柯达红外胶片

在胶片制造中，对胶片乳剂进行特定的光谱增感，加入红外增感染料，使乳剂的光谱敏感达至红外光谱区，即为红外胶片。     

硫三碳菁红外染料的光谱增感及超增感技术的应用研究

红外染料自减感的化学过程是致使红外增感效率低的原因。据此 ,红外感光材料的超增感过程应与抑制染料自发减感是密切相关的。二苯乙烯类衍生物 ,以及抗坏血酸作为红外染料超增感剂 ,有效地提高红外染料的光谱增感效率。     

三氮吲哚利嗪对氯化银乳剂光谱增感性能的影响

三氮吲哚利嗪（ＴＡＩ）是一种常用的银盐感光材料的稳定剂，许多研究表明ＴＡＩ在化学增感或光谱增感乳剂中具有超增感作用［１，２］，另有报道，它与光谱增感染料两者之间的添加次序对增感效果有很大的影响［１，６，７］．在Ｔａｎｉ的研究中［１］，在光谱增感后的乳...     

光谱增感染料在卤化银感光乳剂中的应用

单纯的卤化银只能对可见光中的蓝光和紫光敏感,由单纯的卤化银乳剂制成的感光材料,用来拍摄自然界的景物,不能正确反映景物的本来面目,当加入增感染料后,能使卤化银乳剂的感光范围从蓝紫光区扩大到绿光区、红光区、甚至红外光区。综述了关于感红光谱增感染料、感红外光谱增感染料、感绿光谱增感染料和短波长光谱增感染料应用研究。     

用于红外激光感光材料的红外光谱增感剂

综述了适用于半导体红外激光感光材料的增感染料类型，介绍了５种合成的红外光谱增感剂的熔点、含量、最大吸收波长及应用。     

钙离子对卤化银乳剂化学增感和光谱增感的影响

本文通过控制乳剂中一系列不同的钙离子浓度(4.0～80×10~(-3)mol Ca~(2+)/mol AgX),研究了化学增感时间对钙离子浓度的依赖性,测定了相应的感光特性,结果表明,乳剂中的钙离子在不影响最佳感光度的前提下,可有效地抑制灰雾并延缓化学增感过程,延长化学成熟时间。 经感红染料光谱增感后,测定了染料的相对增感倍率,本征及感红光谱感光度,研究了它们对轧剂中钙离子浓度的依赖关系。以卤化银乳剂对染料的吸附,对光的吸收以及Dember效应的实验结果为佐证,说明钙离子在光谱增感的电子转移过程中,起着电子陷阱的作用,从而抑制感红感光度的增感;与此同时,钙离子又抑制染料对本征感光度的减感,这可能是由于钙离子的存在阻碍了染料正空穴对卤化银本征潜影的氧化,从而保护了部分潜影免受染料正空穴的袭击。     

光谱增感研究的若干新发展

一、推动光谱增感研究的新动力 自1973年Vogel发现染料可以延长卤化银的感色范围以来,关于增感染料的应用和光谱增感理论方面已经有了许多进展。除了感光材料以外,人们还发现,染料在其他领域也有十分重要的应用前景,因此,光谱增感的研究近几年来十分活跃。 近年来,感光材料的研究有了很大的进展,而有许多重大的突破都是来自乳剂技术的     

氧化石墨烯对卤化银微晶乳剂的超增感效应

使用反馈式微机控制双注乳化仪,制得了溴碘化银微晶乳剂。在特定条件下,将一定量的氧化石墨烯分别在乳剂乳化后、化学增感过程和光谱增感过程中加入,获得3个系列经过掺杂增感后的乳剂。对其进行感光性能测试,结果表明:(1)氧化石墨烯在化学增感过程中具有有效的防灰雾效应,可作为防灰雾剂;(2)氧化石墨烯在化学增感过程中,在达到平衡后,具有一定的增感效应;(3)氧化石墨烯在光谱增感过程中,随着染料吸附时间增加,对乳剂的增感作用愈明显,具有增感效应和防灰雾功能。     

