相同参数不同形状局部阴影对光伏阵列输出特性的影响

对包括并联结构(SP)、网状结构(TCT)、桥式结构(BL)和蜂巢结构(HC)在内的4种光伏阵列结构在相同面积、不同形状类型局部阴影下的输出特性进行对比研究.结果表明:透光因子和面积相同、形状类型不同的局部阴影对4种结构光伏阵列输出特性的影响各不相同,其中TCT结构受离散型局部阴影的影响最小,而SP、BL和HC结构受竖...     

局部阴影条件下光伏阵列输出特性仿真分析

就局部阴影条件对太阳能光伏电池阵列输出特性的影响规律与程度,建立了局部阴影条件下光伏组件、光伏阵列的数学模型,采用Matlab/Simulink模块做了不同阴影条件下的对比仿真分析。结果表明,局部阴影对光伏阵列输出特性的影响因阴影的数量、分布及光照强度的不同而有所差异。     

光伏阵列I-V特性曲线测量误差分析与修正方法

光伏电站内光伏阵列的现场I-V测量可以评估当前系统发电性能和阵列状态,但现场的传输线路阻抗会使I-V测量产生误差,影响了评估的准确性,不利于光伏电站运维决策。该文分析测量线路阻抗和环境参数对常规动态电容I-V测量方法的影响机理,并进行仿真验证。根据误差影响机理和测量回路等效模型,提出一种双电容组合I-V特性测量方法,并研制样机进行实验验证。实验结果表明,该测量方法可有效消除线路分布参数对光伏阵列I-V测量的影响,提高测量精度。     

常见光伏阵列拓扑结构分析

太阳能光伏发电系统作为一个复杂系统,其中光伏阵列拓扑结构对整个系统的成本和效率有着重要的影响,它也关系着发电系统能否经济可靠地运行。对比分析了几种常见的光伏阵列拓扑结构,并对常见失配条件下阵列输出功率的仿真结果进行分析。分析研究表明阵列拓扑结构对光伏系统输出功率和成本有很大影响,这些研究为光伏阵列拓扑的设计提供了参考。     

数字式光伏阵列模拟器的研究

基于当前各种主流数字式光伏阵列模拟器的优缺点进行比较分析,提出一种新的拓扑结构:单相PWM整流器加电流可逆型斩波电路,整个模拟器的功率开关器件仅需一个IPM模块,结构紧凑。PWM整流器取代二极管整流电路,可降低电网的谐波污染;电流可逆型斩波电路取代Buck电路或桥式变流电路,可克服后者无法空载运行、结构复杂的缺点。对于电流可逆型斩波电路,在传统的电流环比例积分调节器基础上,提出一种基于负载电压前馈的电流环比例积分调节器,提高系统的快速性;对模拟器的数学模型和传递函数进行详细分析,定量给出调节器的参数整定方法。3kW光伏模拟器样机的实验结果验证了提出的主电路、控制算法的有效性和稳定性。     

光伏组件阵列行间余光利用增效研究

提出一种低成本利用光伏组件阵列行间光照的反光增效设计.就南昌地区七月初晴天正午条件分别进行单组件反光增效计算模拟和实验.结果显示,行间反光板倾斜角为43°±1.5°时的反光增效效果最好,与计算模拟结果吻合良好.进一步在该最佳反光板倾斜角条件下进行全天实验,结果显示其反光增效效果并不会随太阳高度角减小而明显下降.原因在于...     

光照不均匀情况下光伏阵列最大功率跟踪控制

当光伏阵列受到不均匀光照时,输出的功率电压曲线含有多个局域峰值。针对此光照不均匀情况,建立光伏阵列多峰数学模型,并提出一种最大功率跟踪控制方法。采用连续函数构建光照不均匀情况下光伏阵列输出功率电压曲线;依次从该曲线的两侧或中部迭代搜索各局部最大功率点,确保在各种光照情况下均获得全局最大功率;通过Matlab仿真实例验证了所提多峰数学模型和最大功率跟踪控制方法的正确性。     

局部阴影遮挡下大尺寸光伏组件的输出特性研究

以太阳电池尺寸为210 mm×105 mm、电路结构为并串结构的大尺寸光伏组件为例,首先分析单片太阳电池不同阴影遮挡比例时的情况,然后分析光伏组件6种不同阴影遮挡比例和18种典型阴影遮挡位置和形状对大尺寸光伏组件输出特性的影响。结果表明：随着单片太阳电池阴影遮挡比例不断增大,二极管始终未导通,但光伏组件的最大功率逐渐降低,最后降至初始功率的2/3;阴影遮挡比例对采用并串电路结构的大尺寸光伏组件的I-V特性的影响是非线性的。对于整块光伏组件而言,阴影遮挡比例越大,光伏组件的最大功率越小;在同一阴影遮挡比例下,集中阴影遮挡对光伏组件最大功率损失的影响更大。     

