碱面团在和面过程中面筋网络结构变化的影响

研究了和面时间和加碱量对面团拉伸特性、蛋白质二级结构、二硫键含量、麦谷蛋白大聚体含量的影响,结合扫描电镜分析不同条件下面团微观结构的变化。结果表明,在不同的和面时间和食用碱添加量下,面团的抗拉伸能力、二硫键密度、麦谷蛋白大聚体的含量有明显变化,且对面团面筋网络结构有显著影响。综合考虑:当和面时间为15 min,食用碱含量为0.6%时,加碱面团的拉伸特性好,蛋白质二级结构稳定,面筋网络相对紧致且淀粉颗粒比较均一,有效地提高了面团品质。     

醒面时间对烩面面团水分分布及麦谷蛋白大聚体的影响

采用不同的醒面时间加工烩面面团,研究其对面团水分分布状态和麦谷蛋白大聚体含量的影响。以面团的拉伸特性和湿面筋品质为指标。结果表明:醒面过程可降低面团中半结合水比例,结合水和自由水比例上升;醒面时间90 min时,面团中二硫键含量最高,巯基含量最低;随醒面时间的延长,小粒径麦谷蛋白大聚体含量逐渐降低,中、大粒径麦谷蛋白大聚体含量升高,表明麦谷蛋白大聚体发生聚合;醒面工艺提高了湿面筋品质,湿面筋含量和面筋指数显著升高;面团的最大拉伸力随醒面时间的延长,逐渐降低,拉伸距离逐渐升高,醒面时间超过90 min,面团拉伸特性改善不明显。综合比较分析,烩面面团的醒面时间应为90 min。     

综述小麦面团制造中麦谷蛋白大聚体的变化

高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基通过分子间二硫键形成骨架,低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基通过二硫键结合在骨架上,骨架间通过疏水作用、氢键、静电作用等非共价作用形成聚集体。聚集体内相互作用或聚集复杂到一定程度,使用十二烷基硫酸钠溶液仍无法分散或溶解的被称为麦谷蛋白大聚体。麦谷蛋白大聚体的聚集和解聚对面团黏弹性、面团操作性和感官品质有较大影响。本文概述了从小麦籽粒到面粉再到面团制造过程中麦谷蛋白大聚体含量及聚集状态的变化。在籽粒储藏过程中,麦谷蛋白大聚体含量增加,表明麦谷蛋白逐渐聚集。在籽粒中心,麦谷蛋白大聚体占总蛋白的比例较高,表明籽粒中心的蛋白质发生更多的聚集。在面粉加水搅拌形成面团的过程中,麦谷蛋白颗粒吸水溶胀,麦谷蛋白大聚体含量逐渐下降,表明聚集程度下降。在面团醒发过程中,麦谷蛋白大聚体含量增加,表明麦谷蛋白重新聚集。在更多尺度或层级下解析蛋白质的聚集和解聚动态平衡,有助于揭示麦谷蛋白大聚体在小麦面团制造过程中的变化机理,对调控面筋形成、面团黏弹性等具有重要意义。     

面条冷冻过程中蛋白质组分和二硫键的变化研究

研究不同冷冻时间下面条的品质变化,如清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白、SDS可溶麦谷蛋白、麦谷蛋白大聚体等蛋白质组分的含量变化,并采用Ellman's试剂比色法研究了蛋白和麦谷蛋白大聚体中巯基和二硫键的含量变化.结果表明:随着冷冻时间的增加面条的硬度有显著下降,回复性变化不明显,拉伸力和拉伸距离呈减小趋势;清蛋白、球蛋白、SDS可溶麦谷蛋白的含量呈上升趋势,醇溶蛋白、麦谷蛋白大聚体的含量呈下降趋势;蛋白质分子中巯基和二硫键发生了相互转化,单位质量麦谷蛋白大聚体中二硫键的含量呈增大趋势.     

