Distinguishing social contacts and pass-by contacts in DTN routing

Smallcells deployment in heterogeneous networks (HetNets) introduce uplink (UL) downlink (DL) asymmetry, backhaul bottleneck, cell load imbalances, increased core network signaling, interference and mobility management problems. In order to address these issues, concept of dual connectivity has been introduced in 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) release 12. In dual connectivity, a given user equipment can consume radio resources of at least two different network points connected through non-ideal backhaul for spectrum aggregation and cooperative access mechanisms in dense 5G HetNets. Alternatively, another concept of downlink and uplink decoupling (DUDe) has also been recently introduced in 3GPP to improve uplink performance, load balancing and cell capacity. In order to take advantage of the strengths of these latest developments, this paper significantly advances prior work by analyzing K-tier 5G HetNets having dual connectivity and decoupled access (joint DUDe dual-connectivity) for spectrum aggregation in UL and DL. In the preceding works, K-tiers as per present-day heterogeneity, uplink power control and receiver noise have not been considered for joint DUDe dual-connectivity. With the use of stochastic geometry, we have developed closed form solutions for association, coverage and outage probabilities along with average throughput for joint DUDe dual-connectivity by considering uplink power control, receiver noise and K-tiers of HetNets. The resultant performance metrics are evaluated in terms of achieved gains over conventional downlink received power access policies. Results show that cell association technique based on joint DUDe dual-connectivity can significantly improve load balancing, mobility management and UL performance for forthcoming 5G HetNets.     

Joint admission control,cell association,power allocation and throughput maximization in decoupled 5G heterogeneous networks

Downlink (DL)-uplink (UL) coupled cell association scheme was adopted in 3rd generation (3G) homogeneous network and 4th generation (4G) heterogeneous network (HetNet). In the coupled cell association scheme, a user is associated to single base station (BS) in DL & UL based on the strongest received signal power (SRSP) in DL from a macro base station (MBS) and multiple small base stations (SBS) in HetNet. This is a sub-optimal solution for cell association as most of the users are associated to a MBS due to dominant transmit power and brings challenges like multiple interference issues and imbalanced user traffic load which leads to a degraded throughput in HetNet. In this paper, we investigate downlink uplink decoupled cell association scheme to address these issues and formulate a sum-rate maximization problem in terms of admission control, cell association and power allocation for MBS only, coupled and decoupled HetNet. The formulated optimization problem falls into class of a mixed integer non linear programming (MINLP) problem which is NP-hard and requires exhaustive search to find the optimal solution. However, computational complexity of the exhaustive search increases exponentially with the increase in number of users. Therefore, an outer approximation algorithm (OAA) is proposed as a solution to find near optimal solution with less computation complexity. Extensive simulations work has been done to evaluate the decoupled cell association scheme in HetNet vs the coupled cell association scheme in traditional MBS only and HetNet. Results show the effectiveness of decoupled cell association scheme in terms of KPIs, such as throughput, addressing user traffic load imbalances and number of users attached.

     

基于多点协作联合传输的超密集组网性能分析

超密集组网的基站高密度特性会带来严重的小区间干扰,多点协作联合传输应用于超密集组网进行干扰管理是目前的研究热点,该文对多点协作联合传输时基站密度对网络性能的影响进行了分析。首先采用随机几何方法推导了3维空间基站与用户距离的概率密度函数,为选取距离用户最近的多个基站联合传输的协作机制提供了基础;然后结合有界双斜率路径损耗模型,进行用户下行链路的干扰建模,进一步推导出用户下行链路覆盖率和网络区域频谱效率的表达式,并分析了协作基站数、基站密度等参数对网络性能的影响。数值仿真表明:协作基站数为2时就可使下行链路覆盖率增加10%,且实现2到3倍的频谱效率的增益,当协作基站数为3时,费效比更优,同时可得到多点协作下的基站密度极限使区域频谱效率最高。该文工作可为下一代移动通信网络的基站部署提供理论支持。     

TDD场景下小基站蜂窝网络上下行交叉干扰建模及性能分析

针对小基站网络立体分布特性,提出了一种TDD制式下小基站蜂窝网络三维随机几何模型并进行了性能分析。首先,本文根据3-D PPP模型下小基站的空间分布特性推导了TDD制式下小基站网络上下行覆盖概率的数学表达式。接下来,基于覆盖概率的表达式和网络频谱效率的定义,分别推导了上下行交叉干扰场景下,小基站网络上下行频谱效率的一般表达式。仿真结果在验证了本文模型的合理性的同时还说明,随着下行小区占比和功率控制因子的增大,网络的频谱效率都呈下降趋势。除此之外,室内环境也会对网络的覆盖性能产生影响。      

