平均粒径对气-固流态化特性的影响

运用一种新型的隔离稀相床层塌落技术,研究了3种不同平均粒径的FCC催化剂流化床层的塌落特性和高表观操作气速条件下床层的乳相结构。实验采用摄像技术,记录了细颗粒床层的塌落过程,获得了床层料面的塌落曲线。考察了颗粒流化床层的乳相和泡相特性,并进一步分析了平均粒径对颗粒床层塌落性质的影响。实验结果表明:在操作气速较高的条件下,在所选用的粒径范围内,平均粒径为30μm左右的FCC催化剂颗粒的塌落时间最长,乳相密度最小,泡相体积分率亦明显高于较粗颗粒的对应值。这些结果表明平均粒径为30μm左右的FCC催化剂颗粒具有比较独特的流化性能。     

一个基于双流体理论预测三维流化床内流动特性的数学模型(Ⅰ)气固体系散式或鼓泡流态化特性

将考虑拟平衡状态下颗粒与流体相互作用的附加力添加到基于双流体理论动量方程的数学模型中,用于Geldart A类物料散式流态化和B类物料鼓泡/床层塌落特性的三维数值模拟。该模型主要特点是将表征颗粒离散属性的特征长度视为颗粒直径的同一数量级且只需曳力系数一个关联式来封闭控制方程。在商业软件CFX4.4平台上,通过增加用户自定义子程序模拟了长0.2 m、宽0.2 m和高0.5 m流化床内瞬态流动特性。为了检验数学模型的实用性和数值模拟的可靠性,首先考察了两种A类物料在表观气速为u_mf和1.5u_mf下的散式流态化特性,结果展示出床层均匀膨胀的固有属性。随后,考察了扰动对A类物料在网格尺度上的局部空隙率和固体速度分布以及在设备尺度上床层压降的影响,探索了B类物料在网格尺度上鼓泡和床层塌落以及在设备尺度上鼓泡过程中床层压降和塌落过程中平均床层高度和相界面标准偏差的动态特性。上述模拟结果与经典的Geldart理论、前人的实验或模拟结果相吻合,说明该模型可以用来预报三维气固流化床内A类物料散式流态化和B类物料鼓泡及塌落的时空特性。     

低密度循环流化床反应器床层截面平均颗粒速度的变化规律

本文在高8m,内径186mm 的循环流化床中采用 FCC 颗粒,利用 TSI 光纤激光多普勒测速仪测定了局部颗粒速度的径向分布,并获得了床层截面平均颗粒速度。实验结果表明:截面平均颗粒速度随操作气速的增大而增大,随固体循环速率的增大而略有减小。由实验数据回归得到了计算本实验条件下低密度速度的经验关联式。论文还从基本流体力学理论出发,在考虑颗粒加速运动的条件下,建立了一维气、固两相流模型,可以用于预测床层截面平均颗粒速度和空隙率的变化规律,模型计算结果和实验数据吻合较好。     

超细颗粒表面改性后床层塌落行为研究

在直径为56mm的磁流化床中采用小粒径SiO2颗粒对微米级淀粉颗粒进行包裹，在鼓泡流化床中考察包裹后淀粉颗粒的床层塌落行为。实验表明，包裹后淀粉颗粒的床层塌落行为不同于未包裹的淀粉颗粒和Geldart A类颗粒。包裹后淀粉颗粒间粘性力减小，床层滞气能力降低，床层塌落高度增加，揭示磁流化床包裹实验中客体颗粒SiO2存在合适添加比例．证明表面改性是改善超细颗粒流化行为的有效手段。     

气液固三相流化床层膨胀特性实验分析

为分析气液固三相流化床床层特性,选用两种粒径接近、密度不同的颗粒:塑料颗粒(湿堆积密度1 273 kg/m~3,平均直径750μm)和陶粒(湿堆积密度1 680 kg/m~3,平均直径800μm),以常温空气为气相、水为液相。实验装置内径0.13 m,全床高度4.75 m,实验液柱高度3.5 m,床内颗粒有足够的膨胀高度。分别测试了液速0—13 mm/s,气速0—12 mm/s条件下的床层高度,研究气液速对塑料颗粒和陶粒床层膨胀率的影响。研究结果显示液速较低时床层收缩,随着气速增加,收缩率增大;液速较高时,膨胀率大于0,随着表观气速的增加,膨胀率先降低,表观气速大于临界值后,膨胀率将增大;除高气速外,床层膨胀率总是随着液速的升高而增大。相同气速、液速条件下,大密度陶粒的床层膨胀(收缩)率大于塑料颗粒。     