阻光染料对氯化银乳剂光谱增感的影响

增感染料在卤化银微晶上吸附并形成J－聚集体是染料光谱增感和超增感的关键步骤。本文利用紫外－可见吸收光谱研究了增感染料和阻光染料在氯化银微晶上的吸附，并考察了阻光染料对增感染料J－聚集体的形成及乳剂感光性能的影响。结果表明：不同阻光染料在氯化银微晶表面的吸附程度不同，对增感染料J－聚集体形成的影响也有差异。其中，吸附较小的不影响增感染料J－聚集体的形成，而吸附较大的阻碍增感染料J－聚集形成，特别是阻光染料在增感染料之前加入乳剂中时。在氯化银微晶上吸附很小的阻光染料基本不影响增感染料对乳剂的光谱增感，而吸附较强的阻光染料不仅吸收入射光，还抑制或破坏增感染料的光谱增感。因此，在氯化银微晶表面没有吸附的阻光材料才是优良的阻光染料。     

光谱增感机理的介绍

回顾了染料光谱增感机理的发展过程，着重阐述了电子传递与能量传递两大机理以及根据这两个经典机理来设计新的光谱增感材料，同时也介绍了当前的光谱增感理论微观研究的发展。     

卤化银乳剂的热增感效应研究

温度对卤化银胶片感光度的影响很早就有人进行过研究．在１９３４年,Ｗｅｂｂ［１］研究了不同温度下卤化银乳剂的互易率曲线,并发现温度对感光度的影响与照度有关．当照度很低时,在一定温度范围内感光度会随温度的降低而升高;在高照度下,随温度的升高感光度也增高．...     

Preheating Sensitization of a TATB Composition Part Three: Sensitization for Various Stimuli,Interpretation and Conclusions

Preheating induced sensitization has been commonly studied in the frame of SDT but a complete analysis in terms of pyrotechnic safety needs to take into account other kinds of stimuli like “moderate” mechanical ones (crushing, drops…︁), new thermal fluxes or combined insults. We present the results of connected studies and propose sensitization mechanisms based on these data and on previous chemical and microstructure characterizations.     

Real-Time Optimization Using Machine Learning Models Applied to the 4,4′-Diphenylmethane Diisocyanate Production Process

In this work, the optimal time-varying allocation of steam in a large-scale industrial isocyanate production process is addressed. This is a problem that falls into the category of real-time optimization (RTO). The application of RTO in practice faces two problems: First the available rigorous process models may not be suitable for use in real-time connected to the process. Second, there is always a mismatch between the predictions of the model and the behavior of the real plant. We address the first problem by training a neural net model as a surrogate to data generated by a rigorous simulation model so that the model is simple to implement and short execution times result. The second problem is tackled by adapting the optimization problem based on measured data such that convergence to the optimal operating conditions for the real plant is achieved.     

二氧化钛可见光光催化剂研究进展

综述了二氧化钛可见光化的一些理论观点及其改性技术的新进展,涉及染料光敏化、金属离子掺杂、贵金属沉积和复合半导体、非金属掺杂等,认为二氧化钛可见光化中的改性,实际上是使催化剂产生靠近导带或价带的内带隙的过程,并且这个新形成的带隙能使催化剂对可见光产生有效的响应。针对二氧化钛光催化剂实用化中存在的问题,指出有效地抑制电子复合是今后改性研究的重点,寻找低成本的光敏物质或使污染物本身具有较好的光敏化性能是今后光敏化研究的方向之一。     

PARALLEL SOLUTION OF DISJUNCTIVE MINLP PROBLEMS

In this paper, a system for parallel solution of large scale disjunctive optimization problems is presented. Disjunctive optimization problems occur in process engineering; both in production scheduling and in process synthesis. In general these problems are computationally very hard to solve.