LTE FDD网络上行覆盖增强技术分析

在远距离覆盖场景下,由于LTE终端采用单天线发射模式,且最大发射功率较低,因而上行覆盖能力成为主要限制因素。分析了安装塔顶放大器和部署多天线2种上行覆盖增强技术,对其在LTE FDD宏基站和分布式基站方式下的覆盖增强效果进行了链路预算分析,用仿真验证2种技术对上行覆盖增强的有效性,并给出了LTE FDD上行覆盖增强建议。     

Analysis and performance evaluation of an efficient handover algorithm for cognitive HetNets

Cognitive heterogeneous network is a promising technology to meet the requirements of future wireless networks in cost and energy efficiency. By using vertical handover (VHO) between different network tiers, such as macro and femto, the traffic congestion can be potentially alleviated, and the spectral efficiency is significantly increased. However, performing VHO for a cognitive handover user (CHU) and simultaneously guaranteeing the quality of service of the primary user (PU) is the most challenging issue in such a network. This paper proposes an efficient VHO strategy in a cognitive heterogeneous network, which considers both adaptive average received signal and spectrum availability, namely, average received signal and spectrum availability. To analyse the performance of the proposed average received signal and spectrum availability algorithm, several metrics are investigated. First, the assignment probability of a CHU from a macro base station to a femto base station is evaluated and simplified in a closed‐form expression. Then, the outage probability of a CHU and collision probability of the PU are theoretically investigated for the proposed algorithm and are compared with 2 well‐known algorithms, the modified received signal strength–α and the received signal strength and wireless transmission loss. We also introduce a new performance metric, referred to as figure of merit, which jointly considers the assignment and outage probability of a CHU, collision probability of a PU, and the number of unnecessary handovers of a CHU. Figure of merit effectively shows the superiority of the proposed handover algorithm to conventional ones.     

用户簇分布的异构网络建模与覆盖分析

针对第五代/后五代 (The Fifth generation/Beyond The Fifth Generation ,5G/B5G)移动网络以用户为中心的小基站密集部署问题,构建了一个用户簇分布的三层异构网络模型。该网络模型由宏基站(Macro Base Station, MBS)、微微基站(Pico Base Station, PBS)和毫微微基站(Femto Base Station, FBS)组成。采用随机几何理论对三层异构网络的基站部署进行建模。充分分析了毫微微基站层基于SSA干扰管理的网络干扰统计特性,考虑了有序FBS和无序FBS两种情况,给出了FBS下行链路的覆盖概率。通过仿真,验证了理论结果的正确性,分析了覆盖半径、方差以及宏基站密度对覆盖概率的影响,得出有序FBS方案和无序FBS方案在覆盖概率方面的好坏性取决于系统参数。      

Coverage and Energy Modeling of HetNet Under Base Station On‐Off Model

Small cell networks, as an important evolution path for next‐generation cellular networks, have drawn much attention. Different from the traditional base stations (BSs) always‐on model, we proposed a BSs on‐off model, where a new, simple expression for the probabilities of active BSs in a heterogeneous network is derived. This model is more suitable for application in practical networks. Based on this, we develop an analytical framework for the performance evaluation of small cell networks, adopting stochastic geometry theory. We derive the system coverage probability; average energy efficiency (AEE) and average uplink power consumption (AUPC) for different association strategies; maximum biased received power (MaBRP); and minimum association distance (MiAD). It is analytically shown that MaBRP is beneficial for coverage but will have some loss in energy saving. On the contrary, MiAD is not advocated from the point of coverage but is more energy efficient. The simulation results show that the use of range expansion in MaBRP helps to save energy but that this is not so in MiAD. Furthermore, we can achieve an optimal AEE by establishing an appropriate density of small cells.     

非理想连续干扰消除下非正交多址接入上行传输系统性能分析

非正交多址接入(NOMA)技术允许多个发送方共用同一个资源块,接收方通过连续干扰消除(SIC)解码出不同发送方的信息。然而,目前针对NOMA系统的研究大多基于理想SIC的假设,而没有考虑非理想SIC对系统性能带来的影响。针对此问题,该文在非理想SIC的假设下,针对单小区上行NOMA系统提出一套性能分析框架。首先,采用二项式点过程(BPP)对上行NOMA系统中基站和用户设备的空间分布进行建模。基于此模型,采用基于大尺度衰落的干扰消除顺序,对干扰消除的误差情况进行分析。进一步,基于随机几何理论和次序统计理论,推导出距基站由近至远次序为k的用户设备的覆盖概率,并采用平均覆盖概率衡量整个NOMA传输系统的可靠性。理论和仿真结果分析了远近次序、基站半径和发射功率等系统参数对传输可靠性的影响,并验证了理论推导的准确性。     

A theoretical framework of uplink macroscopic optimization for multicell systems with multiuser detection