冷冻温度对非发酵面团蛋白质结构及面团特性的影响

冷冻温度影响冷冻面团的质量。通过研究不同冷冻温度对非发酵面团中蛋白质结构、面团特性的影响,为冷冻非发酵面团产品冷冻工艺优化提供借鉴。结果表明,随着冷冻温度的降低,面团中聚合体蛋白、谷蛋白大聚体含量增加,游离巯基含量下降,蛋白解聚程度降低;与未冷冻面团相比,-20℃冷冻的面团中α-螺旋、β-转角结构显著下降,β-折叠结构显著上升,-30℃、-40℃冷冻的面团中α-螺旋、β-折叠结构无显著性变化;冷冻后,面团硬度、回复性、黏附性上升,弹性、内聚性下降;-20℃冷冻后面团的硬度最大,弹性、内聚性最低。冷冻面团中蛋白质结构与质构特性具有显著的相关性。降低冷冻温度,可以降低非发酵面团中聚合体蛋白的解聚程度,对蛋白二级结构和面团质构特性的稳定具有积极作用。     

谷蛋白大聚体在小麦加工中的作用

谷蛋白大聚体(GMP)是小麦籽粒中最重要的蛋白质聚合体,不溶于1.5%SDS溶液,且分子质量较大,以颗粒形式存在,粒径范围为1~300μm;其含量和分子结构与食品加工品质密切相关,在面制食品加工中的作用远大于可溶性谷蛋白聚合体和单体蛋白。谷蛋白大聚体含量高的小麦品种,其面筋、面团的强度和弹性较大,面包烘烤品质较好,面条拉伸特性较好。谷蛋白大聚体在面团和面过程中会发生解聚,其含量、粒径和分子质量均降低;而在面团醒发过程中又会发生重聚。面条面坯形成过程中,谷蛋白大聚体含量的降低程度远低于传统面团,而凝胶强度的变化趋势则与传统面团相反。     

蛋白质组成对苔麸面条品质影响及其作用机制

为改进苔麸面条品质,通过重组面粉法改变谷蛋白与醇溶蛋白含量,探究蛋白质组成对苔麸面条品质的影响,并对作用机制进行研究。结果表明：在谷蛋白∶醇溶蛋白含量为2.0∶1.0时,苔麸面条吸水率最高、蒸煮损失最低、亮度最高、硬度最大、面条品质最佳;蛋白质组成显著影响面团热稳定性、蛋白二级结构、麦谷蛋白大聚体含量、二硫键含量和面团微观结构的完整性;通过改变蛋白质组成可以提高面团热变性温度、降低焓值,提高β-折叠、麦谷蛋白大聚体和二硫键含量,从而形成连续且致密的结构,进而改善苔麸面条品质。综上,蛋白质组成能够显著影响苔麸面条品质。     

加盐量对面团特性及手抓饼品质的影响

本文研究了和面时加入不同比例的盐对面团特性及手抓饼品质的影响,并结合面片色泽、面团水分分布、面团拉伸特性、面团动态流变特性以及游离巯基和二硫键等指标进行综合分析。结果表明:加盐量为3%时面片亮度值最高为86.50,面片色泽最好;结合水和自由水比例随加盐量增加而降低,半结合水比例升高;随着盐添加量的增加,面团最大拉伸力呈增加趋势,拉伸距离、拉伸面积先增加后降低;面团弹性模量和粘性模量随着加盐量增加而增加;游离巯基含量先降低后上升,二硫键先上升后降低,加盐量在3%时游离巯基含量最低,二硫键含量最高;手抓饼的质构特性在加盐量为2%时达到最优,此时手抓饼感官评分达到最高分87.31。综上所述,适量食用盐的添加可以改善面团的加工特性及手抓饼品质。     

真空和面过程中面团蛋白质结构的变化

为明确真空和面过程中面条面团(含水率35%)蛋白质结构的变化,以3个不同品质的小麦粉为材料,设定不同的和面时间,分析蛋白质的组分、分子质量分布、亚基和二级结构的变化规律,探讨蛋白质结构与面团质地的关系。结果表明,加水和面初始阶段(0～4 min),单体蛋白增多,聚合体蛋白比例减少,GMP含量下降,粒度分布减小,蛋白质分子质量分布降低。和面时间由4 min延长至8 min,GMP粒度增大,蛋白质聚合度增加。过度和面(12 min)会导致GMP含量下降,粒径变小,蛋白质分子质量分布减小。面团质量可能与蛋白质聚合度和分子质量的增加、分子内二硫键的交联有关。蛋白质亚基组成在和面过程中无显著变化。小麦粉中蛋白质水合后,二级结构发生改变,β-折叠和α-螺旋减少,而β-转角和无规则卷曲增多。和面8 min时,济麦22和郑麦366面团的β-转角结构较多,而宁春4号面团的α-螺旋百分比显著增高。搅拌至12 min,郑麦366面团的β-转角减少,而α-螺旋结构显著增多。α-螺旋或β-转角增多可能与面筋蛋白水合程度提高和低水分面团物理特性改善有关。     

