熟制方式对裹糊猪排品质及挥发性香气成分的影响

为探讨熟制方式对裹糊猪排品质和风味影响,采用常规物化测定方法,研究不同熟制方式(煎、炸、烤)对裹糊猪排猪排质构、水分含量、最大形变量、烹饪损失率、风味影响.结果表明:3种熟制方式比较分析显示煎制与烤制对猪排的剪切力影响显著(P＜0.05),而炸制温度对裹糊猪排咀嚼性影响显著(P＜0.05).煎制较炸制与烤制而言,烹饪损...     

不同温度对调理鸡排低温贮藏品质特性的影响

为研究不同温度对调理鸡排低温贮藏品质特性的影响,本实验利用3 种不同的贮藏温度（4 ℃（冷藏）、－2 ℃（冰温贮藏）和－18 ℃（冷冻贮藏））对调理鸡排进行贮藏,并通过对贮藏期间调理鸡排菌落总数、颜色、持水力、质构特性等的测定以及扫描电子显微镜的观察,分析调理鸡排理化品质以及微观结构的变化情况。菌落总数分析结果表明,相比于冷藏,冰温贮藏可以将调理鸡排的货架期延长2 倍（从约4 d延长到约12 d）;理化品质分析结果表明,冰温贮藏条件下调理鸡排的持水力和质构特性都得到了更好的保持。此外,扫描电子显微镜的观察结果表明,冰温贮藏条件下鸡排的微观结构受到的损伤相较于冷藏和冻藏而言更小。虽然冷冻贮藏条件下鸡排的货架期较长（3 个月以上）,但是其持水力、质构、微观结构等品质下降也更快。而冰温贮藏在延长货架期的同时,也更好地保持了调理鸡排的品质特性。综上,本研究可为冰温贮藏在调理鸡排贮运过程中的应用提供理论参考。     

抗性淀粉对油炸调理鸡排品质特性的影响

针对油炸过程对调理肉制品质量与安全的影响问题,研究面糊中添加0%～40%的抗性淀粉对油炸调理鸡排品质特性（色泽、脆性、水分和油分含量、丙烯酰胺含量、微观结构及感官评价）的影响,以改善产品质量并实现低脂化。结果表明：添加20%～40%抗性淀粉的鸡排可获得良好的感官可接受性;添加20%抗性淀粉能显著降低油炸调理鸡排的含油量（P＜0.05）,提高油炸后外壳的黄度值,鸡排外壳表现出更好的金黄色,形成密实、连续的面糊微结构,改善外壳脆性,降低油炸过程中丙烯酰胺的生成量,提高产品安全性。因此,添加20%抗性淀粉能更好地降低油炸调理鸡排的含油量,提升产品质量。     

切割角度和制熟方式对牛排品质因子及挥发性风味物质的影响

选用科尔沁西冷牛肉,将其按照与肌纤维平行、垂直以及45°3种角度切割,并分别采用烤制、煎制、微波加热的方式制熟,对不同切割角度及制熟方式下牛排的品质因子(色泽、质构、烹调失水率)和挥发性风味物质进行测定与分析。结果表明,在色泽方面,制熟方式对牛排的色差有显著影响,烤制成熟且垂直肌纤维切割的牛排烹饪失水率最低,牛排持水力较好;在物理性质上,垂直肌纤维切割的牛排经过烤制后其剪切力、硬度和咀嚼性均最小,分别为14.48 N,110.00N,283.27mJ;在风味物质方面,不同切割方式及加热方式中牛肉挥发性物质种类和含量有较大区别,以垂直肌纤维切割、烤制的牛排中醛类、醇类、酯类含量最高,分别为70.19%,8.20%,6.86%,并且其种类也最多;同时,微观表征也证明了垂直肌纤维切割、烤制的牛肉肌纤维紧密度较高,肌束膜间隙较小,食用品质最佳。     