In this paper, we consider a system with K client users (single antenna), n/sub B/ base stations (each has single antenna), as well as a centralized controller. All the base stations operate at the same frequency and have optimal multiuser detection (MUD) per base station. The MUD at the base station is able to cancel only the intracell interference but not the intercell interference. A client user is associated with a single base station at any time. We consider a general problem of uplink macroscopic optimization (or macroscopic resource management) where the centralized controller dynamically determines an appropriate association mapping of the K users with respect to the n/sub B/ base stations over a macroscopic time scale. We propose a novel multicell capacity region as well as an analytical framework for the above macroscopic optimization problem. A simple conventional rule is to associate a user with the strongest base station (camp-on-the-strongest-cell) and this has been widely employed in conventional cellular systems. However, based on the optimization framework, we found that this conventional approach is in fact not optimal when MUD is employed at the base station. We show that the optimal macroscopic optimization algorithm is of exponential complexity and we propose a simple greedy algorithm as a feasible solution. It is shown that the macroscopic optimization gain over the conventional approach increases with decreasing path loss exponent due to large area of overlapping.     

三维小基站蜂窝网络上行覆盖概率与容量分析

本文针对小基站网络立体分布特性,采用全新的三维视角分析小基站网络架构,提出了一种基于三维泊松点过程（3-D Poison Point Process,3-D PPP）的上行小基站网络模型。其核心思想是将移动台和小基站分别描述成两个独立的3-D PPP模型。首先,本文推导了小基站网络上行覆盖概率的数学表达式。接下来,基于覆盖概率的表达式,推导了上行平均信道容量的闭合表达式。通过一系列合理的假设,上行覆盖概率以及信道容量可以通过快速积分直接计算。与传统的二维模型以及用户/小基站的实际布局相比较,本文提出的模型更接近实际,能够为覆盖概率和系统容量提供更贴近的边界值。      

Analysis of downlink power control and cooperation scheme for two‐tier heterogeneous cellular network

The traditional cellular network cannot keep pace with the dramatic growth in data traffic due to exponentially increasing number of multimedia applications and mobile subscribers. Recently, femto base stations (FBSs) are deployed with the macro base station (MBS) tier for off‐loading the data traffic and to improve the indoor coverage of the heterogeneous cellular network. However, FBS deployment also increases the cross‐tier interference of the heterogeneous cellular network resulting in outage performance degradation of MBS tier. This work develops an analytical framework to limit the cross‐tier interference of MBS tier using power control scheme (PCS). The proposed PCS works on path loss inversion and location‐based power level rule for FBS. Moreover, a cooperation scheme and an association policy with MBS (CSAPM) are introduced to improve the outage performance of the FBS tier. Tools from the stochastic geometry are used for deriving the signal to interference and noise ratio outage probability, total outage probability, and area spectral efficiency (ASE) of MBS tier and FBS tier. Additionally, ASE maximization problem is formulated to evaluate the optimal density of FBSs. The effectiveness of the proposed PCS and CSAPM on outage performance and ASE are numerically demonstrated. It is noted from the results that the proposed CSAPM can compensate the loss in outage performance of FBS tier due to PCS. Finally, simulation results validate the analytical results.     

QoS约束下多层异构蜂窝网中基于分层休眠的节能机制研究

针对多层异构蜂窝网中资源分配和节能问题,本文基于随机几何模型利用分布式配对算法实现了用户连接和资源分配的联合优化,并利用分层休眠机制提升了系统的整体能效。首先,采用随机几何工具对不同类型的基站进行建模,在建立模型的基础上提出用户QoS约束下的最小化系统总功耗的联合优化方案,然后将该方案分解简化为用户连接资源分配和基站休眠两个子问题,并分别利用稳定配对算法和基于投票法的分层休眠机制加以解决。仿真和分析结果表明本文方法可以显著提升系统能效,与已有的休眠策略相比具有更低的用户平均中断比。      

Relay Placement for Coverage Extension in Cellular Wireless Networks Under Composite Fading Model

In relay-assisted cellular networks, mobile stations are connected to base station through two or more single-hop communication links, where the intermediate nodes act as relay stations (RSs). The focus of this paper is on two-hop relay assisted cellular networks, where optimal relay placement is a crucial issue for achieving maximum extension of the cell coverage. However, the location of RS has significant impact on signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (i.e., SINR) and outage probability experienced on the access and backhaul links. Moreover, the frequency re-use factor also has significant influence on the SINR. In this paper, we develop analytical models for computing the SINR and outage probability performance of a two-hop relay assisted cellular network for both downlink (DL) as well as uplink (UL) transmission scenarios, considering the impact of path loss, shadowing, Nakagami fading and co-channel interference. We then investigate optimal placement of RS while satisfying the required criterion on probability of correct decoding, initially by considering the DL scenario alone and then by considering both DL and UL scenarios jointly. Through extensive evaluations, we report the impact of realistic propagation models on outage probability, optimal relay position and the cell coverage radius. Further, the model can be used to find the impact of co-channel re-use factor on optimal relay positioning in two-hop cellular networks.     