食盐对烩面面团品质和面筋网络结构的影响

采用低磁场核磁共振和激光共聚焦扫描显微镜,研究了食盐添加量(0~5%)对烩面面团水分分布状态和面筋网络微观结构变化的影响,并结合面团拉伸特性、动态流变学特性以及麦谷蛋白大聚体含量变化对各项试验指标进行综合分析。结果表明:添加食盐可以提高面团的弹性模量G′和黏性模量G″;食盐添加量在0%~3%范围内,结合水和半结合水比例变化不显著,自由水比例降低,食盐添加量超过3%,结合水和自由水比例降低,半结合水比例上升;随着食盐添加量的增加,面筋网络微观结构变的越来越紧密,面团的最大拉伸力逐渐升高;在0%~5%范围内,面团中麦谷蛋白大聚体含量升高,湿面筋指数上升,添加量超过3%,面团中湿面筋含量下降,面团的拉伸距离下降,麦谷蛋白大聚体含量变化不显著。综合考虑,3%以下添加量可以获得理想的烩面面团品质。     

壳聚糖对小麦面团流变学特性的影响

研究壳聚糖添加量0、0.4%、0.8%、1.2%、1.6%(w/w)对小麦面团面筋含量、粉质特性、拉伸特性、动态流变特性、质构特性及巯基含量的影响。结果表明,面团流变学各项指标与壳聚糖的添加量有关。随着壳聚糖的添加量增加,湿面筋含量、干面筋含量、面筋持水率增加,而面筋指数下降。同时,面团的形成时间、稳定时间、弹性模量和粘性模量增加。质构仪(TPA)结果表明,面团硬度、咀嚼性增大。当壳聚糖添加量为0.8%时,面团拉伸特性最佳,继续添加反而使拉伸特性降低。巯基含量随壳聚糖添加量增加无显著差异,说明壳聚糖对巯基氧化所需的化学环境并没有造成影响。面团流变学特性变化的原因在于壳聚糖的高持水性和粘附性提升了面团的耐搅拌性,对面筋网络结构有破坏作用。     

酶解魔芋葡甘聚糖对冷冻面团拉伸特性的影响

将魔芋葡甘聚糖(KGM)及其酶解产物(KGM Ⅰ、KGM Ⅱ、KGM Ⅲ)加入冷冻面团中,通过高效液相色谱法、电子扫描显微镜、核磁共振技术以及质构分析仪等研究魔芋葡甘聚糖及其酶解产物对冷冻面团拉伸特性的影响。结果表明:随着冻融循环时间由0 d延长至60 d,未添加KGM及其酶解产物的面团中游离巯基含量由7.81 μmol/L上升至9.65 μmol/L,面筋蛋白分子量由1.98×105 Da下降至1.39×105 Da,β-折叠含量降低,自由水所占比例增加了3.96%,且面团内部孔洞增多,面筋网络破坏严重,拉伸能力明显降低。冻融循环时间达60 d的面团加入2.0%的KGM Ⅱ后,面筋蛋白中游离巯基含量则由9.65 μmol/L下降至5.38 μmol/L,面筋蛋白分子量由1.39×105 Da增大至2.11×105 Da,自由水所占比例下降,面筋蛋白包裹淀粉颗粒的能力逐渐上升,面团拉伸能力回升,而KGM、KGM Ⅰ和KGM Ⅲ的加入对冷冻面团性质的影响较KGM Ⅱ小,表明添加2.0%的KGM Ⅱ能够明显抑制二硫键的断裂和二级结构的变化,防止面团的水分散失,维持面团的拉伸能力。     

