基于Nrf2和NLRP3探讨辣木籽提取物对慢性酒精性肝损伤小鼠肝脏的保护作用

该研究探讨了辣木籽提取物通过调控核转录NF-E2相关因子2（Nuclear Factor Crythroid-related Factor 2,Nrf2）和核苷酸结合寡聚化合物结构域样受体3（NACHT-LRR-PYD-containing Proteins 3 Inflammasome,NLRP3）通路减轻小鼠慢性酒精性肝损伤的作用机制。通过酒精液体饲料建立慢性酒精性肝损伤模型,干预组在酒精液体饲料喂养的同时用不同浓度辣木籽提取物灌胃,检测天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（Aspartate Aminotransferase,AST）、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（Alanine Aminotransferase,ALT）、白细胞介素-18（Interleukin-18,IL-18）、白细胞介素-1β（Interleukin-1β,IL-1β）、丙二醛（Malondialdehyde,MDA）、还原型谷胱甘肽（Glutathione,GSH）和超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide Dismutase,SOD）含量,观察小鼠肝脏病理学改变,检测Nrf2、HO-1、NLRP3和Caspase-1的蛋白表达水平。结果表明,在辣木籽提取物的作用下,慢性酒精性肝损伤小鼠血清的AST和ALT最高分别下降至71.68 U/L、46.84 U/L（P<0.05）,炎症因子IL-18及IL-1β含量下降;肝脏中GSH及SOD含量升高,MDA含量减少,Nrf2及HO-1表达升高,NLRP3及Caspase-1表达降低。提示辣木籽提取物通过Nrf2/HO-1和NLRP3/Caspase-1信号通路起到抗氧化及抑制炎症作用,从而减轻小鼠慢性酒精性肝损伤。     

桑叶生物碱对小鼠酒精性肝损伤的保护作用

探讨桑叶生物碱（mulberry leaf alkaloids,MLA）对酒精性肝损伤小鼠的改善作用。建立酒精性肝损伤小鼠模型,以MLA（40、80、160 mg/kg?day）干预4周,计算肝脏指数,检测血清甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）和肝脏中过氧化氢酶（CAT）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）、总超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素1β（IL-1β）、白细胞介素6（IL-6）的含量。与模型组相比,MLA中剂量组小鼠的肝脏指数、血清TG、TC、ALT、AST和肝脏MDA、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平分别降低11.18%、22.78%、19.19%、28.08%、16.16%、25.07%、23.51%、18.61%、11.78%,肝脏SOD、CAT、GSH-Px活力分别提高27.47%、15.36%、27.83%;MLA高剂量组小鼠的肝脏指数、血清TG、TC、ALT、AST和肝脏MDA、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平分别降低15.17%、32.65%、23.16%、30.58%、16.41%、31.97%、27.19%、25.41%、29.59%,肝脏SOD、CAT、GSH-Px活力分别提高38.38%、19.09%、31.09%;MLA中、高剂量组肝脏组织结构损伤明显改善。MLA可以改善小鼠酒精性肝损伤,其作用机制可能与改善肝脏氧化应激和抑制炎症反应有关。     

