提高Cr-Ni-Mo-Ti马氏体时效不锈钢超低温韧性的固溶处理工艺

研究了12Cr-10Ni-Mo-Ti马氏体时效不锈钢在1000 ℃固溶处理+750 ℃重复低温固溶处理+不同温度时效处理后的显微组织、室温强度和低温冲击性能,并用XRD分析了不同固溶和时效工艺下的残留奥氏体/逆转变奥氏体含量,对比分析了不同固溶处理工艺下时效响应强度逆转变奥氏体的析出和时效强化规律。结果表明,Cr-Ni-Mo-Ti马氏体时效不锈钢经1000 ℃固溶处理后再进行750 ℃低温固溶处理时以α′→γ剪切逆相变形成奥氏体,不仅遗传奥氏体的晶粒形态和尺寸,且形成的奥氏体内高密度缺陷增大马氏体相变抗力,同时显著降低逆转变奥氏体的形成温度,使750 ℃固溶处理两次时残留16.4%奥氏体,再经460 ℃峰时效形成了30%以上的残留奥氏体+逆转变奥氏体,液氮温度冲击吸收能量极高,达80 J以上,并且奥氏体的高缺陷密度遗传到马氏体内增强时效强化效应,因此显著改善低温冲击性能的同时并未明显降低抗拉和屈服强度。     

Fe-Cr-Ni-Al-Mo-Si铁素体钢的组织及力学性能

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱分析和X-射线衍射仪研究了Fe-Cr-Ni-Al-Mo-Si钢铸态及热处理后的显微组织和力学性能。结果表明,试验钢铸态显微组织主要由铁素体基体、沿晶界分布的奥氏体及大小为430～480 nm均匀分布的立方状Ni Al相和分布在Ni Al相上的细小球状Ni Al相组成;经1200℃×0. 5 h空冷固溶处理后在空冷过程中析出大小为50～100 nm弥散分布的球状Ni Al相;固溶处理后再在750、1000℃时效处理1 h,Ni Al相较固溶态粗化,1000℃时效后在铁素体上有奥氏体相析出;拉伸结果表明:在固溶和750℃时效条件下,试验钢无室温韧性,在1000℃时效后由于奥氏体相的析出其室温韧性和规定塑性延伸强度明显提高,抗拉强度值达到了1096 MPa,规定塑性延伸强度为860 MPa;在700℃/150 MPa条件下的蠕变试验表明,固溶态试验钢的稳态蠕变速率最低,达到了6. 83×10-12s-1,然而,奥氏体相的析出并不能有效提高其抗蠕变性能。     

时效对0Cr15Ni5Cu2Ti钢组织与性能的影响

研究了960℃℃和1000℃固溶处理后,时效对马氏体沉淀硬化不锈钢0Cr15Ni5Cu2Ti微观组织与力学性能影响。结果表明,采用960℃和1000℃固溶处理,在455～460℃时效冲击值出现最低值,断121表现为准解理;强度和硬度在460℃时效出现峰值。主要与组织中细小富铜相共格析出有关。随着时效温度增加,钢中富铜相长大,强度和硬度也随之降低。     

时效温度对含铜沉淀硬化钢显微组织的影响

对一种含铜沉淀硬化钢进行了900℃×2 h固溶处理和水冷,随后分别于400℃、450℃、500℃、550℃和650℃时效处理。研究了时效温度对该钢显微观组织的影响。研究结果表明,固溶并水冷得到的板条马氏体随着时效温度的升高逐渐分解,并向多边形铁素体转变;当时效温度低于450℃时,钢中析出物的数量随着时效温度的升高而增加,呈球形且与基体保持共格关系;当时效温度超过450℃时,析出物明显粗化,由球形转变为椭球形,且与基体不再保持共格关系。     

提高Cr-Ni-Co-Mo马氏体时效不锈钢超低温韧性的热处理工艺

研究了改善Cr-Ni-Co-Mo马氏体时效不锈钢超低温韧性的热处理工艺,即1000 ℃固溶处理后分别进行600 ℃预保温+750 ℃低温固溶处理和一次或两次直接750 ℃低温固溶处理,分析了马氏体、残留奥氏体和逆转变奥氏体含量的变化以及室温和-196 ℃抗拉强度、-196 ℃缺口抗拉强度和冲击性能。结果表明:与常规热处理工艺相比,增加750 ℃低温固溶处理后试验钢中含有较多的残留奥氏体,再经500 ℃时效后可形成更多的逆转变奥氏体,更多的残留奥氏体/逆转变奥氏体含量起到韧化作用,可显著改善试验钢的超低温韧性。进一步对比分析表明,直接进行750 ℃固溶处理工艺过程相对简单,室温和-196 ℃抗拉强度最高,-196 ℃缺口抗拉强度也最高,且缺口敏感性较低,因此更具有优势。     