气固流化床内费托铁基催化剂的流化特性

为研究费托(Fischer?Tropsch, FT)催化剂在气固流化床内的流动过程,分析了催化剂的主要物性参数,在不同直径流化床内测量了各表观气速下FT催化剂的流动特性,并与广泛应用的流化催化裂化(Fluid Catalytic Cracking, FCC)催化剂的流态化行为进行了对比。结果表明,同为A类颗粒,相较于FCC催化剂,由于FT催化剂的休止角较小(约为FCC催化剂的75%),其临界流化速度较小、床层膨胀高度和气节高度较小;两种催化剂在流化床内流化过程基本相似,随表观气速增大依次出现膨胀、鼓泡、湍动等流型,但各流型转变时的临界速度差异较大。催化剂物性参数对流化特性影响较大,FT催化剂在各阶段流化过程均相对稳定,有利于催化剂在流化床内均匀分布,其气固接触效果优于FCC催化剂;不同催化剂床层高径比下气节高度变化的转折点与流型存在对应关系,可将气节高度随表观气速的变化关系作为判断湍动流化区内流型临界速度的依据。     

窄筛分颗粒气固流态化特性数值模拟研究

为更好地指导工业生产,了解不同粒径颗粒在气固流化床中的状态以及流化床中颗粒分布情况,针对气固流化床中窄筛分颗粒流态化特性进行数值模拟研究。通过流场模拟软件分析在相同流化床中不同粒径段的颗粒(46～80、106～113、185～221μm)和不同流化床进气速度条件下所能达到的体积分数和流化床层高度以及达到这一指标所需时间,并采用欧拉-欧拉模型和SIMPLE算法计算不同气速条件下的颗粒体积分数、速度分布。结果表明,在相同气速条件下,颗粒粒径增大,导致流化床内颗粒体积分数最高点与最低点的差距变大,颗粒分布不均匀性增加,同时床层整体高度下降,床层内颗粒密度上升,颗粒体积分数下降,流化效果降低;相同颗粒粒径情况下,增加气速可降低流化床内部颗粒的体积分数,增加气体与固体颗粒的接触面积,增强流化效果,但减少了流化床内部颗粒速度矢量分布达到均匀的时间,颗粒分布不均匀性更加明显。     

正丁烷氧化制顺酐流化床催化剂的喷雾成型

对正丁烷氧化制顺酐流化床催化剂的颗粒成型进行了研究,在不同类型的粘合剂和喷雾成型的条件下,实验获得了不同颗粒尺寸和粒度分布的流化床催化剂。利用正交实验设计方法探讨了喷雾操作条件对催化反应活性的影响及其变化规律,同时确定了最佳喷零操作条件。研究发现,催化剂颗粒尺寸在20～200μm,平均粒径在70～80μm左右的催化剂对正丁烷流化床催化反应的效果最好。     

高密度下行床反应器的流体力学特性

在一套内径为80 mm,高5.6 m的新型下行循环流化床内,以硅胶、FCC催化剂以及玻璃珠等颗粒为实验物料,在颗粒循环流率最高达600 kg•m^-2•s^-1,床层颗粒平均浓度达14%的条件下,进行了低气速、高浓度下行床内气固流动特性的研究.实验结果表明：高浓度下颗粒浓度的波动特性与低密度的有所差异.在低浓度操作条件下,颗粒浓度的概率分布曲线为单峰,而在高浓度下,概率密度分布曲线近似为水平直线;床层颗粒浓度随固体颗粒循环流率的增加而提高,颗粒直径及密度小的物料容易达到高的床层浓度,密度大而流动性好的物料容易达到高的颗粒循环流率;在低密度操作条件下,下行床内气固沿轴向流动过程可分为两个区域：加速区以及恒速区;而在高浓度操作条件下,可分为3个区域：加速区、恒速区以及出口受限区.     

鼓泡床取热器流动特性的数值模拟

应用计算颗粒流体力学(CPFD)方法,采用点源注射的进气方式对气固鼓泡流化床取热器内流动特性进行数值模拟。考察不同气速下床层膨胀高度、轴径向时均固含率分布、颗粒轴向速度分布及床层颗粒内循环流率的分布。模拟结果与实验数据吻合较好,表明该模型可以用于描述鼓泡流化床取热器内气固两相的流动规律。     

Gas and solid behaviours during defluidisation of Geldart-A particles

Bed collapsing experiments were carried out in a cold-air transparent column 192 mm in diameter and 2 m high. Typical Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) catalyst with a mean particle size of 76 μm and a density of 1400 kg/m³ was used. Both single and double-drainage protocols were tested. The local pressure drop and bed surface collapse height were acquired throughout the bed settling.Typical results were found regarding dense phase voidage of a fluidised bed and the bed surface collapse velocity. In addition, bubble fraction was calculated based on the collapse curve.Experimental results showed that windbox effect is significantly reduced compared to previous works since the volume of air within the windbox was reduced. The comparison of single/double-drainage protocols revealed a new period in the defluidisation of Geldart-A particles concerning gas compressibility. Through the temporal analysis of local pressure drop, the progress of the solid sedimentation front from bottom to top was determined, analysed and modelled.     

