建筑给排水中的热点问题

由于国内经济的持续稳定发展，各种建筑小区、各种中高档次的高层、多层民用住宅、各种型式别墅的建设，各种多功能、大体量的公共建筑，如大剧院、会展中心、博物馆、体育场馆、航站楼、超市等的问世，国外、境外先进设计理念的引入及各种建筑给排水设计、施工及验收的相关标准、规范制定均促进了建筑给排水技术的发展。     

对本质的探索

简约主义是什么？一种时尚潮流？一种文化倾向？一种艺术家理想主义的探索？还是一种美学定义或是一种哲学教育？ 它可以是以上的全部，也可能什么都不是。它是一种被建筑师、画家、音乐家、作家在过去几年中不断提及的现象──总是和“简约’或“简约主义”放在一起应用在时尚及当代艺术的理想主义运动中，成为一种思想方法。 我作为学习建筑的学生第一次接触到现代主义运动的代表人物（阿道夫·卢斯、勒·柯布西埃、密斯·凡得罗、莱特）时，感到自己对各种事物有了一个全新的看法，开始了一种完全不同以往的生活。我意识到那些现代主义的…     

建筑表皮研究

阐述了建筑表皮的定义、特点和研究的范围，建筑表皮研究的意义。     

建筑批评学

建筑批评学是研究建筑批评的学科 ,也就是元批评 ,是建筑理论的重要组成部分。建筑批评是对建筑以及建筑的创作思想、建筑作品与设计、建造和使用建筑的过程、使用建筑的社会个体和社会群体的鉴定和评价 ,对建筑进行全面而又系统的研究、描述、分析、阐释、比较、评价、论证、判断和批判。运用正确的思想方法 ,客观地、科学地、艺术地和全面地对建筑及其作者———建筑师的价值和品质作出评价。建筑是人和社会存在的环境 ,建筑也是人的本质力量的文化符号。为了建筑和人类自身的进步 ,建筑批评起着十分重要的作用。建筑批评是对建筑、建筑所…     

近代岭南建筑美学研究

论文选取“近代”这一特定时域、“岭南”这一特定地域，以岭南文化为面、以美学理论为线、以广东近代典型建筑为点，运用新的美学理论进行点、线、面相结台的动态综合研究，以构建建筑美学的基本理论框架，揭示近代岭南建筑的人文品格、文化精神和美学特征。     

浅析会仙观古建群

通过对会仙观建筑群总体布局、建筑形式、建筑结构及建筑装饰色彩的分析,说明道教建筑是将中国传统建筑理念及建筑形式与道教思想文化相结合的产物,并为研究古代道教建筑及道教文化提供了参考依据。     

现代建筑装潢五金的发展

随着改革开放深入,现代化建筑步伐加快,各种流派风格的建筑层出不穷。宾馆、饭店、文化娱乐中心、商厦、银行、、公寓、别墅等建筑体日新月异发展着。建筑装潢五金,以崭新的材料、色彩、造型、结构与各种室内陈设物配套,使建筑显得更加高雅豪华。最近从有关部门获悉:目前全国拥有星级以上宾馆2250多家,客房38万多间。“九五”期间需要更新改造的有1500多家,约25万套客房,需要投入装饰装修费用约     

建筑形象与文学形象之比较

建筑形象是通过各种几何形体造型、空间和环境反映一定的社会生活和一定的审美情感的物化形态,其表现为直接形象。主要特点是:其一是表现艺术。建筑形象主要是各种几何形体,类似抽象雕塑,它缺乏完整的叙事描写的能力,不大可能直接反映具体思想,通过形体与空间的组合,或借助隐喻象征手法,可以赋予建筑以雄伟、华丽、典雅、轻快等艺术气氛和美学意境的目的,间接地表现特定的时代、民族、地区的艺术特征,建筑师个人意识和创作思想。我国古代有“天子以四海为家,非壮丽无以重威”的说法。西方从古希腊起就流传“建筑是凝固的音乐”的观点。可见…     

加强城市建筑色彩的科学规划

城市的建筑色彩是指一个城市范围内的所有建筑的色彩，它涉及城市生活的方方面面，包括居住小区的色彩、商业建筑的色彩、写字楼的色彩、景观建筑的色彩、文化建筑的色彩等，形成了一个建筑色彩体系。这个色彩体系对城市起着重要的装饰作用和标识作用。     