熟制方式对紫薯条品质及消化特性的影响

采用蒸制、煮制、烤制及空气炸锅炸制紫薯条，并对紫薯条食用品质以及消化特性进行分析。结果表明，4种熟制方式的紫薯条中的基础营养成分之间均存在差异。炸制紫薯条的熟化损失率最大；烤制、炸制紫薯条呈现较深的棕红色(a^*)和黄色值(b^*)；炸制会破坏紫薯条淀粉的双螺旋组织形态，使得淀粉无定型区结构增加；蒸制和煮制紫薯条淀粉颗粒和细胞壁的结构相对独立和完整。紫薯条中淀粉消化特性表明，烤制快消化淀粉(RDS)含量最高，煮制抗性淀粉(RS)含量最高；烤制和炸制的估计血糖生成指数(eGI)分别为77.59、74.50，属于高GI食品。综合基础成分的稳定性、淀粉结构的完整性及消化特性等指标，将4种熟制方式进行排序为：蒸制>煮制>炸制>烤制。     

熟化方式对酱卤风味牛肉品质及多环芳烃含量的影响

比较蒸制、煮制、炸制、煎制、烤制和微波6 种熟化方式对酱卤风味牛肉品质（感官评分、色泽、质构、水分含量、pH值、脂肪氧化）和化学危害物多环芳烃（polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs）含量的影响。结果表明：烤制、蒸制、煮制熟化酱卤风味牛肉色泽品质较好;烤制、煎制和炸制熟化酱卤风味牛肉水分含量偏低,且与其他组有显著差异（P＜0.05）;蒸制熟化酱卤风味牛肉很好地保持了水分含量,具有较好的质构特性;烤制、炸制熟化酱卤风味牛肉的脂肪氧化程度偏高（P＜0.05）,而蒸制熟化酱卤风味牛肉的脂肪氧化程度最低;与其他熟化方式相比,蒸制熟化酱卤风味牛肉的感官评分较高;烤制、煎制、炸制熟化酱卤风味牛肉中苯并(a)芘、苯并(a)蒽、苯并(b)荧蒽及?4 种PAHs的总含量均高于7.0 μg/kg,蒸制、微波熟化组约为3.1 μg/kg。综合评估得出,蒸制是一种有效的酱卤风味牛肉熟化加工方式,牛肉品质与传统卤煮牛肉更为接近。     

九种本地雪花黄牛肉消费者感官评价及品质预测模型构建

为挖掘国内优质黄牛肉的品质特性,了解其市场定位和产品开发方向,以进口雪花牛肉作为对照,开展了9种本地A3级雪花黄牛肉生鲜肉、煎制肉和涮制肉的消费者感官评定。结果表明:郏县红牛、新疆褐牛、渤海黑牛3个品种背最长肌煎制肉从多汁性、滋味、嫩度、色泽、残渣及香气评价与进口A3级雪花牛肉无显著差异（P>0.05）,9个品种本地黄牛股二头肌涮制肉均能达到进口雪花牛肉水平,其中渤海黑牛、平凉红牛、云岭牛、夷陵牛、晋南牛股二头肌涮制肉得分显著高于进口雪花牛肉（P<0.05）。对比生鲜肉和熟制肉的感官评价结果发现二者相关性偏低（r=0.345）,说明仅凭生鲜肉外观确定牛肉质量等级存在一定的偏差,因此本研究进一步开展背最长肌理化指标的测定并与感官得分进行线性回归分析,构建了牛肉品质预测模型,结果显示生鲜肉排整体可接受性=6.382?0.132×蛋白质含量,煎制肉整体可接受性=4.751?0.228×剪切力,生鲜肉的回归方程可以解释81.2%的因变量变异,煎制肉回归方程可以解释62.6%的因变量变异,模型拟合程度良好。通过筛选蛋白质和剪切力分别作为生鲜肉和煎制肉的评定指标,为牛肉品质评价提供了新的参考依据。     

