌grx02对急性酒精性肝损伤大鼠模型的保护作用机制。建立了急性酒精性肝损伤大鼠模型,观察嗜热链球菌grx02对急性酒精性肝损伤大鼠血清转氨酶以及炎症细胞因子的改善作用。结果表明,酒精可诱导大鼠血清谷氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、丙二醛(MDA)水平显著升高,;血清、肝匀浆中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-1β(IL-1β)、白介素-8(IL-8)细胞因子水平显著升高;乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)、还原性谷胱甘肽(GSH)、增加谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著下降,与对照组比较均有显著性差异。结论:grx02可能通过抑制炎性因子,增强抗氧化酶系活性、抑制氧化应激引发的肝损伤,对大鼠急性酒精性肝损伤发挥保护作用。     

五味子酸性多糖分级产物对小鼠急性酒精性肝损伤的改善作用

目的:研究五味子酸性多糖分级产物(Schisandra chinensis acidic polysaccharides-2,SCAP-2)对酒精诱导小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用。方法:采用50%乙醇12 mL/kg·bw灌胃建立小鼠急性肝损伤模型。将50只小鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组、SCAP-2低剂量(5 mg/kg·bw)、SCAP-2中剂量组(10 mg/kg·bw)和SCAP-2高剂量组(20 mg/kg·bw)。检测血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)水平,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量;测定肝组织中MDA、甘油三酯(TG)含量以及SOD活性;HE染色观察肝脏组织病理学变化。结果:与酒精性肝损伤模型组相比,SCAP-2高剂量可降低小鼠血清中ALT和AST水平(p<0.05),升高血清及肝组织中SOD活性(p<0.01)、降低MDA含量(p<0.05),降低肝组织中TG含量(p<0.01),并可改善肝脏病理学变化。结论:五味子酸性多糖分级产物(SCAP-2)对小鼠急性酒精性肝损伤具有一定的保护作用。     

荷叶总黄酮对小鼠酒精肝损伤的保护作用

研究荷叶总黄酮(total flavonoids of lotus leaf(Nelumbo nuciferea Gaertn.),TFL)对小鼠酒精肝损伤的影响及作用机理。将72只小鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组、益肝灵组、TFL低剂量组、TFL中剂量组、TFL高剂量组。除了空白组,用TFL(100、300、500mg/kg)灌胃小鼠,益肝灵组灌胃益肝灵,每日灌胃后4h用50%乙醇12mL/kg·bw灌胃,连续14d,末次乙醇灌胃6h后,处死小鼠,计算脏器指数,检测各实验组小鼠血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)活性、甘油三酯(TG)含量、肝组织匀浆中丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷光甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性;酶联免疫法测定肝匀浆中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)的含量;对肝进行病理组织学检查。结果表明:荷叶总黄酮能显著降低酒精肝损伤小鼠血清ALT、AST、TG水平,降低肝匀浆MDA含量,抑制SOD、GSH-Px、GSH水平的下降,抑制TNF-α和IL-1β的表达,并减轻酒精导致的肝组织病理损伤,呈现剂量效应关系。说明荷叶总黄酮对酒精致小鼠肝损伤具有较好的保护作用,其机制可能与其清除自由基、抑制脂质过氧化、抑制TNF-α、IL-1β因子的表达有关。     

油橄榄叶醇提取物对D-半乳糖胺/脂多糖致小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用及其作用机制

研究油橄榄叶醇提取物(OLME)对D-半乳糖胺/脂多糖诱导小鼠肝损伤的保护作用。昆明种小鼠按体质量随机分为6组,即空白对照组、模型对照组、阳性对照组(联苯双酯200 mg/kg·d)、OLME低、中、高剂量组(200、400、800 mg/kg·d)。每天给药1次,连续给药14 d,末次给药1 h后,除正常组外其余各组用600 mg/kg·BW D-半乳糖胺和40 μg·kg-1脂多糖腹腔注射以复制小鼠急性肝损伤模型,末次给药12 h后,摘眼球取血,取材。用生化法测定小鼠血清中谷氨酸转氨酶(ALT)和天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)活性,用试剂盒测定各组小鼠肝匀浆中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)等炎性因子的表达水平以及半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3(Caspase-3)和半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-8(Caspase-8)活性。与模型组比较,OLME中高剂量组小鼠血清中ALT和AST活力显著降低(p<0.05),肝组织中MDA、TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6含量显著降低而SOD活力显著升高(p<0.05),但OLME对GSH-Px改善作用不明显,仅OLME高剂量有一定效果;OLME低、中、高剂量均能显著降低caspase-3和caspase-8活性(p<0.05)。OLME对D-半乳糖胺/脂多糖诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤具有较好的保护作用。     

芦荟多糖联合低聚果糖缓解小鼠酒精性肝损伤

本文研究了芦荟多糖联合低聚果糖对慢性酒精所致小鼠肝损伤的保护作用。采用芦荟多糖联合低聚果糖灌胃,以保护慢性酒精性肝损伤小鼠,实验结束后测定小鼠肝脏指数;血清生化指标,如谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、总胆固醇(TC)和甘油三酯(TG);肝脏生化指标,如还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)和白介素-6(IL-6),同时观察组织病理学变化,以综合评价芦荟多糖联合低聚果糖对小鼠的肝保护作用。结果表明,高剂量组芦荟多糖联合低聚果糖能显著地降低酒精诱导的ALT、AST、TC、TG的水平至(23.37±0.80) U/L、(106.50±4.58) U/L、(2.85±0.10) mmol/L、(1.38±0.12) mmol/L;降低炎症因子IL-6和TNF-α水平至(28.24±0.45)和(155.90±9.67) pg/(mg pro)和提升丙二醇MDA含量至(1.25±0.13)pmol/(mgpro)(p0.05),并且提高肝内抗氧化酶GSH、SOD、GSH-Px活性至(93.65±4.93)、(61.24±3.13)和(82.75±7.04)U/(mgpro)(p0.05),高剂量组的肝保护效果较阳性药物水飞蓟更明显,其主要保护机制为抗氧化。因此,本研究为缓解酒精性肝损伤的芦荟多糖联合低聚果糖复方产品提供了一定的理论支撑。     