建筑文化的延续

八十年代以来,从文化热带来建筑文化的研究,从多角度、多方位的研究建筑文化取得了较大的进展,建筑文化的研究不仅在很多方面取得了共识,而且有了不少研究成果,如建筑文化研究的对象、传统建筑文化的源与流、中西建筑文化比较……等等。但从整体研究方面必然还留下一些空白,可作进一步的探讨,本文从如何对城市建筑文化的延续进行研究,以祈在专业与社会各方面得以重视,使城市建筑文化得以宏扬与延续。 优秀的建筑(传统的与现代的)是一个城市、地区文化的结晶、瑰宝与珍品;也往往是体现该地区的历史特点、历史的见证与生命     

Drinking water quality in the Ethiopian section of the East African Rift Valley I--data and health aspects

Drinking water samples were collected throughout the Ethiopian part of the Rift Valley, separated into water drawn from deep wells (deeper than 60 m), shallow wells (<60 m deep), hot springs (T>36 degrees C), springs (T<32 degrees C) and rivers. A total of 138 samples were analysed for 70 parameters (Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Br, Ca, Cd, Ce, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Dy, Er, Eu, F, Fe, Ga, Gd, Ge, Hf, Hg, Ho, I, In, K, La, Li, Lu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nb, Nd, Ni, NO(2), NO(3), Pb, Pr, Rb, Sb, Se, Si, Sm, Sn, SO(4), Sr, Ta, Tb, Te, Th, Ti, Tl, Tm, U, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn, Zr, temperature, pH, conductivity and alkalinity) with ion chromatography (anions), spectrometry (ICP-OES and ICP-MS, cations) and parameter-specific (e.g. titration) techniques. In terms of European water directives and WHO guidelines, 86% of all wells yield water that fails to pass the quality standards set for drinking water. The most problematic element is fluoride (F), for which 33% of all samples returned values above 1.5 mg/l and up to 11.6 mg/l. The incidence of dental and skeletal fluorosis is well documented in the Rift Valley. Another problematic element may be uranium (U)-47% of all wells yield water with concentrations above the newly suggested WHO maximum acceptable concentration (MAC) of 2 microg/l. Fortunately, only 7% of the collected samples are above the 10 microg/l EU-MAC for As in drinking water.     

浙江省燕山期花岗岩化学元素丰度及特征

本研究从浙江省87个燕山期花岗岩体中系统采集了189件样品,采用等离子体光谱法等11种分析方法,获得了Ag、As、Au、B、Ba、Be、Bi、Br、Cd、Cl、Co、Cr、Cs、Cu、F、Ga、Ge、Hf、Hg、I、In、Li、Mn、Mo、N、Nb、Ni、P、Pb、Rb、S、Sb、Sc、Se、Sn、Sr、Ta、Te、Th、Ti、Tl、U、V、W、Zn、Zr、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Lu、Y、SiO₂、Al₂O₃、TFe₂O₃、MgO、CaO、K₂O、Na₂O共68项主量、微量、稀土元素值以及TC、pH的实测数据,计算了扬子板块东缘与华南造山带燕山期花岗岩的化学元素丰度。岩石地球化学特征显示,这些花岗岩为高硅、富碱、弱过铝质的高钾钙碱性花岗岩,具有较强的Eu负异常,富集Rb、Th、U、K,亏损Sr、Ba、P、Ti、Nb、Ta等元素的特征,其普遍富铝和低MgO含量的岩石化学特征,指示它们的岩浆源区以壳源为主。     

Biogeochemical cycles for the chemical elements in Nymphaea odorata ait. and the aphid Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (L.) living in Linsley Pond