流化床中AB两元混合粒子的传递特性研究

本文测定了在B类粒子中加入A类粒子时床层的起始流化速度、起始鼓泡速度、床内浸没表面的给热系数以及相间交换系数,得出了相应的关联式,并提出了AB两元混合粒子分类的判据.     

Hydrodynamic characteristics of gas–solid fluidization at high temperature

Effect of temperature on the hydrodynamics of bubbling gas–solid fluidized beds was investigated in this work. Experiments were carried out at different temperatures ranged of 25–600°C and different superficial gas velocities in the range of 0.17–0.78 m/s with sand particles. The time‐position trajectory of particles was obtained by the radioactive particle tracking technique at elevated temperature. These data were used for determination of some hydrodynamic parameters (mean velocity of upward and downward‐moving particles, jump frequency, cycle frequency, and axial/radial diffusivities) which are representative to solids mixing through the bed. It was shown that solids mixing and diffusivity of particles increases by increasing temperature up to around 300°C. However, these parameters decrease by further increasing the temperature to higher than 300°C. This could be attributed to the properties of bubble and emulsion phases. Results of this study indicated that the bubbles grow up to a maximum diameter by increasing the temperature up to 300°C, after which the bubbles become smaller. The results showed that due to the wall effect, there is no significant change in the mean velocity of downward‐moving clusters. In order to explain these trends, surface tension of emulsion between the rising bubble and the emulsion phase was introduced and evaluated in the bubbling fluidized bed. The results showed that surface tension between bubble and emulsion is increased by increasing temperature up to 300°C, however, after that it acts in oppositely.     

不规则的含铀矿粒和矿泥的流化特性

本工作系于室温下,用水流化35至约600目的12种窄粒级含铀矿粒和矿泥(平均粒径d_p=32—460μm,比重为2.58—2.63),在空隙率ε=0.530—0.957的范围内,测定了床层的膨胀特性.由于实验所得lgRe～1+lgε为非线性关系,作者采用双直线代表这一曲线,并相应地确定了各粒级矿粒和矿泥的第一和第二终端速度V_t1、V_t2,第一和第二空隙率指数n_1、n_2,两线折点空隙率ε_c,最低流化速度U_mf和最低流化点空隙率ε_mf.通过回归分析,在阿基米德数Ar=0.6—1700的范围内,求得了该不规则矿石的流化关系式.本文还对比球形和非球形物料,讨论了这种不规则矿石的流化特性和流化关系式.     

Fluidization characteristics of printed circuit board plastic particles with different sizes

The experiments were carried out in a fluidized bed of 56 mm in diameter and 1 600 mm in height to determine the fluidization characteristics of four sizes of printed circuit board plastic (PCBP) particles. It indicates that the fluidization characteristics of PCBP particles depend on the average size and particle type. 123 µm PCBP particles (1#), belonging to Geldart A group with strong viscous force, whose fluidization behaviours was similar to those of Geldart C, was difficult to fluidize. Whereas, 275 µm (2#), 354 µm (3#), and 423 µm (4#) PCBP particles, belonging to Geldart B, were fluidized smoothly. The bed collapsing process is composed of three stages: the bubble escaping stage, the sedimentation stage, and the solid consolidation stage. The collapsing process of 1# PCBP particle lasts 6 s or long. 2#, 3#, and 4# PCBP particles, Geldart group B particles, collapse process consists of the bubble escaping stage and the solid consolidation stage. The minimum fluidization velocities from modified Ergun Equation were agreement with experimental data for 2#, 3#, and 4# PCBP particles.     

气固流化床气泡发生频率的研究

在单孔二维气固流化床中(292mm×16mm)用高灵敏度电容探针研究气泡发生频率.以频谱分析仪分析气泡频率分布曲线.考察了一系列参数对气泡频率功率分布密度曲线的影响,其中包括颗粒直径(0.105—0.590mm),颗粒重度(590—2990kg/m~3),颗粒最小流化速度(0.0072—0.481m/s),床层初始高度(205—565mm),探针离孔口垂直距离,孔口气体流率(0.5—35×10~(-4)m~3/s)以及床层辅助流化气速(0—3倍最小流化速度)等.对于重度低的小颗粒流化床,单孔气泡发生频率符合Davidson和Harrison早先推导的模型.随着颗粒直径和重度的增大,实验数据与上述模型呈有规律的偏差.本文提出气体从形成中气泡的顶半球以最小流化速度值向乳浊相泄漏的模型,推导了气泡发生频率的基本方程.以本研究的泄漏模型,用数值计算方法在计算机上计算的气泡发生频率与实验数据相吻合.     

