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1.
AbstractThe aim of this work was to investigate the process of biodrying of municipal solid waste from the old landfill to preparing it for pyrolysis or gasification. New aspect of this research is biodrying of waste from old landfill. Biodrying of wastes was carried out at different aeration rates (7, 35, and 175?dm3/kg dry matter/d) at two temperatures (23 and 50?°C). The research was carried out in the laboratory bioreactors of special design (lysimeters), which simulated the conditions prevailing in the landfill. The optimal conditions for reduction of moisture in waste (63.2%) has been attained for the highest aeration rate (175?dm3/kg dry matter/d) and temperature equal to 50?°C. The final moisture content of the obtained biodried product was 23% w/w. In the bioreactor, in which the greatest reduction of moisture was obtained, the total amount of produced CO2 was 44.9 gC/kg dry matter, and the biodrying efficiency was equal to 0.89. During biodrying of wastes in optimal conditions, higher heating value of waste increased from 4.3 to 11.0?MJ/kg. As a result of the performed pyrolysis of biodried waste at 900?°C, char, oil, and gas were obtained the respective yields of 47, 32, and 21% w/w. The gas emerging in the gasification process was characterized by higher heating value equal to 11.3?MJ/m3. 相似文献
2.
Heejin Lee Sadegh Papari Giulio Bernardini Riccardo Gallorini Luca Rosi Franco Berruti 《加拿大化工杂志》2023,101(3):1271-1285
The objectives of this study were to examine how to recycle cup waste efficiently and effectively and to determine if cup waste can be converted into liquid, solid, and gas value-added products by slow pyrolysis. The characteristics and potential utilizations of the pyrolysis products were investigated. The study included the effects of temperature, heating rate, and different feedstocks. The yield of pyrolysis oil derived from cup waste increased from 42% at 400°C to 47% at 600°C, while the yield of char decreased from 26% at 400°C to approximately 20% at 600°C. Acetic acid and levoglucosan were identified as the main components of the pyrolysis oil. The char obtained at 500°C was physically activated at 900°C for 3 h with CO2. The adsorption capacity of the activated char was investigated with model compounds, such as methyl orange, methylene blue, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen. The results showed that the adsorption capacity of the activated char was similar to that of commercial activated carbon produced from peat. The higher heating value of the produced gas stream calculated at 400°C was 19.59 MJ/Nm3. Also, conventional slow pyrolysis (CSP) and microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP) technologies were compared to determine the differences in terms of products yields, composition and characteristics of the pyrolysis oil, and their potential applications. The CSP yields higher liquid products than MAP. Also, the pyrolysis oil obtained from the CSP had significantly more levoglucosan and acetic acid compared to that of the MAP. 相似文献
3.
T. G. Shendrik Yu. V. Tamarkina V. A. Kucherenko A. S. Gribanova 《Solid Fuel Chemistry》2011,45(5):303-308
The liquid products of the alkaline activation of brown coal from the Aleksandriiskoe deposit (800°C; 1 h; activator, KOH)
were studied by thermal analysis, IR spectroscopy, and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. They were formed in ∼30% yield; they consisted of pyrogenic water (∼50%) and a resinous mixture of organic
substances with increased hydrogen and oxygen contents and decreased carbon and sulfur contents. On heating, potassium hydroxide
completely decomposed the quinoid structures of coal, decreased the concentration of aromatic components in resin, and increased
the concentrations of CH3-, -CH2-, and OH-groups. This is consistent with the well-known thermally initiated reactions of alkaline degradation and dehydrogenation
at high temperatures (400–800°C). The thermal lability of resinous products was evaluated, and the heats of combustion (32.4–32.7
MJ/kg) were determined; the latter values indicate that these products can be used as fuel. 相似文献
4.
In this study, experiments have been conducted on the sample of solid motorcycle tire wastes to determine particularly the effect of temperature, feed size, and apparent vapor residence time on the pyrolysis product yields and their compositions. The maximum liquid yield of 49 wt.% was obtained at a final pyrolysis temperature of 475 °C, feed size 4 cm3, with a residence time of 5 s under N2 atmosphere in a fixed-bed fire-tube heating reactor system. The pyrolysis liquid products were characterized by elemental analysis and various chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. Chromatographic and spectroscopic studies on the liquids show that it can be used as liquid fuels and chemical feedstock, with a calorific value of 42.00 MJ/kg and empirical formula of CH1.27O0.025N0.006. 相似文献
5.