葡萄糖氧化酶和谷氨酰胺转氨酶对发酵麦麸面团加工品质的影响

本研究旨在探讨葡萄糖氧化酶和谷氨酰胺转氨酶对发酵麦麸面团加工品质的改良效果及改良机制,为改善全麦发酵食品食用品质提供应用参考。在全麦粉中分别添加1.0、3.0和6.0 U/g的葡萄糖氧化酶或谷氨酰胺转氨酶,分析测定了全麦粉粉质特性、发酵面团质构特性以及面筋的持水率、蛋白质组成和游离巯基含量的变化情况。研究结果表明:两种酶制剂的添加对全麦粉粉质特性有显著改善作用(p<0.05),面团稳定时间延长,弱化度减小;随酶制剂添加量的增加,发酵面团的弹性和凝聚性均显著增加,面筋蛋白中谷蛋白大聚合体(GMP)含量显著升高,游离巯基的含量显著减少(p<0.05),但高添加量的谷氨酰胺转氨酶(6.0 U/g)引起面筋蛋白持水率下降。谷氨酰胺转氨酶对麦麸面团品质的改良效果显著优于葡萄糖氧化酶(p<0.05),其适宜添加量为3.0 U/g,可使麦麸面团的稳定时间由5.3 min延长至9.3 min。     

小麦面粉蛋白质特性和面团流变学特性的关系

目的探究小麦面粉蛋白质理化特性与面团流变学特性之间的关系。方法以19份抗旱节水鉴定品种小麦籽粒为试验材料,测定了蛋白质、湿面筋、谷蛋白大聚体含量、沉降指数等面粉蛋白质理化特性,以及粉质参数和拉伸参数等面团流变学特性,采用通径分析研究了面粉蛋白质理化特性与面团流变学特性的关系。结果面粉蛋白质含量对面团吸水率直接增强效应较大,但对稳定时间、拉伸长度的抑制效应较大;谷蛋白大聚体含量对形成时间、最大拉伸阻力、拉伸面积的直接增强效应和综合增强效应均较大;沉降指数对稳定时间和最大拉伸阻力、拉伸面积的直接增强和综合增强效应较大;所测蛋白质理化特性中未发现对拉伸长度有增强效应的指标。结论面粉中谷蛋白大聚体含量和沉降指数是对面团形成时间、稳定时间、拉伸阻力影响较大的因素,影响为正效应,可为专用面粉生产质量控制提供参考。     

Role of gluten and its components in influencing durum wheat dough properties and spaghetti cooking quality

Protein is an important component of grain which affects the technological properties of durum wheat. It is known that the amount and composition of protein can influence dough rheology and pasta quality but the influence of the major classes of protein is not well documented. The influence of the various gluten components on dough and pasta properties was investigated. The protein composition of durum semolina was altered by either adding gluten fractions to a base semolina or preparing reconstituted flours with varying protein composition. The effects on semolina dough rheology and spaghetti texture were measured. Published methods to isolate relatively pure quantities (gram amounts) of glutenin, gliadin, high molecular and low molecular weight glutenin subunits were evaluated and modified procedures were adopted. Reconstituted flours with additional glutenin increased dough strength while additional gliadin and LMW‐GS decreased strength. These changes did not impact on spaghetti texture. Results from using the addition of protein fractions to a base semolina showed that gluten and glutenin addition increased the dough strength of a weak base semolina while gliadin addition weakened the base dough further. Addition of HMW‐GS greatly increased dough strength of the base while addition of LMW‐GS greatly reduced dough strength. Again, these affects were not translated into firmer pasta. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Improving wheat for bread and tortilla production by manipulating glutenin‐to‐gliadin ratio