This system combines the demands of process engineering optimization problems with the potential CPU-power of the computers connected to the Internet. The system is capable of using an arbitrary number of computers connected to the Internet for distributed solution of rigorous industrial optimization problems.     

局部应力分析中两个问题的讨论

容器上的局部结构承受外加载荷时，需要对该局部结构的强度进行评定。本文通过分析后指出，针对局部应力评定的强度条件应根据载荷的种类和性质确定。另外，本文通过实例说明，当进行管系应力分析，从而确定接管施加于容器上的载荷时，接管与容器连接处的柔度对该处载荷值和管道中的最大弯矩值都会有很大影响，在设计中考虑该柔度对设计的安全性和经济性都是有意义的。     

鱼明胶保护下纳米卤化银乳剂光敏性研究

以鱼明胶作为保护性介质,利用双注法制备了胶银比为 5∶ 1的 AgBr(I)纳米粒子乳剂 (碘含量为 5％ ),通过 XRD测得其平均粒径为 16 nm,该乳剂具有较高的含银量和稳定性。研究了硫敏化剂的用量及敏化时间对该纳米乳剂感光度的影响,采用感光度、 gamma及灰雾达最佳结合点时硫敏化剂的加入量,粗略估算了硫敏化中心的个数。探讨了曝光光源的波长对纳米乳剂感光度的影响。随着光源最大辐射强度的波长 (λ max)增大 (从 525 nm增加到 1010 nm),感光度明显升高约 1. 5倍, gamma略有下降,表明该纳米粒子乳剂对近红外辐射敏感。     

DNA Methylation Levels in Mononuclear Leukocytes from the Mother and Her Child Are Associated with IgE Sensitization to Allergens in Early Life

DNA methylation changes may predispose becoming IgE-sensitized to allergens. We analyzed whether DNA methylation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) is associated with IgE sensitization at 5 years of age (5Y). DNA methylation was measured in 288 PBMC samples from 74 mother/child pairs from the birth cohort ALADDIN (Assessment of Lifestyle and Allergic Disease During INfancy) using the HumanMethylation450BeadChip (Illumina). PBMCs were obtained from the mothers during pregnancy and from their children in cord blood, at 2 years and 5Y. DNA methylation levels at each time point were compared between children with and without IgE sensitization to allergens at 5Y. For replication, CpG sites associated with IgE sensitization in ALADDIN were evaluated in whole blood DNA of 256 children, 4 years old, from the BAMSE (Swedish abbreviation for Children, Allergy, Milieu, Stockholm, Epidemiology) cohort. We found 34 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) associated with IgE sensitization to airborne allergens and 38 DMRs associated with sensitization to food allergens in children at 5Y (Sidak p ≤ 0.05). Genes associated with airborne sensitization were enriched in the pathway of endocytosis, while genes associated with food sensitization were enriched in focal adhesion, the bacterial invasion of epithelial cells, and leukocyte migration. Furthermore, 25 DMRs in maternal PBMCs were associated with IgE sensitization to airborne allergens in their children at 5Y, which were functionally annotated to the mTOR (mammalian Target of Rapamycin) signaling pathway. This study supports that DNA methylation is associated with IgE sensitization early in life and revealed new candidate genes for atopy. Moreover, our study provides evidence that maternal DNA methylation levels are associated with IgE sensitization in the child supporting early in utero effects on atopy predisposition.     

发色团含有乙撑基或乙烯撑桥基的碳菁合成及其光谱和增感性能

本文研究发色团α,α′ 位上具有乙撑基和乙烯撑桥基的碳菁合成通法 ,染料的立体结构、质子化倾向和萤光特性。探讨了多甲川发色团的α,α′ 位桥基和中位取代基对硫碳菁在长波区域的电子吸收光谱的影响。研究结果指出 :多甲川链上含有乙撑桥的硫碳菁有可能使照相卤化银乳剂在远红区和近红外光谱区产生高效的光谱增感作用。