A hydrogeochemical study to determine the abundance of the chemical elements in the water of Linsley Pond, North Branford, Conn., U.S.A., was initiated in 1965. As the investigation progressed, it became clear that the aquatic macrophytes, associated sediments, and the soils and rocks of the basin had to be examined chemically in order to elucidate the biogeochemical cycle of the elements in the water. This aspect of the study concerns the elemental chemical composition of Nymphaea odorata Ait. and the aphid Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (L.) feeding on its leaves. Thirty-five elements were detected in the water but fifty-four were found in this water-lily and its aphid. Those not encountered in lake water concentrated twenty-fold were Cs, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Dy, Er, Yb, Ge, Zr, Hf, Th, As, Nb and Se. The water-lily, the aphid, the lake sediment and the soils and rocks of the basin all contained detectable quantities of the rare earths, though beyond Sm only those of even atomic number were encountered. The aphids contained more Na, Li, Cs, Ba, Zn, Al, Ga, Si, Ge, Pb, Ti, Hf, P, Bi, S, Se, Cr, Mo, I, Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Y, La, Ce, Pr and Sm than the leaves upon which they feed. The water-lily leaves contain more Ag, Ca, Mg, Cd, Hg, B, Sn, Zr, Th, Cl, Br, Nd and Sc than the aphids. The amount of Be, Gd, Dy, Er, Yb, K, Rb, Cu, Sr, As, V and F is essentially the same in the insects as in the leaves which support them. Pertinent comparative data from other sources are also presented.     

Kidney and liver levels of some major, minor and trace elements in two Ontario communities

The contents of Ag, As, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Se, Sr, Th, Ti and Zn in 143 autopsied liver and kidney specimens from two Ontario communities (Kingston and Ottawa) were determined using the techniques of inductively-coupled plasma--atomic emission spectrometry, and electrothermal atomization--atomic absorption spectrometry coupled with hydride evolution (As, Se), reduction--aeration (Hg), or solvent extraction (Pb). The majority of samples came from individuals older than 50 y. In general, the data for the various elements were independent of age or sex but showed some dependence on location for elements such as Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Se and Zn. Despite these differences the elemental values of the liver and kidney samples from both the communities were within the normal range.     

Concentrations of heavy metals and plant nutrients in water, sediments and aquatic macrophytes of anthropogenic lakes (former open cut brown coal mines) differing in stage of acidification.

Concentration of heavy metals (Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, V and Zn) as well as macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) were measured in water, bottom sediments and plants from anthropogenic lakes in West Poland. The collected plants were: Phragmites australis, Potamogeton natans, Iris pseudoacorus, Juncus effusus, Drepanocladus aduncus, Juncus bulbosus, Phalaris arundinacea, Carex remota and Calamagrostis epigeios. Two reference lakes were sampled for Nymphaea alba, Phragmites australis, Schoenoplectus lacustris, Typha angustifolia and Polygonum hydropiper. These plants contained elevated levels of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu and Mn, and part of the plants contained in addition elevated levels of Mn, Fe, Pb, Ni and Zn. Analyses of water indicated pollution with sulfates, Cd, Co, Ni. Zn, Pb and Cu, and bottom sediments indicated that some of the examined lakes were polluted with Cd, Co and Cr. Strong positive correlations were found between concentrations of Co in water and in plants and between Zn in sediments and plants, indicating the potential of plants for pollution monitoring for this metal. Heavy metal accumulation seemed to be directly associated with the exclusion of Ca and Mg.     

The influence of a city on element contents of a terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens)

Forty terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens) samples were collected along a 120-km-long south-north transect running through Norway's largest city Oslo. Concentrations of 29 chemical elements (Ag, Al, Au, Ba, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, La, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Pt, S, Sb, Sr, Th, Ti, and Zn) and values for loss on ignition (475 degrees C) are reported. Silver (Ag), Al, Au, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mo, Ni, Pb, Pt, Sb, Th, Ti, and Zn all show a characteristic Oslo peak when element concentrations are plotted against location of the sample site along the transect. Gold (Au) and Pt show the greatest relative enrichment of all elements in the city (ca. 10x "background"). Titanium (Ti), which is related to local minerogenic dust rather than anthropogenic emissions, shows a significant peak in Oslo. Loss on ignition, a measure of the amount of organic material in a sample, shows a negative peak in Oslo and at sites close to a known dust source. Input of fine dust thus appears to dominate many of the observed element concentrations in moss. The concentrations of Na are clearly influenced by the input of marine aerosols and show decreasing concentrations from south (near Oslo Fjord) to north (inland). The major plant nutrients Ca, K, Mg, P and S, as well as Hg, are the few elements displaying no spatial dependency along the transect. Element concentrations reach background variation levels at a distance of 20-40 km from the city centre.     

Comparison of the element composition in several plant species and their substrate from a 1500000-km2 area in Northern Europe.