5种加工工艺的醋泡黑豆风味和抗氧化活性比较

以优质黑豆和老陈醋为原料,比较分析了煮制、炒制、烤制、高压及生制条件下醋泡黑豆的风味和抗氧化活性。先根据感官评价确定四种热处理方式的时间,即煮制40 min、炒制10 min、烤制20 min和高压30 min。电子鼻法比较了原料黑豆与五种工艺醋泡黑豆挥发性成分,发现醋泡处理显著改善了黑豆的气味,五种工艺中不接触水的生制、烤制和炒制组比较接近,而煮制与水蒸汽高压处理组比较接近。通过对总抗氧化能力、总酚含量的测定,表明五种加工工艺对醋泡黑豆的抗氧化活性有显著区别,其抗氧化能力大小依次是烤制>炒制>生制>高压熟化>煮制;烤制条件下,总酚含量高达6.321 mg/g,总抗氧化能力达到0.399 mmol/L,?OH、DPPH?和ABTS+?清除率分别为81.4%、92.2%和48.0%。因此,烤制后用老陈醋浸泡可制成感官品质优、风味好、抗氧化能力强的保健功能食品。     

天然红色素部分替代亚硝酸钠在牛肉制品中的研究

为减少牛肉制品中亚硝酸钠的添加量和残留量,选取天然水溶性红色素红曲红、胭脂虫红,天然脂溶性红色素辣椒红、番茄红和甜椒红5 种天然红色素,通过煮制、烤制以及煎制3 种烹饪方式对牛肉进行处理,研究不同色素对牛肉制品红度值a*和亚硝酸钠残留量的影响。结果表明：当煮制牛肉中辣椒红和红曲红添加量均为0.032%,亚硝酸钠添加量为0.006%;烤制和煎制牛肉中甜椒红和红曲红添加量均为0.032%,亚硝酸钠的添加量为0.006%时,试验组的红度值a*与对照组没有显著性差别（p＞0.05）,而亚硝酸钠的残留量降低了53%。     

热加工方式对猪肉品质及氧化特性的影响

为探究热加工方式对猪肉品质和氧化特性的影响，以猪里脊为实验材料，采用煮制、微波、烤制、炸制4种热加工方式，研究加工损失、色泽、剪切力、质构、基本组分、气味、滋味等品质指标及羰基含量和硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric?acid?reactive?substance,TBARS）值等氧化指标的变化。结果表明：与对照组相比，4种热加工方式处理猪肉样品的品质及氧化特性差异明显。加工损失率排序为烤制>微波>炸制>煮制，蛋白质、灰分含量与加工损失率呈正相关，水分质量分数与加工损失率呈负相关；猪肉色泽变化以炸制处理组最为显著；炸制处理组的弹性、凝聚性和剪切力与其他处理组相比存在明显差异；微波处理组的羰基含量显著高于其他处理组（P<0.05）；烤制处理组的TBARS值最大。电子鼻检测结果显示热加工后挥发性风味物质含量增加，电子舌检测结果显示炸制处理组鲜味值最高。本研究结果可为猪肉热加工方式的选择提供参考。     

Effect of cooking methods on the formation of heterocyclic aromatic amines in chicken and duck breast

Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs), potent mutagens/carcinogens, are pyrolysis formed during the cooking of meat and fish. In the present study, the effects of various cooking methods, pan-frying, deep-frying, charcoal grilling and roasting on the formation of HAAs in chicken breast and duck breast were studied. The various HAAs formed during cooking were isolated by solid-phase extraction and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results showed that chicken breast cooked by charcoal grilling contained the highest content of total HAAs, as high as 112 ng/g, followed by pan-fried duck breast (53.3 ng/g), charcoal grilled duck breast (32 ng/g), pan-fried chicken breast (27.4 ng/g), deep-fried chicken breast (21.3 ng/g), deep-fried duck breast (14 ng/g), roasted duck breast (7 ng/g) and roasted chicken breast (4 ng/g). For individual HAA, the most abundant HAA was 9H-pyrido-[4,3-b]indole (Norharman), which was detected in charcoal grilled chicken breast at content as high as 32.2 ng/g, followed by 1-methyl-9H-pyrido[4,3-b] indole (Harman) and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-f]pyridine(PhIP) at 32 and 31.1 ng/g in charcoal grilled chicken breast, respectively. The content of PhIP in pan-fried duck and chicken breast were 22 and 18.3 ng/g, respectively. Generally, the type and content of HAAs in cooked poultry meat varies with cooking method and cooking conditions.     