G. Lakshminarayana R. Subbarao Y. Sita Rama Sastry V. Kale T. Chandrasekhara Rao A. Gangadhar 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1984,61(7):1204-1206
The effects of variations in pressure (20–40 kg/cm2), oil-to-water ratio (1:0.4–1:1, w/w) and time (0–8 hr) on the extent of hydrolysis of castor oil were studied. Higher pressure,
lower oil-to-water ratio and longer duration gave higher percentage splits. At 40 kg/cm2 pressure and an oil-to-water ratio of 1:1, ca. 92% split was obtained in 8 hr. When the oil was hydrolyzed in 2 stages at
20 kg/cm2 with an oil-to-water ratio of 1:0.4, ca. 96% split was obtained in a total period of 10 hr. Splitting at 20 kg/cm2 gave minimal amounts of dienoic acids because of the decomposition of estolides. 相似文献
6.
Raúl A. Comelli 《Catalysis Letters》2008,122(3-4):302-309
Potassium and acid ferrierites were impregnated with boron species by wet and incipient wetness techniques. All samples display
a medium-intensity band at 3,450–3,470 cm−1 associated to Si−OH···O groups corresponding to boron-containing units. The 1,398–1,404 cm−1 band assigned to the B–O stretching in BO3 units does not appear on boron–potassium–ferrierite prepared by wet impregnation. Catalytic performance during the linear
butene skeletal isomerization was measured. At 300 °C, boron impregnated by incipient wetness technique on acid ferrierite
reduces both linear butene conversion at a short time and isobutene yield in all time range. Boron–potassium–ferrierite prepared
by wet impregnation has a suitable acidity to promote isobutene production. At 450 °C, this sample shows the best performance,
being the isobutene yield 1.7 times higher than the acid-ferrierite one and reaching the highest isobutene selectivity (92%).
This performance is maintained with time. Both isobutene yield and by-product distribution are strongly affected by temperature;
dimer intermediates are formed. Finally, both kinds of hydroxyl groups corresponding to 3,466 and 3,635 cm−1 bands influence the isobutene production whereas BO3 sites are inactive for this reaction. 相似文献
7.
Akihiro Shishikura Kenshiro Fujimoto Teruhiko Suzuki Kunio Arai 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1994,71(9):961-967
Displacement of the equilibrium of the lipase-catalyzed interesterification between medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) and long-chain
polyunsaturated fatty acid was accomplished by the removal of by-products with continuous supercritical carbon dioxide (SC−CO2) extraction at 60°C and 100 kg/cm2. The incorporation of eicosapentaenoic acid to MCT was appreciably improved by this method and was 1.3 times higher than
that of the equilibrium state (47 wt%) that was obtained in a closed system. The immobilizedMucor miehei lipase was stable for more than 180 h in SC−CO2 at 60°C and 100 kg/cm2.
Presented at ISF-JOCS World Congress, Tokyo, Japan, September 26–30, 1988. 相似文献
8.
T. Yokochi M. T. Usita Y. Kamisaka T. Nakahara O. Suzuki 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1990,67(11):846-851
The fungal oil extracted fromMortierella ramanniana var.angulispora (IFO 8187) was solvent winterized in order to raise the content of γ-linolenic acid (GLA). Effects of winterization conditions
(solvent, oil concentration in the solvent and temperature) and changes of glyceride compositions were discussed. The fungal
oil was separated into four diglycerides and 17 triglycerides (TG) with high performance liquid chromatography. The predominant
species were POO, POP and LOP, whose contents were 24.4, 22.9 and 9.4% of the total TG, respectively. Ethanol at 4°C gave
the highest GLA content of 10.5% in spite of lower yield than with acetone at −20°C. The highest separation efficiency for
GLA (ηGLA) was 0.27 with acetone at −20°C and 10% oil concentration, resulting in 8.3% of GLA from the fungal oil at 5.7% LGA. In case
of lower oil concentration at 5–20%, ηGLA showed higher in the following order: acetone (−20°C)>n-hexane (−20°C)>acetone (4°C)>petroleum ether (−20°C). The winterization process also proved to be effective for the separation
of TG type, Sa2U (Sa; saturated fatty acid; U, unsaturated fatty acid) into the crystallized fraction and SaU2 into the liquid fraction. Acetone at −20°C showed higher separation efficiency for triunsaturated TG than the other solvents. 相似文献
9.