基于混合精度模数转换器的大规模MIMO-OFDM系统性能分析

该文对在接收端使用混合精度的模数转换器且采用迫零接收算法的大规模MIMO-OFDM系统的上行链路的频谱效率和能量效率进行了研究。采用加性量化噪声模型来对系统的性能进行分析,推导出整个系统的频谱效率和能量效率的近似闭式表达式,并通过仿真证明了表达式的正确性。研究结果表明,系统的频谱效率和每个用户的发送功率,接收端天线数目和接收端量化精度有关。数值和仿真结果还表明可以通过增加基站端的天线数量来补偿由低精度模数转换器带来的性能损失。     

Performance study of hybrid spectrum access scheme in millimeter wave cellular network

In millimeter wave cellular networks,the spectrum efficiency of multi-operator dual frequency hybrid spectrum access scheme under open access mode was studied.Firstly,Poisson point process was used to model the distribution of base stations of each operator,the base station and carrier frequency were selected by users based on maximum received power criterion and high frequency carrier signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) threshold access criterion respectively.Secondly,the rate coverage was used as performance criteria to study the spectrum efficiency,and the theoretical expression of rate coverage was derived based on stochastic geometry theory according to channel model,path loss model and antenna model.Finally,the influence of user density,base station density and antenna gain on rate coverage was analyzed by simulation.The experimental results show that the multi-operator dual frequency hybrid spectrum access scheme has better spectrum utilization efficiency.     

Two‐sided matching framework for optimal user association in 5G multi‐RAT UDNs

Recently, academic and industrial research communities are paying more explicit attention to the 5G multiple radio access technology ultra‐dense networks (5G multi‐RAT UDNs) for boosting network capacity, especially in UD urban zones. To this aim, in this paper, we intend to tackle the user association problem in 5G multi‐RAT UDNs. By considering the decoupled uplink/downlink access (DUDA), we divide our user association problem into two distinct subproblems representing, respectively, the uplink and the downlink channels. Next, we formulated each one as a nonlinear optimization problem with binary variables. Then, to solve them, we were restricted by the hard complexity, as well as the hard feasibility of centralized user association schemes. Thus, to resolve our user association problem in a reasonable time and distributed manner, we formulated each subproblem as a many‐to‐one matching game based on matching theory. Next, we provide two fully distributed association algorithms to compute the uplink and downlink stable matching among user equipments (UEs) and base stations (BSs). Simulation results corroborate our theoretical model and show the effectiveness and improvement of our achieved results in terms of the overall network performance, quality of service (QoS), and energy efficiency (EE) of UEs.     

WiMAX Network for Capacity and Coverage Assessment

This article represents the system performance and its operation stability of a fixed worldwide interoperability for microwave access network operating with point to multipoint technology. It provides broadband access in fixed locations for mixed environments in Greater Noida, UP, India. The Field measurement for its capacity and coverage are recorded simultaneously to optimize a network by raising customer premises equipment (CPE) antenna height. This process is not going to alter any technical parameters of a network. CPE antenna is a directional antenna facing towards base station to achieve optimum LOS reception. The net changes in RSS 10–17 dBm, DTR 512–1.8 Mbps, path loss exponent 0.5–0.9 and standard deviation of 1.2–2.3 were observed by raising CPE antenna height of 2–5 m above the prescribed height. The path loss exponents for different environments are obtained using least squares method based on measured data by MatLab statistics tool. Standard deviations of signal strength variability with distance are derived. Real coverage of a network is presented based upon path loss exponent and standard deviation. Our result suggest that, raising the height of CPE antenna can reduce transmitted power, there for reducing overall maintenance cost and system interference in future.     

A hybrid frequency assignment for femtocells and coverage area analysis for co-channel operation

Successful deployment of femtocells requires intelligent cell planning and introduces some unique challenges. In this letter, an efficient frequency assignment technique is proposed for femtocells considering practical issues such as hand-off, coverage, and interference. Moreover, interference-limited coverage area (ILCA) of a co-channel femtocell base station is calculated based on parameters such as the distance to the macrocell BS, path loss exponents, and transmission power levels.     

Analysis of a multiple-cell direct-sequence CDMA cellular mobileradio system

The performance of a multiple-cell direct-sequence code division multiple-access cellular radio system is evaluated. Approximate expressions are obtained for the area-averaged bit error probability and the area-averaged outage probability for both the uplink and downlink channels. The analysis accounts for the effects of path loss, multipath fading, multiple-access interference, and background noise. Two types of differentially coherent receivers are considered: a multipath rejection receiver and a RAKE receiver with predetection selective combining. Macroscopic base station diversity techniques and uplink and downlink power control are also topics of discussion