百合乌药汤对1型糖尿病并发肝损伤的保护作用及其机制分析

目的:考察百合乌药汤（Baihe Wuyao decoction,BWD）对小鼠1型糖尿病（Type 1 diabetes mellitus,T1DM）并发肝损伤的保护作用,并揭示其潜在机制。方法:小鼠70只,随机选取10只作为空白组,其余采用腹腔注射链脲佐菌素（Streptozotocin,STZ）诱导T1DM,成模后随机分为6组:模型组、阳性对照组、BWD各剂量组（15、5、2.5、1.25 g·kg?1·d?1）。各组小鼠连续给药6周。检测小鼠血清中谷丙转氨酶（Alanine aminotransferase,ALT）、谷草转氨酶（Aspartate aminotransferase,AST）的含量,及肝组织匀浆超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxidedismutase,SOD）和丙二醛（Malonaldehyde,MDA）的含量;观察小鼠肝脏病理学变化;检测小鼠肝脏中蛋白激酶B（Protein kinase B,AKT）在蛋白水平的表达,检测锰超氧化物歧化酶（Manganese superoxide dismutase,Mn-SOD）和一氧化氮合酶（Inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS）、炎症因子包括肿瘤坏死因子（Tumor necrosis factor,TNF-α）、核因子-κB（Nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB）、白细胞介素-1β（Interleukin-1β,IL-1β）、白细胞介素-6（Interleukin-6,IL-6）和白细胞介素-8（Interleukin-8,IL-8）、凋亡因子包括（B-cell lymphoma-2,Bcl2）、（Bcl2-associated X protein,Bax）和（Caspase 3,CASP3）在mRNA水平的表达。结果:BWD可改善T1DM小鼠肝组织病理损伤;与模型组相比,各剂量组ALT和AST水平均显著降低（P<0.01或P<0.05）,低1剂量组效果更明显;BWD低1剂量可显著上调p-AKT/AKT（P<0.05）;低1剂量显著下调MDA、iNOS,上调SOD、Mn-SOD含量（P<0.01或P<0.05）;与模型组相比,低1剂量的Bcl2/Bax比值明显增加,Bax、CASP3被下调;低1剂量显著降低TNF-α、NF-κB、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-8在基因水平的表达（P<0.01或P<0.05）。结论:BWD可通过抗炎、抗氧化、抗凋亡、促进细胞增殖以及改善胰岛素信号通路发挥对T1DM并发肝损伤的保护作用。     

鳕鱼皮胶原蛋白肽对小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用研究

本文对鳕鱼皮胶原蛋白肽(CSCP)在小鼠急性肝损伤中的保护作用进行研究。测定CSCP的急性毒性作用及最大给药剂量;建立CCl4致小鼠急性肝损伤模型,检测小鼠血清ALT、AST活性以及肝组织匀浆GSH-Px、SOD活性以及MDA含量;HE染色观察肝脏病理学改变;透射电镜观察肝脏微观结构;蛋白印迹法测定肝组织Bax、Bcl-2、Cleavage Caspase-3、TNF-α蛋白表达量。结果表明CSCP最大给药量达到8.0 g/kg,无小鼠死亡;CSCP组与模型组比较,血清中ALT、AST的活性显著降低,最高降幅达到60%以上;肝组织匀浆中SOD和GSH-Px活性显著增高,分别增加23%和29%;MDA含量显著降低,最高降幅达到38%;HE染色观察肝组织结构明显好转;透射电镜表明肝脏微观结构得到明显改善;Bcl-2蛋白表达量增加,Bax、Cleavage Caspase-3、TNF-α蛋白表达量降低。因此,CSCP对CCl4小鼠急性肝损伤有较明显的保护作用。     

诸葛菜种子水提物激活AMPK/AKT/GSK-3β通路保护对乙酰氨基酚诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤

本文研究诸葛菜种子水提物对对乙酰氨基酚(APAP)诱导小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用。健康雄性C57 BL/6J小鼠被随机分为7组:正常组,模型组,双环醇阳性对照组(200 mg/kg),葵花护肝片阳性对照组(350 mg/kg),诸葛菜种子水提物低(125 mg/kg)、中(250 mg/kg)、高(500 mg/kg)剂量组。各组均灌胃给药,1次/d,连续灌胃给药4 d,除正常组外其余各组均腹腔注射APAP溶液(450 mg/kg)建立急性肝损伤模型,处死小鼠。检测血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT),谷草转氨酶(AST)活性与胆红素(TBIL)水平;肝组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH);HE染色观察小鼠肝组织病理变化;蛋白印迹法检测磷酸化腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(p-AMPK)、磷酸化AKT蛋白(p-AKT)、磷酸化葡萄糖合成激酶3β(p-GSK-3β)、磷酸化c-Jun氨基末端激酶(p-JNK)、B淋巴细胞瘤-2基因(Bcl-2)、Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)、活化半胱胺酸蛋白酶蛋白-9抗体(Caspase-9)、活化半胱胺酸蛋白酶蛋白-3抗体(Caspase-3)蛋白的表达。与模型组相比,诸葛菜各剂量组均能明显改善肝脏病理变化,中剂量组ALT,AST活性分别降低了48.73%、59.11%,高剂量组分别降低了71.38%、59.33%,中剂量组SOD和GSH分别上升了45.05%、219.45%,高剂量组SOD和GSH分别上升了48.68%和232.80%,同时可致肝组织中p-JNK、Bax、Caspase-3、Caspase-9蛋白表达水平显著减少,Bcl-2、p-AMPK、p-AKT、p-GSK-3β蛋白表达水平显著增加。其机制可能与AMPK/AKT/GSK-3β信号通路被激活有关。     

