水库水温数值预测方法

水库水温是混凝土大坝的一个重要的温度边界条件,是大坝温度应力和温度控制的重要影响因素之一。如何在水库建成前,合理地预测水库建成后的水温分布情况,是大坝设计的一个重要前提。通过对多个水库水温的调查分析及预测研究,总结出水库水温分布的基本规律和主要影响因素,主要影响因素包括:水库形状、水文气象条件、水库运行条件和水库初始蓄水条件。介绍了目前工程中预测水库水温分布的主要方法,并采用水库水温数值分析软件,对二滩水库和锦屏一级水库水温进行数值预测,结果与实测资料吻合良好。     

戈兰滩水电站水库水温数值分析

戈兰滩水电站建成后,正常蓄水时坝前水深超过百米,水库水温分布成为大坝设计、施工、运行管理及水环境保护工作的重要基础资料.为获取水库水温分布状况,满足工程需要,文章作者采用数值计算方法,重点分析和预测水库垂向水温分布,这种水温分布预测结果较好地反映了戈兰滩水电站水库的实际情况.     

二滩水库水温结构及其影响因素研究

采用三维水温模型，对二滩水库水温结构进行数值模拟，模拟了二滩水库水温结构特征，发现二滩水库水温垂向分布呈现单温跃层和双温跃层两种型式。研究了水库水温结构变化的影响因素，表明影响二滩水库水温结构的因素主要有气象要素、库区来水流量和水体温度、水库出流位置及流量大小等。夏季二滩水库随着上游来水水温的增大，水库水温相应增加，但在温度异重流和紊流扩散的双重作用下，仅是水库中层均温层水体温度同步增加。随着二滩水库大坝出水位置的改变，库区流态发生变化，随着出水口位置的下移，水库来水和出流形成的纵向水流随之向库底下潜，水库中层均温层垂向厚度增加，对库底水温的干扰增强。     

考虑淤沙影响的高拱坝水库水温数值分析及应用

高拱坝的水库水温分布对坝体的稳定温度场和封拱温度有重要影响，研究水库水温的分布规律对于拱坝温度荷载的确定和坝体设计有着重要的意义。本文考虑高拱坝水库淤沙的影响，采用热流耦合方法对水库立面二维水温数学模型进行了数值分析，对高拱坝水库水温的分布规律做了一定的探讨，在此基础之上分析了水库水温分层的形成过程及原因，并重点探讨了淤沙对高拱坝水库水温以及运行期应力的影响，对比分析了水温的规范算法、实测值、本文数值计算方法之间的差别，并对规范的水库水温计算方法进行了评价。     

二滩水库水温结构及其影响因素研究

应用MIKE 3建立三维水温模型,对二滩水库水温结构进行数值模拟,发现该水库水温垂向分布呈现单温跃层和双温跃层两种型式。 气象要素、库区来水流量和水体温度、水库出流位置及流量大小等是影响水温结构的主要因素。夏季二滩水库随着上游来水水温的升高,水库水温相应升高,但在温度异重流和紊流扩散的双重作用下,是水库中层均温层水体温度同步升高。大坝出水位置的改变,将使库区流态发生变化,随着出水口位置的下移,水库来水和出流形成的纵向水流随之向库底下潜,水库中层均温层垂向厚度增加,对库底水温的干扰增强。     

浅谈水库水温计算方法

在收集国内外水库水温分布预测方法的基础上,简要分析了影响水库水温分布的影响因素,介绍了当前常用的水库分层判别方法及水库水温预测的经验法,重点介绍了当前流行的数学模型法,同时对各方法的优、缺点及适用性进行了比较评价。     

基于MIKE平台的水电工程对水温影响预测评价

准确模拟和预测水库及下游河道的水温分布规律对降低水电工程环境影响起着重要作用。基于MIKE系列软件,采用一维水温模型对怒江中下游天然河道水温进行数值模拟计算,并在对怒江规划龙头马吉水库的水温类型进行判别的基础上,运用库区立面二维水温模型对库区及下泄水温变化进行预测。计算结果表明,马吉水库为典型温度分层型水库,来水量越大,表层水温越低,底层水温越高。水库建成后,下泄水温过程与天然河道水温过程差异加大。上述研究可为在水电工程运行中采取措施应对水温变化提供技术支撑。     

基于立面二维水动力-水温耦合模型的水库水温分布

建立了考虑浮力影响的立面二维水动力-水温耦合数学模型,对温差异重流进行了研究,分析了浮力流的水流结构和温度分层的形成、发展过程,利用水库物理模型的试验数据对模型进行了验证,再将该模型应用于一拟建水库,模拟预测了该水库建成后夏季典型条件下库区的流场及温度场分布,研究了不同高程放流洞放水对库区流场、温度场及下泄水温的影响。     

水库水温预测方法研究

温度分层是水库的一个重要特征，它对库区及水库下游的生态环境有着巨大的影响。低温水预测计算可首先对水库水温结构进行简易判别，在此基础上对水库水温计算，方法有经验法、垂向一维模型、立面二维模型和三维模型等数学模拟法，详细介绍了丹麦水科所新开发的MIKE3。     

丹江口水库垂向水温模型研究

丹江口水库是多年调节型水库,有明显的热分层现象,根据这一特点,充分考虑水面热交换、入流、出流、热扩散、热对流等影响因素,建立垂向一维水温数值模型.利用1970～1978年的水温多年平均值对模型进行验证,91%的数值计算的结果与实测结果的误差小于15%.根据已验证的水温数值模型对不同典型年的水温进行预测,数值结果很好地反应了水库的温度随时间的变化规律.结果表明,除气象条件外,水库的库容与出入水库的流量是影响水库水温的主要因素.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.