Aroma profile and consumer liking of salted and dried chicken meat: Effects of desalting and cooking methods

Twenty-four dried and salted broiler breasts, a chicken charqui–like muscle food, were submitted to desalting in cold water and different cooking methods (grilling, roasting, frying with olive oil, and sous-vide cooking). Samples were assessed by levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, volatile compounds, and odor-liking analysis. Desalted and sous-vide cooked samples presented the highest levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and volatile compounds derived from lipid oxidation. Grilling, roasting, and frying promoted an increase of Maillard-derived volatiles in dried salted broiler meat. This difference in aromatic profile led to a high odor acceptability of samples submitted to more intense thermal treatments such as grilling, roasting, and frying. In contrast, prolonged cooking (sous-vide technique) and desalting in cold water led to a marked decline in consumers’ liking due the rise in volatile compounds derived from lipid oxidation. In conclusion, based on the results, it seemed to be reasonable to hypothesize that dried and salted broiler meat submitted to high temperatures during cooking (≈180–200°C) tended to generate high Maillard-derived volatiles, while long cooking times led to a great thermal degradation/oxidation of lipids, which generates high content of lipid-derived volatile components.     

Effect of Thermal Treatment on Meat Proteins with Special Reference to Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines (HAAs)

Meat is one of the most imperative protein sources available with respect to its production and consumption. It is the richest source of some valuable nutrients like proteins, essential amino acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals like iron, zinc, and selenium. Thermal treatment produces conformational changes in protein structure as well as flavor, texture, and appearance, and chemical properties of the ingredients are also changed. Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs), potent mutagens/carcinogens, are formed during the cooking of meat at high temperature. The review paper highlights the effects of various cooking methods, i.e., pan-frying, deep-frying, charcoal grilling, and roasting, on the formation of HAAs. The levels of HAAs produced in cooked meats vary depending upon the cooking method, time of cooking, and the type of meat being cooked. Metabolic behavior of HAAs is very unique, they interfere in the activity of many enzymes, modify the metabolic pathways, and lead to the adduct formation of DNA. The application of black pepper and several other spices during processing may reduce the formation of these (HAAs) mutagenic compounds.     

Fatty Acid Composition and Caloric Value of Ground Beef Containing Low Levels of Fat

Ground beef patties containing five different levels of fat – 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%– were cooked by boiling, browning, pan-frying, microwaving, roasting or broiling. Proximate composition, fat retention, energy content (kcal/100g), and fatty acid composition of raw and cooked patties were examined. Percentage fat retention decreased as fat content of the raw patty increased. Microwaving to “well done” and boiling resulted in ground beef with less fat than other methods of cooking at the higher fat levels. The proportion of fatty acids changed very little with increasing fat percentage and because of cooking method.     

Heat and mass transfer in chicken breasts – effect on PhIP formation

Heterocyclic amines are mutagenic/carcinogenic compounds that are found in cooked meat and fish. These compounds are of concern in the aetiology of human cancer and therefore it is important to minimise their formation during cooking, and their intake. PhIP (2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]-pyridine, CAS no: 105650-23-5) is one heterocyclic amine that is found at high levels in cooked chicken. Chicken breast was cooked to a centre temperature of 72 °C using the following cooking methods: boiling, oven roasting, oven roasting in a special roasting-bag or in a clay pot, broiling, deep-frying and pan-frying. The temperature on the surface and at the centre was monitored by thermocouples during cooking, and these data, together with drip loss determined by means of weight reduction, were used to create temperature profiles and to calculate cook-values and rate of drip loss. The samples were analysed for PhIP using solid-phase extraction and HPLC. PhIP was detected in the broiled (0.07 ng/g), deep fried (0.02 ng/g) and pan-fried (0.04 30 ng/g) chicken breast. The cooking temperature and rate of drip loss had great impact on crust formation during pan-frying, and greatly affected the amount of PhIP formed. High temperature and high rate of drip loss were found to be most favourable for the formation of PhIP.     