桔甘片对急性酒精性肝损伤小鼠的保护作用

探讨桔甘片（Jie-Gan Tablets,JGT）对急性酒精肝损伤小鼠的保护作用。采取50%酒精一次性灌胃（i.g）的方法建立小鼠急性酒精性肝损伤模型。检测小鼠血清中谷草转氨酶（AST）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、甘油三酯（TG）水平,肝组织匀浆中丙二醛（MDA）的含量及谷胱甘肽过氧化酶（GSH-Px）的活性,采用H&E染色分析组织切片形态变化,评估JGT的肝保护作用。结果显示不同剂量JGT和联苯双酯预处理能够显著抑制小鼠体内两种血清转氨酶水平的升高（p<0.05）,抑制率最高达到61.81%。JGT高剂量组显著降低血清中TG水平（p<0.05）,降幅达到34.73%。与模型组相比,阳性对照组显著逆转了MDA水平上升这一现象（p<0.01）,JGT各给药组呈剂量依赖的方式降低MDA的含量（p<0.05）,且提高了抗氧化酶GSH-Px的活性（p<0.05）,其中高剂量组MDA含量降至1.74 nmol/mg,GSH-Px活力上升至828.81 U/mg pro。H&E染色结果表明,JGT预处理能够有效改善酒精诱导的肝损伤。由此可见,JGT对ALD具有一定的预防保护作用。     

灵芝菌丝体多糖提取工艺优化及其对慢性酒精肝损伤的保护作用

本研究以灵芝菌丝体为材料,采用水提醇沉法提取灵芝菌丝体多糖,在单因素实验基础上,结合响应面分析法优化灵芝菌丝体多糖提取工艺,通过Sevage法及透析法去除蛋白和小分子,获得初步纯化灵芝菌丝体多糖（SGP）。动物模型:将60只小鼠随机分成空白对照组、模型组、阳性对照组和给药低、中、高组（125、250、500 mg/kg·bw）,除空白组外,各组按照0.1 mL/10 g·bw剂量灌胃56°北京红星二锅头,建立慢性酒精肝损伤模型。第15 d开始,各给药组造模4 h后,分别灌胃水飞蓟宾（200 mg/kg·bw）和不同剂量的SGP溶液,连续2周后,解剖。采用试剂盒法测定小鼠血清及肝脏组织中谷草转氨酶（AST）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）、丙二醛（MDA）、总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）和白介素-6（IL-6）、白介素-1β（IL-1β）和肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）水平,并观察小鼠的肝脏病理切片。结果表明:灵芝菌丝体多糖最优提取条件为提取温度89 ℃、提取时间2.5 h和液料比85:1（mL/g）,在此条件下,多糖得率为3.44%。动物实验结果表明,与模型组相比,SGP中、高剂量组小鼠肝脏指数极显著下降（P<0.01）;SGP 中、高剂量组肝脏和血清中的 CAT、SOD和GSH-PX 活力显著上升（P<0.05）,SGP高剂量组 ALT、AST 活力及 MDA、TC、TG、IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α含量极显著下降（P<0.01）;病理组织切片结果显示,SGP可明显改善肝脏受损情况。说明,SGP可以通过改善小鼠肝脏氧化应激水平,脂质代谢水平并降低小鼠肝脏细胞炎症因子含量,进而对慢性酒精性肝损伤小鼠发挥保护作用。     

桑叶生物碱对高脂饮食诱导小鼠肝损伤的改善作用及机理

目的：探讨桑叶生物碱对高脂饮食诱导小鼠肝损伤的改善作用与机理,为桑叶的科学利用提供参考。方法：用高脂饲料喂饲小鼠的同时灌胃不同剂量的桑叶生物碱,于第4、8、12、16周末检测小鼠肝脏系数和血浆谷丙转氨酶（alanine aminotransferase,ALT）、谷草转氨酶（aspartate aminotransferase,AST）活力;取肝组织进行苏木精-伊红染色观察组织病理学改变;实时定量聚合酶链式反应测定肝组织炎症因子白细胞介素-10（interleukin-10,IL-10）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α）和细胞凋亡因子Bax、Bcl-2 mRNA表达水平。结果：与高脂对照组比,随着桑叶生物碱灌胃剂量的增加和时间的延长,小鼠肝脏系数及ALT、AST活力显著下降（P＜0.05）,肝脏中脂质沉积和脂肪变性得到改善,IL-10、Bcl-2 mRNA表达水平显著上升（P＜0.05）,TNF-α、Bax mRNA表达水平显著降低（P＜0.05）。200 mg/kg mb桑叶生物碱灌胃16 周能使肝损伤小鼠机体各指标恢复到正常水平。结论：桑叶生物碱对高脂饮食导致的肝损伤有良好的改善作用,其机制可能与调节炎症因子（TNF-α、IL-10）和细胞凋亡因子（Bax、Bcl-2）的mRNA表达水平有关。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the