Optical probe measurements of the temperature of burning particles in fluidized beds

The temperatures of freely moving petroleum coke particles burning in the interior of a fluidized bed of sand have been measured. An optical probe technique, employing two-wavelength pyrometry with wavelengths centred at 800 and 1000 nm, was used for the measurements over a wide range of operating conditions. Measurements were conducted in bubbling fluidized beds of 1.82 × 10⁻⁴ m and 1.09 × 10⁻³m sand particles maintained at bed temperatures of 973 and 1200 K. Batches of petroleum coke particles having average diameters in the range 7.5 × 10⁻⁴ to 8.1 × 10⁻³ m were charged into the hot fluidized bed combustor, and upon the passage of a burning particle across the optical probe's field of view, a pulsed signal was generated. Signals from the interior of the bed were continuously monitored by a pair of radiometers interfaced to a high speed data acquisition system and were processed off-line for particle temperature calculations. The average particle temperatures exceeded the bed temperature by 60–360 K for the operating conditions considered. It was found that particle temperatures in the bubble phase were on average, higher than in the emulsion phase. Further, the temperatures of particles were lower closer to the distributor as a consequence of particle circulation and combustion-assisted attrition within the bed.     

气相法聚乙烯冷凝模式操作的模拟研究(Ⅰ) 反应器运行状态的分析

建立了气相法聚乙烯冷凝模式操作反应器的两相模型 .模型涉及气泡相和乳化相中的热量和质量守衡、乳相和泡相之间的热量传递和质量传递、乳相中的聚合反应以及乳相中粒子的停留时间分布等 .通过模型研究了常规操作和冷凝操作时操作变量和反应器运行状态变量之间的关系 .模型模拟结果与工业的常规操作和冷凝操作数据符合较好 .得到了冷凝操作时时空收率、低温区域、聚合物灰分等的变化规律以及催化剂特性对冷凝操作的影响规律 .提出了适合于冷凝操作的催化剂类型     

FIBRE OPTIC AND CAPACITANCE PROBES IN TURBULENT FLUIDIZED BEDS

In the present study, local flow properties are investigated in pilot plant scale fluidized bed reactors using both fibre optic and capacitances probes. Measurements are conducted at ambient as well as at 150°C. The system used is air and spent FCC particles (mean particle diameter: 65pm). The static bed height is 1.6 m. Bubbling and turbulent regimes (V = 0.40 and 0.70 m/s) are investigated in two 0.3 and 0.5 m ID columns.

Bubble fraction under the bubbling regime and at room temperature, measured using fibre optic and capacitance probes, are in good agreement. However, in the turbulent regime, fibre optic probes are prone to underestimate the bubble fraction while capacitance sensors tend to overestimate it. These discrepancies between fibre optic and capacitance measurements increase with temperature.

Using capacitance probes, a prevalent flat bubble rise velocity profile is measured. This is assigned to the relatively slow response, to the size and to the geometry of the capacitance probes. Overall this gives an underestimation of the bubble frequency and an overestimation of the bubble contact time and the bubble contact length.

Due to the high fibre optic probe sensitivity, care should be taken in the interpretation of signals. Overestimation of bubble frequency leads to underestimation of both bubble contact times and bubble contact lengths.     

Bubble drift velocity from the bed collapse technique in three-phase fluidized beds

Transient behavior of a bed collapsing after cut-off of gas supply into a three-phase fluidized bed was determined in a 0.21 m-diameter half-tube acrylic column having a test section 1.8 m high. The transient behavior of the bed collapse after cut-off of the gas supply to the beds was monitored by a video camera (30 frames/s). A theory was developed to account for the dynamic behavior of the bed collapse after the gas supply shut-off to three-phase fluidized beds. The bubble drift velocity was theoretically calculated by gas and liquid phase holdups at steady state condition. At a liquid velocity of 0.103 m/s and gas velocity of 0–0.023 m/s, bubble size was uniform in the dispersed bubble flow regime. However, as the gas velocity increased above 0.023 m/s, the discrete or coalesced bubble flow regime could be observed. The agreement between the predicted and experimental values is acceptable in the dispersed bubble flow regime, but the agreement becomes poorer with increasing gas velocity.