灵芝孢子粉多糖对APAP肝损伤的保护作用研究

目的：探讨灵芝孢子粉多糖（Ganoderma lucidum spore polysaccharide,GLSP）在对乙酰氨基酚（Acetaminophen,APAP）肝损伤中的保护作用。方法：将50只小鼠随机分为五组,分别为空白组、模型组、阳性药物组、GLSP低剂量组和GLSP高剂量组,每组10只,各组按相应剂量连续14 d预给药后,使用APAP造模、取材,测定肝脏指数、血清指标（谷草转氨酶（glutamic oxalacetic transaminase,AST）、谷丙转氨酶（glutamicpyruvic transaminase,ALT））及肝组织匀浆指标（谷胱甘肽（glutathione,GSH）、丙二醛（malonaldehyde,MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）、Caspase-3、Bax和Bcl-xl）。结果：与空白组相比,模型组中ALT、AST、MDA及促凋亡基因Caspase-3、Bax均极显著升高（P<0.01）,SOD、GSH含量极显著降低（P<0.01）,HE染色结果显示APAP处理的小鼠肝脏出现典型的小...     

基于代谢组学分析刺梨鞣花单宁对db/db小鼠的影响

为了探究刺梨鞣花单宁对db/db小鼠肝脏代谢紊乱的影响。将C57/BKS-db/m小鼠设为空白组,18只C57/BKS-db/db小鼠按体重随机分为模型组,阳性对照组（盐酸二甲双胍灌胃剂量50 mg/kg）,鞣花单宁组（刺梨鞣花单宁灌胃剂量50 mg/kg）,每组6只,实验时间8周;实验结束后检测各组实验小鼠肝脏的丙酮酸激酶（PK）、己糖激酶（HK）和葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶（G6PD）水平;采用全局精准非靶向代谢技术分析实验小鼠肝脏差异代谢物及信号通路。结果表明,与模型组相比,刺梨鞣花单宁可以显著（P<0.05）增加HK、PK水平,显著（P<0.05）降低小鼠的G6PD水平;HE染色发现,刺梨鞣花单宁显著改善肝脏的病变程度。LC-MS检测进一步发现,刺梨鞣花单宁干预后,实验小鼠肝脏中筛选出154个差异代谢物,其中106个差异代谢物上调,48个差异代谢物下调。KEGG富集分析表明,在鞣花单宁干预下,大量差异代谢物显著（P<0.05）富集在m TOR信号通路、蛋白质消化吸收、赖氨酸降解、亚油酸代谢、矿物质吸收、5-羟色胺能突触、泛酸和辅酶A生物合成等通路上。刺梨鞣花单宁可...     