雾霾对光伏组件输出特性的影响研究

该文通过数学建模研究雾霾相对湿度和质量浓度对辐照度的影响规律,并通过实验验证雾霾的相对湿度和质量浓度对辐照度和光伏组件输出功率的影响规律。实验结果表明：雾的相对湿度(RH)从23%上升至90%,辐照度下降52.17%,光伏组件输出功率下降46.5%,在相对湿度达到65%之后辐照度和功率下降幅度加快;霾质量浓度从18μg/m³增加至517μg/m³,RH=30%、50%、60%、75%、80%、90%时辐照度分别下降16.0%、25.0%、40.0%、74.4%、73.1%、68.6%,光伏组件输出功率分别下降21.8%、22.5%、35%、69.9%、70.1%、67.7%;RH从30%增加至90%,霾质量浓度为108、189、312、405、497μg/m³时辐照度分别下降60.0%、78.8%、800.%、85.1%、85.8%,光伏组件输出功率分别下降47.4%、73.3%、78.1%、82.5%、84.9%,随着RH的增大辐照度和输出功率的降幅在逐渐增大。关于雾的相对湿度和雾霾质量浓度对辐照度的影响进行数值模拟,...     

遮挡状态下光伏组件多峰输出特性的参数计算与分析

基于太阳电池正反向输出特性,建立光伏组件输出特性模型,针对遮挡状态下的多峰输出特性,提出一种模型参数计算方法,研究不同遮挡状态对I-V特性曲线和模型参数的影响作用。通过仿真和实验,分析组件中各单元所受遮挡光强和电池片遮挡数量的变化对模型参数的影响规律。研究结果表明：模型参数计算结果和基于模型参数获得的I-V特性曲线,有较高精度;所建立的组件输出特性模型和参数计算方法,对于实现光伏组件和组串的故障诊断,具有良好的工程应用前景。     

局部阴影下光伏阵列全局MPPT控制方法

在局部阴影条件下,由带旁路二极管光伏组件构成的光伏阵列的功率-电压特性曲线可能有多个局部最大功率点。为保证寻找到光伏阵列的全局最大功率点,提出了一种基于扰动观测法和导纳增量法的改进全局最大功率点跟踪的控制方法。通过建立仿真模型和试验,验证了该方法的有效性。与基于普通扰动观测法的控制策略比较分析表明,改进算法具有更好的跟踪效果与更小的功率振荡损失。     

Dynamic behaviour of PV generator trackers under irradiation and temperature changes

Maximum power point trackers (MPPTs) have a decisive role to extract power from the photovoltaic (PV) generators as they have to assume the maximum power output (MPP) whatever are the continuous changes of temperature and irradiation conditions. Therefore, they take a prior place in the global PV system efficiency. These trackers are driven by MPPT algorithms and lot of these MPPT algorithms are proposed in literature. The two most common implemented algorithms for power optimisation are the Perturb and Observe (P&O) and the Incremental of Conductance (IncCond) algorithms, which present a high simplicity of implementation within electronics programmable circuits. With an approach based on realistic parameters such as those found when the generator is integrated in a real photovoltaic installation, the two MPPT techniques are dynamically compared using testing procedures developed with Matlab/Simulink. The study leads us to conclude that both algorithms can be performed for PV exposures in unfavourable but realistic external conditions.     

无储能并网光伏电站的出力调节方式

我国并网光伏装机总容量不断增加。在光伏电站无约束出力的情况下,我国电网的调峰能力将限制光伏的总装机规模。只有实现光伏电站与电网协调调度,光伏电站才能得到长足的发展。文章基于某1 MW并网光伏电站的实测数据,对无储能并网光伏电站的出力调节方式进行了探讨。     

基于数据手册的光伏电池特性及参数实用估算方法

利用光伏电池数据手册提供的标准测试条件下的开路电压、短路电流、最大功率点电压和最大功率点电流,得到光伏电池的详细模型参数;提出一种光伏电池模型的等效并联电阻和串联电阻的估算新方法。利用数据手册中的光伏电池短路电流和开路电压温度系数,得到了任意光强和任意温度下的光伏电池模型。为降低求解隐函数模型方程的复杂性,采用近似方法求解隐函数超越方程,得到了光伏电池模型显函数表达式。通过与两种光伏电池在不同光强和温度下的测试数据及同类模型的比较,验证了所提出的模型及参数估算方法的正确性、有效性,具有较高的精度。     

一种阴影情况下光伏组件输出特性的计算方法

提出了一种计算阴影遮挡情况下组件输出特性的方法。该方法首先根据流经组件的电流对被遮挡电池及其所在电池串的输出特性进行分析,在此基础上对旁路二极管的伏安特性进行理论分析,进而判定旁路二极管导通状态,从而计算出光伏组件在阴影遮挡情况下的多峰特性。经试验验证,此种方法可精确地模拟复杂遮挡情况下光伏组件的输出特性,对于各种阴影遮挡情况下的峰值点的最大误差在3%以内。该方法较传统的失配情况下基于一个电池单元并联一个保护旁路二极管的计算方法更符合实际,具有较强的实用价值。     