Vanesa Y. Ixtaina Facundo Mattea Damián A. Cardarelli Miguel A. Mattea Susana M. Nolasco Mabel C. Tomás 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2011,88(2):289-298
Extraction of chia seed oil was performed with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2). To investigate the effects of pressure and temperature on the oil solubility and yield, two isobaric (250 and 450 bar)
and two isothermal (40 and 60 °C) extraction conditions were selected. The global extraction yield of chia oil increased with
pressure enhancement, but temperature had a little influence on it. The maximum oil recovery using SC-CO2 at a mass flow rate of 8 kg/h was 97%, which was obtained at 60 °C, 450 bar for a 138-min extraction. The results showed
that solubility changed from 4.8 g oil/kg CO2 at 60 °C–250 bar to 28.8 g oil/kg CO2 at 60 °C–450 bar. The final extract obtained by SC-CO2 under different conditions and Soxhlet extraction contained mainly α-linolenic (64.9–65.6%) and linoleic (19.8–20.3%) acids.
SC-CO2 extraction is an interesting alternative methodology because it is possible to achieve a chia oil yield close to that obtained
by conventional extraction with a similar fatty acid composition using an environmentally friendly process. 相似文献
10.
Folahan O. Ayorinde Erick Y. Nana Pete D. Nicely Anthony S. Woods Elvis O. Price Chukwuma P. Nwaonicha 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1997,74(5):531-538
12-Aminododecanoic acid and 11-aminoundecanoic acid, monomer precursors for nylon-12 and nylon-11, respectively, have been
synthesized from vernolic (cis-12,13-epoxy-cis-9-octadecenoic) acid via a reaction sequence that includes the formation of 12-oxododecanoic acid oxime. Saponification of vernonia oil, followed
by a low-temperature recrystallization at −20°C, gave 51% vernolic acid (97% purity, m.p. 23–25°C). Hydrogenation afforded
cis-12,13-epoxystearic acid (m.p. 52–54°C, lit. m.p. 52–54°C), which upon oxidation with periodic acid in tertiary butyl alcohol
gave 12-oxododecanoic acid with an isolated yield of 71.0%. Reaction of the oxoacid with hydroxylamine hydrochloride gave
12-oxododecanoic acid oxime, which was catalytically reduced to give 12-aminododecanoic acid with a yield greater than 85%
and a melting point of 184–186°C (lit. m.p. 185–187°C). 11-Aminoundecanoic acid was prepared from the 12-oxododecanoic acid
oxime via a three-step reaction sequence that involved a Beckmann rearrangement, Hofmann degradation, and hydrolysis. Thus, the aldoxime
acid was hydrolyzed in the presence of nickel acetate tetrahydrate to give 11-carbamoylundecanoic acid (48% yield, m.p. 129–131°C,
lit. m.p. 129–130°C). The amide was then treated with a solution of sodium methoxide and bromine at 70–80°C to give 11-(methoxycarbonylamino)undecanoic
acid at 75% yield (m.p. 84–86°C; elemental analysis, calculated for C13H25NO4: C, 60.19; H, 9.73; N, 5.40; O, 24.68%; found C, 60.02; H, 9.81; N, 5.26; O, 24.91%), which upon alkaline hydrolysis and
subsequent neutralization gave 11-aminoundecanoic acid at 34% yield (m.p. 189–192°C, lit. m.p. 190°C). Mass spectrometric
and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance data of the previously unreported 11-(methoxycarbonylamino)undecanoic acid is provided. 相似文献
11.