Proximate and fatty acid compositions and sensory acceptability of Hispanic consumers towards rib‐eye steaks from forage‐finished steers

Proximate and fatty acid compositions and sensory acceptability of rib‐eye steaks (fresh and 6 months frozen‐stored) from three forage‐finished steers [S1 (bermudagrass + ryegrass, etc.); S2 (bermudagrass + ryegrass + berseem, etc.); S3 (bermudagrass+berseem+soybean+brown midrib sorghum, etc.)] and one commercial steak (C), cooked by one‐sided and/or two‐sided grilling, were evaluated. All forage‐finished steaks had lower [omega‐6/omega‐3] ratios than C. Sensory liking was assessed by Hispanic consumers. Raw C steak had higher fat and lower protein contents than others (S1, S2 and S3). Concerning raw steaks, S3 had higher liking scores for overall appearance and fat appearance than others. Two cooking methods did not cause significant differences in sensory liking. Juiciness and overall liking of cooked C and S3 (one‐sided grilling) steaks were not significantly different. Purchase intent (after knowing health benefits of forage‐finished steaks) increased from 62.0–73.8% to 69.8–85.7%. Forage‐finished steaks showed a potentially healthier lipid profile than grain‐finished steaks and had market potential towards Hispanic population.     

Effect of different cooking methods on lipid oxidation and formation of volatile compounds in foal meat

The influence of four different cooking methods (roasting, grilling, microwaving and frying) on cooking loss, lipid oxidation and volatile profile of foal meat was studied. Cooking loss were significantly (P < 0.001) affected by thermal treatment, being higher (32.5%) after microwaving and lower after grilling (22.5%) and frying (23.8%). As expected, all the cooking methods increased TBARs content, since high temperature during cooking causes increased oxidation in foal steaks, this increase was significantly (P < 0.001) higher when foal steaks were microwaved or roasted.     

Effect of cooking on enrofloxacin residues in chicken tissue

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different cooking processes (microwaving, roasting, boiling, grilling and frying) on naturally incurred enrofloxacin residues in chicken muscle. Enrofloxacin and its metabolite, ciprofloxacin, were analysed using a validated LC-MS method with limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ), respectively, of 2 and 5 ng g^-1 quinolones in muscle samples. The method was shown to be linear over the range 5-500 ng g^-1. Mean intra-day relative standard deviation (RSD) at a concentration of 50 ng g^-1 (n = 6) was 6%; inter-day RSD was 12%. A recovery study demonstrated that 65-101%, of the drug and metabolite could be recovered from the tissue. The RSD with naturally incurred roasted chicken breast was 9.18% at a concentration of 11 ± 1.01 ng g^-1 (n = 6). In water, enrofloxacin remained stable for 3 h when heated at 100°C. It was concluded that residue data from raw tissue are valid for estimation of consumer exposure to this drug, as well as the ADI calculations because cooking procedures did not affect enrofloxacin residues, which remained stable during heating. However, there was an apparent decrease in quinolone concentration in tissue because some was lost by exudation into the liquid used for cooking. Conversely, for a cooking procedure with water loss, there was an apparent increase in residue concentration.     

Contents and Retention of Nutrients in Extra Lean, Lean and Regular Ground Beef

Contents and retention of nutrients in raw and cooked (broiled, roasted and grilled to medium-well stage) ground beef patties were established. Fat levels of the raw patties were 18.4, 21.5, and 27.0%. Cooking yields were slightly lower and energy contents were higher for patties containing 27.0% fat than 18.4 or 21.5%. Total lipids, energy content, thiamin and pantothenic acid were the least retained nutrients while zinc was the highest. Generally, retentions after broiling or grilling were the same but were higher than after roasting. The polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratios (P/S) rose slightly after cooking. For most nutrients, differences due to fat levels or cooking methods appear to be too small to be of practical nutritional significance.