Gluten, starch, water soluble material, and glutenin‐rich and gliadin‐rich proteins were extracted from three Canadian wheat cultivars representing the Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) (cv Roblin), Canada Western Extra Strong (CWES) (cv Glenlea) and Canada Prairie Spring (CPS) (cv AC Crystal) classes having glutenin‐to‐gliadin (Glu:Gli) ratios of 0.70, 0.75 and 0.85 respectively, all giving the same high‐molecular‐weight glutenin subunit score (Glu‐1 score) of 10. The resulting fractions were reconstituted to produce 18 mixtures of flour components, representing all combinations of Glu:Gli ratio and protein content observed in the original three flours. Dough rheological properties and baking (bread and tortilla) performance were determined using small‐scale techniques. Within any of the cultivars, increasing the Glu:Gli ratio in a reconstituted dough system had significant effects on dough and end‐use properties, causing increases in mixograph development time (MDT), maximum resistance (Rmax), pan bread loaf volume, tortilla dough maximum resistance and cooked tortilla puncture force. The CWRS wheat Roblin, proved to be best suited for pan bread at higher protein content and higher Glu:Gli ratio, and also produced a high protein tortilla of large diameter at a Glu:Gli ratio of 0.70. The CPS flour, AC Crystal, was good for making tortillas at protein contents of 110–130 g kg⁻¹ and at its original ratio of 0.85. The CWES wheat Glenlea, did not perform as well in bread or tortilla‐making but in its role as a blending wheat, altering the Glu:Gli ratio of Glenlea to 0.70 may have an advantage by lowering mixing time without compromising baking properties. Manipulating the Glu:Gli ratio may make a wheat cultivar suitable for a particular end‐product. For the Department of Agriculture and Agri‐Food, Government of Canada, © Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada 2005. Published for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Functional and multiple end‐use characterisation of Canadian wheat using a reconstituted dough system

Three Canadian wheat cultivars representing the Canada Western Red Spring, Canada Western Extra Strong and Canada Prairie Spring classes, varying in protein content yet containing similar high‐molecular‐weight glutenin subunits, were evaluated for dough functionality and multiple end‐use properties. The effect of protein content on dough properties and end‐product quality was also studied. Gluten, starch and water‐soluble components were extracted from the flours and reconstituted to make up three samples for each variety to match the protein content of the three parent flours. Empirical and dynamic dough rheological properties, baking (bread and tortilla) performance and noodle‐making properties of the flours were determined using small‐scale techniques. Results indicated that protein content had a significant effect on rheological and end‐use quality of wheat flours. Increase in protein content (of the reconstituted dough) increased mixograph peak height (r = 0.761), peak width, maximum resistance to extension and end‐product quality characteristics such as loaf volume (r = 0.906), noodle firmness and cutting force and decreased storage and loss moduli. Reconstituted flours from the three varieties at the same protein content also showed significant differences in mixing time, mixograph peak height, maximum resistance to extension, composite fineness of pan bread, tortilla diameter, cooked noodle hardness, gumminess and dynamic viscosity of dough. This study indicates that a simple reconstituted dough system can provide an unambiguous assignment of the quantitative and qualitative effects of dough components on dough properties. It has the advantages that any aspect of flour composition can be manipulated and details of the relation between composition and functional behaviour can be obtained for any end‐product. Copyright © 2003 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by Society of Chemical Industry     

Changes in protein characteristics during the processing of wheat into flakes

Wheat is subjected to various unit operations like soaking, steaming and tempering before flaking. During these processing operations, considerable changes in protein characteristics were observed as indicated by: (1) a lack of gluten formation in dough, and (2) a decrease in total protein extractability from 9.0 to 4.5% in SDS solution. However, the protein extractability of flakes was increased and their subunit pattern was found to be similar to that of whole wheat flour when the flake flour was treated with #-mercaptoethanol, indicating the formation of disulfide bonds on flaking. The SDS extracts on gel filtration chromatography showed a significant decrease in glutenin fraction and an increase in the 70 kDa molecular weight fraction and disappearance of the 45 kDa molecular weight fraction on flaking. In addition, an increase in the content of low molecular weight protein fractions (<25 kDa) was also observed. The SDS extract of flakes had more free sulfhydryl groups (18.5 µM) compared to that of wholewheat flour (6.2 µM). Variations in soaking, steaming and tempering periods produced only negligible changes in the protein extractability. However, increasing the soaking period from 6 to 18 h increased the sulfhydryl content from 13.3 to 18.5 µM, and increasing the steaming period from 10 to 20 min increased the yield of 15 kDa molecular weight protein fraction from 21 to 28%.