B. Bellal B. Hadjarab N. Benreguia Y. Bessekhouad M. Trari 《Journal of Applied Electrochemistry》2011,41(7):867-872
High quality crednerite CuMnO2 was prepared by solid state reaction at 950 °C under argon flow. The oxide crystallizes in a monoclinically distorted delafossite
structure associated to the static Jahn–Teller (J–T) effect of Mn3+ ion. Thermal analysis showed that it converts reversibly to spinel Cu
x
Mn3−x
O4 at ~420 °C in air and further heating reform the crednerite above 940 °C. CuMnO2 is p-type, narrow semiconductor band gap with a direct optical gap of 1.31 eV. It exhibits a long-term chemical stability in basic
medium (KOH 0.5 M), the semi logarithmic plot gave an exchange current density of 0.2 μA cm−2 and a corrosion potential of ~−0.1 VSCE. The electrochemical oxygen insertion/desinsertion is evidenced from the intensity–potential characteristics. The flat band
potential (V
fb = −0.26 VSCE) and the holes density (N
A
= 5.12 × 1018 cm−3) were determined, respectively, by extrapolating the curve C
−2
versus the potential to the intersection with C
−2
= 0 and from the slope of the Mott–Schottky plot. From photoelectrochemical measurements, the valence band formed from Cu-3d wave function is positioned at 5.24 ± 0.02 eV below vacuum. The Nyquist representation shows straight line in the high frequency
range with an angle of 65° ascribed to Warburg impedance originating from oxygen intercalation and compatible with a system
under mass transfer control. The electrochemical junction is modeled by an equivalent electrical circuit thanks to the Randles
model. 相似文献
12.
İlknur Demiral Nurdilek Gülmezoğlu Atilgan Sevgi Şensöz 《Chemical Engineering Communications》2013,200(1-2):104-115
Soft shell of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) pyrolysis experiments were performed in a fixed-bed reactor to produce bio-oil. The effects of temperature, heating rate, and sweep gas (N2) flow rates on the yields and compositions of products were investigated. Pyrolysis runs were performed using reactor temperatures between 350° and 500°C with heating rates of 15° and 50°C/min. Nitrogen flow rates varied between 50 and 200 cm3/min and mean particle size was 0.8 mm. The maximum bio-oil yield of 33.18% was obtained in a nitrogen atmosphere with nitrogen flow rate of 150 cm3/min and at 450°C pyrolysis temperature with a heating rate of 50°C/min.The elemental analysis and gross heating value of the bio-oil were determined, and then the chemical composition of the bio-oil was investigated using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. The chemical characterization has shown that the bio-oil obtained from soft shell of pistachio can be used as a renewable fuel and chemical feedstock. 相似文献
13.
P. M. Shiela Y. N. Sreerama A. G. Gopala Krishna 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2004,81(12):1125-1129
The physicochemical characteristics and minor component contents of blended oils packed in pouches in relation to starting
oils used for blending were studied over a period of 6 mon at two storage temperatures and humidity conditions: 27°C/65% RH
and 40°C/30–40% RH. Color, PV, FFA value, β-carotene content, tocopherol content, and oryzanol content of the oils were monitored
at regular intervals. The color, PV (0.6–20.7 meq O2/kg, FFA value (0.08–2.1%), tocopherol content (360–1700 ppm%), oryzanol content (460–2,000 mg%), and sesame oil antioxidants
(400–2,000 mg%) were not changed in either the starting oils or their blends. Oils and oil blends containing a higher initial
PV (18.9–20.7 meq O2/kg) showed a slight reduction in value at 40°C, whereas oils having lesser PV of 5–10 showed a slight increase during the
storage period. Among the minor components studied, only β-carotene showed a reduction, 8.9–60.2% at 27°C and 48–71% at 40°C,
for the different oil blends studied. The observed results indicated that the packed oil blends studied were stable under
the conditions of the study, and the minor components, other than β-carotene, remained unaltered in the package even at the
end of 6 mon of storage. 相似文献
14.