光伏阵列安装角度与安装节距的优化选择

光伏发电系统安装地点确定之后,其发电量主要受到光伏组件安装倾角和节距的影响。文章首先建立了光伏电池发电模型和斜面上的辐照度模型,以西安某公司的光伏发电系统为例,计算了不同倾角和节距下光伏阵列的年发电量。结果表明:在没有阴影遮挡的情况下,光伏组件在西安地区的最佳安装倾角为32°;在有阴影遮挡的情况下,节距越小,最佳倾角越小。光伏阵列的节距减小时,组件的发电量减少,利用效率降低。但是,由于组件安装量增多,单个组件占地面积减少,总安装容量增大,发电量增大。此计算方法可为光伏组件安装倾角和节距的选择提供参考。     

Positioning of PV panels for reduction in line losses and mismatch losses in PV array

Partial shading decreases the power output of PV arrays due to mismatch losses. These losses are dependent on the shading pattern and the relative positions of shaded modules in the array. Various static and dynamic reconfiguration techniques have earlier been proposed to mitigate these losses. In an earlier proposed static reconfiguration technique, the power generation is enhanced by altering the physical location of the PV panels using a random Sudoku configuration without modifying the TCT (Total-Cross-Tied) based electrical connections. However, this arrangement faces drawbacks due to ineffective dispersion of shade and significant increase in wiring required. In this work, an optimal Sudoku arrangement to overcome these drawbacks is formulated. Further analysis indicate that the global peak of the optimal Sudoku based PV array occurs as the right most peak in the curve for most shading conditions, thus evidently obviating the need for complex MPPT (Maximum-Power-Point-Tracking) algorithms. The proposed configuration is compared with various other existing reconfiguration schemes in terms of power output and the comparison is presented. In addition, a general formulation is proposed to expand this pattern to any generic array. A strategy is also proposed to make such an interconnection practicable for very large size PV arrays.     

Optimal Su-Do-Ku based interconnection scheme for increased power output from PV array under partial shading conditions

Partial shading is a common phenomenon in PV arrays. They drastically reduce the power output because of mismatch losses, which are reliant on the shape of the shade as well as the locations of shaded panels in the array. The power output can be improved by distributing the shade over various rows to maximize the current entering the node. A Su-Do-Ku configuration can be used to rearrange the physical locations of the PV modules in a total cross tied PV array with the electrical connections left unchanged. However, this arrangement increases the length of the wire required to interconnect the panels thus increasing the line losses. In this paper, an improved Su-Do-Ku arrangement that reduces the length of the wire required for the connection is proposed. The system is designed and simulated in a Matlab/Simulink environment for various shading patterns and the efficacies of various arrangements are compared. The results prove that the power output is higher in the proposed improved Su-Do-Ku reconfiguration technique compared to the earlier proposed Su-Do-Ku technique.     

Pore structure development in Xilingol lignite under microwave irradiation

The pore structure of Xilingol lignite irradiated by microwave was investigated to determine drying time, microwave power level, and mineral composition. Pore structure was also determined using N₂ adsorption/desorption as well as scanning electric microscopy. The results show that as microwave power increases from 400 W to 800 W, and irradiation time increases from 4 to 16 min, the specific surface area of lignite samples increases, average pore diameter and total pore volume decreases, and the percentage of mesopores increases. The pore volumes, average pore diameters, and special surface area in the center of the lignite sample were greater than those in the outer layers, while the percentage of mesopores decreased slightly. The cluster structure of the lignite samples is simpler and the surface neater, while flat and fibrous structures remain the same. Evolution mechanisms for pore structures during microwave drying were similar, and include structural collapse caused by shrinkage forces resulting from the removal of moisture, the opening and crosslinking of blind and closed pores, and the thermal decomposition of organic macromolecular structures under high temperatures.     

Comparison of two PV array models for the simulation of PV systems using five different algorithms for the parameters identification

Simulation is of primal importance in the prediction of the produced power and automatic fault detection in PV grid-connected systems (PVGCS). The accuracy of simulation results depends on the models used for main components of the PV system, especially for the PV module. The present paper compares two PV array models, the five-parameter model (5PM) and the Sandia Array Performance Model (SAPM). Five different algorithms are used for estimating the unknown parameters of both PV models in order to see how they affect the accuracy of simulations in reproducing the outdoor behavior of three PVGCS. The arrays of the PVGCS are of three different PV module technologies: Crystalline silicon (c-Si), amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) and micromorph silicon (a-Si:H/μc-Si:H).The accuracy of PV module models based on the five algorithms is evaluated by means of the Route Mean Square Error (RMSE) and the Normalized Mean Absolute Error (NMAE), calculated for different weather conditions (clear sky, semi-cloudy and cloudy days). For both models considered in this study, the best accuracy is obtained from simulations using the estimated values of unknown parameters delivered by the ABC algorithm. Where, the maximum error values of RMSE and NMAE stay below 6.61% and 2.66% respectively.