时效时间对SLM 18Ni300马氏体时效钢组织性能的影响

对激光选区熔化(Selective laser melting,SLM)成形马氏体时效钢进行固溶及500 ℃时效不同时间的热处理,分析时效时间对其组织性能的影响。结果表明:SLM 18Ni300钢经固溶+时效处理后,其组织为马氏体、逆转变奥氏体和Ni₃(Mo, Ti)析出相,随时效时间增加,析出相数量逐渐增加并聚集长大,同时逆转变奥氏体含量增大。随时效时间的增加,其硬度和强度逐渐增加达到峰值后下降,而伸长率不断增加。SLM 18Ni300钢的最佳时效工艺为500 ℃×4 h。     

马氏体时效钢等温时效析出行为

以马氏体时效钢为研究对象,将试验钢经900 ℃固溶后,再进行500 ℃等温时效处理,采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜及维氏硬度计表征了时效过程中其显微组织与析出相及硬度变化规律,在此基础上,分析了时效工艺对马氏体时效钢显微硬度变化的影响。结果表明,在时效初期,试验钢硬度增幅明显,并于12 h时达到峰值,为585 HV30。随着时效时间进一步延长,试验钢进入过时效状态,硬度开始缓慢下降。试验钢基体由板条马氏体与残留奥氏体组成,且基体分布着细小弥散的第二相颗粒。时效0.5 h时,析出相尺寸为5~10 nm,当时效达到12 h时,析出相缓慢长大至20~25 nm。     

高氮低镍奥氏体不锈钢的力学性能及析出相

通过对高氮低镍奥氏体不锈钢(0Cr25Ni2Mn17Mo1NbN)进行1100℃固溶处理,水冷,利用万能拉伸试验机测试其力学性能并和316L奥氏体不锈钢进行对比。将高氮低镍奥氏体不锈钢在不同温度(700、750、800℃)时效2 h,利用光学显微镜和洛氏硬度计,观察不同温度下时效2 h试验钢的析出状况和试验钢的硬度,利用扫描电镜、透射电镜来观察和分析试验钢800℃析出物的形貌及种类。试验结果表明,高氮低镍奥氏体不锈钢在1100℃固溶处理后有良好的力学性能,高氮低镍奥氏体不锈钢在800℃大量析出相为σ相,其次是Cr2N,伴有少量Cr23C6析出,还有微量Nb(C,N)析出。析出相形态有胞状、短棒状和片状布满整个基体。试验钢时效后的硬度值要比时效前(固溶态)的硬度值高,且试样随时效温度升高其硬度值呈现上升趋势。     

低温用Fe-Cr-Ni-Co-Mo系高强不锈钢韧化工艺研究

研究了Fe-Cr-Ni-Co-Mo马氏体时效不锈钢固溶处理温度与奥氏体形成过程,马氏体相变后的残余奥氏体,以及500℃时效形成逆转变奥氏体之间的关系,并探索了其对力学性能,尤其是低温韧性的影响.结果表明:低温固溶处理形成的马氏体具有较高的时效强化效应,残余奥氏体和时效形成的逆转变奥氏体显著改善低温韧性,这使得Fe-Cr-Ni-Co-Mo马氏体时效不锈钢低温固溶处理后既有较高的强度,又有较高的低温冲击韧度.     

高强度不锈钢中逆转变奥氏体的形成动力学与析出行为

研究了一种超高强度马氏体时效不锈钢在时效过程中逆转变奥氏体的体积分数的变化及其析出规律,并得到相同转变量下的动力学曲线(TTA)。结果表明,实验钢生成逆转变奥氏体的最低温度为450℃,而当时效温度等于(或大于)650℃时所生成的逆转变奥氏体将在冷却过程中发生二次马氏体相变,在540℃时效生成逆转变奥氏体最短时间为11.5 min,经过540℃×4 h处理后实验钢中生成11.0%的逆转变奥氏体,此时强度可达到1940 MPa,断裂韧度大于100 MPa.m1/2,薄膜状逆转变奥氏体沿马氏体板条界上非连续析出或沿着原奥氏体晶界析出,对改善钢的韧塑性起到了重要的作用。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.