《Fuel Processing Technology》2001,72(1):9-22
Cross-section samples (2–3 cm wide), representative of a whole car tyre, have been pyrolysed under nitrogen in a 3.5 dm3 autoclave at 300°C, 400°C, 500°C, 600°C and 700°C. The whole solid, liquid and gaseous products generated during each pyrolysis were collected and characterised. No significant influence of temperature on the amount and characteristics of pyrolysis products was observed over 500°C. Tyre-pyrolysis liquids are a complex mixture of C5–C20 organic compounds, with a great proportion of aromatics. They have high gross calorific values, GCV (∼42 MJ kg−1) and N and S contents (0.4% and 1.2%, respectively) within those specified for certain heating fuels. About 30 wt.% of such liquids is an easily distillable fraction with boiling points (70–210°C) in the range of commercial petrol, and about 60 wt.% of them have the boiling point range (150–370°C) typical of diesel oil. Pyrolysis gases are composed of hydrocarbons of which C1 and C4 are predominant, together with some CO, CO2 and SH2; they have very high gross calorific values (68–84 MJ m−3). Tyre-pyrolysis residues have equal dimensions as the original tyre portion and are easily disintegrable into black powder and steel cords. The black powder has surface areas comparable to those of commercial carbon blacks, but it has a great proportion of ash and impurities (∼12 wt.%), which are the inorganic fillers added to tyre rubber; it may have a potential use as semireinforcing or nonreinforcing carbon black. 相似文献
15.
G. Ya. Akimov V. M. Timchenko É. V. Chaika 《Refractories and Industrial Ceramics》1997,38(7-8):310-314
The physicomechanical properties of a ceramics composed of ZrO2+3 mol.% Y2O3 and fabricated by cold isostatic pressing (CIP) at up to 0.8 GPa with sintering at 1440–1620°C are described. It is shown
that the material with a low content of admixtures sinters only at 1620°C at a pressure of 0.6–0.8 GPa and possesses a density
of 6.0 g/cm3, an ultimate bending strength of 900 MPa, and a fracture toughness of 8 MPa·m1/2. For the material with a high content of admixtures sintered at 1550°C and pressed at a pressure of 0.6 GPa the same parameters
are 5.95 g/cm3, 700 MPa, and 12 MPa·m1/2. It is established that CIP promotes sintering of Y-PSZ ceramics. CIP has the best effect on the mechanical properties of
high-purity materials.
Translated from Ogneupory i Tekhnicheskaya Keramika, No. 8, pp. 17–21, August, 1997. 相似文献
16.
《Fuel Processing Technology》2006,87(11):1013-1019
In this paper comparative analysis of bio-oils and their subfraction from static, sweeping gas and steam pyrolysis of apricot pulp, a food industry waste, was investigated. Experimental studies were conducted in a well-swept fixed-bed reactor with a heating rate of 5 °C min− 1, to a final pyrolysis temperature of 550 °C. The oil yield which was 22.4% at the static atmosphere reached to the value of 23.2% in the sweeping gas atmosphere by using 100 cm3 min− 1 N2 flow rate. The yield of liquid product in steam pyrolysis was higher (27.2%) than the static and inert gas atmosphere.The elemental analyses of the pyrolysis oils were determined, and the chemical compositions of the oils were investigated using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. The liquid products were fractionated into pentane solubles and insolubles (asphaltenes). Pentane solubles were then solvent fractionated into pentane, toluene, and methanol subfractions by fractionated column chromatograpy. The aliphatic subfractions of the oils were then analysed by capillary column gas–liquid chromatography and GC/MS. For further structural analysis, the pyrolysis oils' aliphatic, aromatic and polar subfractions were conducted using FTIR and 1H NMR spectra. 相似文献
17.
《Fuel Processing Technology》2004,85(14):1551-1564
In this study, thermal upgrading of low-rank coal with solvent at 380–440 °C under an initial nitrogen pressure of 2 MPa was studied as a possible method for producing clean solid fuel with a high heating value and less spontaneous ignition behavior. Upgrading of Buckskin coal (USA, subbituminous coal) in the presence of t-decalin (non hydrogen-donor solvent) at 440 °C gave 11.4 wt.% of gas, 5.3 wt.% of oil and 74.1 wt.% of upgraded solid product with a small amount of water. The gaseous product consisted mainly of carbon dioxide (67 wt.%), methane, carbon monoxide, hydrogen and a trace of C2 and C3 hydrocarbon gases. The oil product from coal contained BTX, phenol, and their alkyl-derivatives. The heating value of the upgraded solid product from the Buckskin coal increased to 31.0 MJ/kg in dry base as compared to the heating value of wet base of the untreated raw coal, which was 19.3 MJ/kg. Spontaneous ignition behavior was greatly reduced by the upgrading. The effect of catalyst and additives on the upgrading was investigated in terms of product distribution and the quality of the solid product. Taiheiyo (Japan, subbituminous) and Yallourn (Australia, brown) coals were also studied. 相似文献
18.