Leaves of 9 different plant species (terrestrial moss represented by: Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi; and 7 species of vascular plants: blueberry, Vaccinium myrtillus; cowberry, Vaccinium titis-idaea; crowberry, Empetrum nigrum; birch, Betula pubescens; willow, Salix spp.; pine, Pinus sylvestris and spruce, Picea abies) have been collected from up to 9 catchments (size 14-50 km2) spread over a 1500000 km2 area in Northern Europe. Soil samples were taken of the O-horizon and of the C-horizon at each plant sample site. All samples were analysed for 38 elements (Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, S, Sb, Sc, Se, Si, Sn, Sr, Th, Tl, U, V, Y, Zn and Zr) by ICP-MS, ICP-AES or CV-AAS (for Hg-analysis) techniques. The concentrations of some elements vary significantly between different plants (e.g. Cd, V, Co, Pb, Ba and Y). Other elements show surprisingly similar levels in all plants (e.g. Rb, S, Cu, K, Ca, P and Mg). Each group of plants (moss, shrubs, deciduous and conifers) shows a common behaviour for some elements. Each plant accumulates or excludes some selected elements. Compared to the C-horizon, a number of elements (S, K, B, Ca, P and Mn) are clearly enriched in plants. Elements showing very low plant/C-horizon ratios (e.g. Zr, Th, U, Y, Fe, Li and Al) can be used as an indicator of minerogenic dust. The plant/O-horizon and O-horizon/C-horizon ratios show that some elements are accumulated in the O-horizon (e.g. Pb, Bi, As, Ag, Sb). Airborne organic material attached to the leaves can thus, result in high values of these elements without any pollution source.     

山水林田湖草生态保护修复治理工程预算定额标准建设探析

20世纪90年代以来,我国经济持续高速增长,伴随而来的是对矿产、森林、土地、水资源等自然资源过度的开发利用,导致我国部分地区生态系统严重退化。为从根本解决生态退化问题,国家自2016年以来,在全国范围内选择25个试点省份,先后组织开展了一系列山水林田湖草生态保护修复系统治理工程,拟由原来的单项工程整治转变为以山水林田湖草等多种自然资源要素构成的自然生态恢复治理为导向的保护修复。然而,由于目前国家没有制定统一的山水林田湖草生态保护修复治理工程预算定额标准,导致在工程调查、勘查、设计、施工、监理、验收、绩效评价等多个环节出现无统一依据可循、工程预算编制不科学、项目推进迟缓、工程无法验收、绩效无法合理评价等一系列问题的出现。作者从参与该项工程的具体实践入手,对制定山水林田湖草生态保护修复治理工程预算定额标准进行深入分析,提出了尽快研制山水林田湖草生态保护修复治理工程预算定额标准的建议,以促进该工程尽快推进实施。     

Heavy metal pollution of soils affected by the Guadiamar toxic flood

Total heavy metal concentrations were determined in soil samples of seven selected areas along the Guadiamar river valley affected by the toxic flood, after removal of the deposited sludge. Mean total concentrations of nine elements (As, Au, Bi, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb, Tl and Zn) out of the 23 (As, Au, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, In, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sc, Sn, Th, Tl, U, V, Y and Zn) analysed were higher in sludge-covered soils than in unaffected soils. Mean values of total As, Au, Pb, Sb, Tl and Zn in sludge-affected soils were higher than the upper limits for normal soils world-wide. Mean concentrations of Bi, Cd and Cu were within these ranges, although some individual values exceeded the upper limits. In all sampling areas, severe heavy metal pollution was observed in the superficial layers (0-20 cm) of most of the affected soils, which decreased downward in the soil profile. Generally, in soils with more than 25% of clay, concentration of heavy metals below the 20-cm depth decreased to values close to those of the background level of the Guadiamar valley soils, while in coarser soils, heavy metal pollution penetrated below this depth, being noticeable down to a depth of at least 50-80 cm.     

住区水环境生态建设探讨

住区水环境生态建设是住宅和住区生态建设的有机组成部分,其总原则是整体、协调、自生、循环。在结构上耦合多个环节,从给排水工程到水生态工程,系统调度与整合雨水、地下水、上水　、中水、下水、地表水、废弃水、景观水等,以给水排水、调节水文、水体自净、供养生物、保障生物质的生产、维护生物多样性,促进营养盐和有机质循环,吸尘、减噪,防减热岛效应,活化生境、美化景观和净化环境,为居民提供游憩、休闲娱乐等多种服务功能。