牛蒡子苷元对四氧嘧啶诱导糖尿病小鼠肝损伤的保护作用

目的：探究牛蒡子苷元（arctigenin,ATG）对于糖尿病小鼠肝损伤的保护作用。方法：通过四氧嘧啶诱导雄性ICR小鼠建立糖尿病模型,设置对照组、模型组、阳性二甲双胍（metformin,Met）组以及ATG高、中、低剂量组（120、90、60 mg/kg mb）,测定小鼠血清中谷丙转氨酶（alanine aminotransferase,ALT）和谷草转氨酶（asparate aminotransferase,AST）活力以及炎症因子白细胞介素-6（interleukin-6,IL-6）和肿瘤坏死因子-α（tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α）质量浓度;分析肝脏内谷胱甘肽（glutathione,GSH）、过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）和超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）水平;对比肝脏染色切片组织形态、组织Toll样受体4（toll-like receptors 4,TLR4）、髓样分化因子88（myeloid differentiation factor 88,MyD88）、核因子κB p65（nuclear factor κB p65,NF-κB p65）信号通路中相关蛋白表达情况。结果：与模型组相比,ATG高剂量干预极显著降低了糖尿病小鼠血清中ALT活力和AST活力（P＜0.01）;ATG高、中剂量极显著降低了炎症因子IL-6、TNF-α质量浓度（P＜0.01）;ATG高剂量极显著提高了糖尿病小鼠肝脏内CAT、SOD活力（P＜0.01）,显著提高GSH含量（P＜0.05）;ATG高、中剂量明显改善了肝脏组织细胞形态,使苏木精-伊红染色切片中细胞内染红面积增大,细胞空泡和出血区域减少;ATG高剂量显著降低了肝脏内TLR4、MyD88和NF-κB p65蛋白表达量（P＜0.05、P＜0.01）。ATG保护糖尿病肝损伤作用机理可能是通过降低TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB p65炎性通路中关键蛋白的表达水平,抑制下游的TNF-α、IL-6等炎症因子表达,进而降低氧化应激水平,改善肝脏组织损伤程度。结论：ATG对糖尿病性肝损伤具有保护作用,本研究可为ATG用于糖尿病性肝损伤的防治提供参考依据。     

破壁油菜花粉的抗氧化及抗衰老作用

目的:探讨破壁油菜花粉对D-半乳糖所致衰老模型小鼠的抗氧化及抗衰老作用。方法:将48只小鼠随机分为空白对照组、衰老模型组、破壁油菜花粉高（560 mg/kg）、中（280 mg/kg）、低（140 mg/kg）组及V_C组。空白对照组每日腹腔注射生理盐水，其余各组每日腹腔注射D-半乳糖（120 mg/kg）诱导衰老模型，同时药物组灌胃高、中、低剂量破壁油菜花粉混悬液及V_C溶液，每周称重，连续6周后取小鼠的肝、脾、肾、胸腺称取脏器质量并计算脏器指数；生化法测定血清及肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）的含量；HE染色观察衰老小鼠肝脏形态的改变；Western Blot检测衰老小鼠肝脏组织中Bax、Sirt1、p53蛋白表达。结果:与衰老模型组相比，破壁油菜花粉中、高剂量组能显著提高衰老小鼠体质量、胸腺、肝脏、脾、肾脏的脏器指数（P<0.05，P<0.01），显著升高小鼠血清及肝脏内SOD、CAT、GSH-Px含量，降低MDA含量（P<0.05，P<0.01），同时可以改善肝细胞肿大，使得肝脏组织中细胞凋亡蛋白Bax、促衰老蛋白p53的表达降低，抗衰老蛋白Sirt1的表达升高（P<0.05，P<0.01）。结论:破壁油菜花粉可通过抗氧化，对抗细胞凋亡，调节衰老蛋白含量改善机体衰老。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the     

Chinese CTP Market

According to Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China（PEIAC）＇s statistics to the plate manufucturer in China, in 2013, the actual offset plate production has reached 346 million square meters in China. Among them, the CTP production volume was 245 million square meters, up by 11% than that of last year; the total sales of the CTP plate was 239 million square meters, up by 13%.     

Preparatory Work of Print China 2015 is Going Smoothly

正Held at Guangdong Modern International Exhibition Center,Print China 2015 will cover 7exhibition halls,besides the original Hall No.3,4,5,6,7,the newly built F zone of Hall 3 will be used too.The total area will be140,000 square meters.Hall 3:Offset and large printing equipment,package printing equipment,post press