This article investigates a method in further improvement of a (La0.8,Sr0.2)MnO3 (LSM)-Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) dual composite cathode by adding material with high ionic conductivity such as gadolinia-doped
ceria (GDC). A nano-porous composite cathode containing LSM, YSZ, and GDC was prepared by a two-step polymerizable complex
(PC) method which minimizes the formation of YSZ–GDC solid solution. The structure of the resulting LSM/GDC–YSZ dual composite
cathode was such that the LSM and GDC phases were present on the YSZ core particles without formation of the La2Zr2O7, SrZrO3, and GDC–YSZ solid solution. At 800 °C, the electrode polarization resistance of the LSM/GDC–YSZ dual composite cathode decreased
to 0.266 Ω cm2, compared with 0.385 Ω cm2 for the LSM/YSZ–YSZ dual composite cathode. In addition, the Ni–YSZ anode-supported single cell using a LSM/GDC–YSZ dual
composite cathode with H2 as the fuel achieved a maximum power density of 0.65 W cm−2 at 800 °C. 相似文献
19.
Guus van Rossum Berta Matas Güell Ragavendra P. Balegedde Ramachandran K. Seshan Leon Lefferts Wim P. M. Van Swaaij Sascha R. A. Kersten 《American Institute of Chemical Engineers》2010,56(8):2200-2210
The evaporation of pyrolysis oil was studied at varying heating rates (~1–106°C/min) with surrounding temperatures up to 850°C. A total product distribution (gas, vapor, and char) was measured using two atomizers with different droplet sizes. It was shown that with very high heating rates (~106°C/min) the amount of char was significantly lowered (~8%, carbon basis) compared to the maximum amount, which was produced at low heating rates using a TGA (~30%, carbon basis; heating rate 1°C/min). The char formation takes place in the 100–350°C liquid temperature range due to polymerization reactions of compounds in the pyrolysis oil. All pyrolysis oil fractions (whole oil, pyrolytic lignin, glucose and aqueous rich/lean phase) showed charring behavior. The pyrolysis oil chars age when subjected to elevated temperatures (≥700°C), show similar reactivity toward combustion and steam gasification compared with chars produced during fast pyrolysis of solid biomass. However, the structure is totally different where the pyrolysis oil char is very light and fluffy. To use the produced char in conversion processes (energy or syngas production), it will have to be anchored to a carrier. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010 相似文献
20.
N. Droushiotis A. Torabi M. H. D. Othman T. H. Etsell G. H. Kelsall 《Journal of Applied Electrochemistry》2012,42(7):517-526
Single layer La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3 hollow fibre (HF) precursors (<1 mm ID) produced by phase inversion (PI) were sintered at 1,200, 1,350 and 1,400 °C. The increase in sintering temperature resulted in microstructural changes in the LSCF fibres, reflected in their electrical conductivities. LSCF-based cathodes with different designs were brushed onto co-extruded nickel–gadolinium-doped ceria (CGO) anode/CGO electrolyte dual-layer HFs (<1 mm ID) fabricated by PI. The effect of cathode layers on the overall performance of the fuel cells (FCs) was assessed using nearly identical anode and electrolyte compositions, thicknesses, and microstructures. Cathode microstructure design caused cells to perform differently producing peak power densities of 0.35–0.7 W cm−2 at 600 °C. Impedance spectroscopy analysis at 600 °C on the FCs produced 0.12–0.24 Ω cm2 confirming the cathode’s structural effect on the overall area-specific resistance of the FCs. The best performing FC with a brush-deposited cathode was compared to a similar FC where cathode was deposited by dip coating; at 600 °C the first produced 0.6 W cm−2 while the second cell 0.7 W cm−2. Co-extruding anodes and electrolytes by using PI and combining dip coating for cathode deposition could lead to the fabrication of FCs with enhanced microstructures and improved performances. 相似文献