植物抗病诱导剂—新型杀菌剂的开发动向

本文概述了新型杀菌剂－植物抗病诱导剂的种类作用机制及发展前景，同时对其使用中可能存在的问题及其对策进行讨论。     

杀虫兼植物抗病激活剂——苯并噻二唑类的合成与生物活性

植物防病激活剂（plant activator)是近年来发展的,具有全新作用机理的一类新颖农药。传统杀菌剂须作用于相应的靶标才能发挥作用,但植物防病激活剂自身并无明显的杀菌活性,但它却能诱导植物本身的免疫机制,使植物系统获得抗性（System acquired resistance,SAR),从而达到抗病,防病的目的。在植物防病激活剂中,苯并噻二唑类结构则为典型的一类,其中前诺华公司开发的活化酯（acibenzolar,代号CGA245704）（图1）即为最突出,并已商品化的植物防病激活剂。     

植物抗病激活剂诱导植物抗病性的研究进展

传统农药多以杀死有害生物为目的。由于安全、生态和环境方面的压力，新农药开发周期逐渐延长，投入经费逐年增加，开发成功率也日趋下降。尽管化学农药正发挥着无可替代的重要作用，利用植物自身的防御系统来防病、治虫也是今后农药发展的重要方向，苯并噻二唑类植物抗病激活剂的成功开发在这方面迈出了可喜的一步。     

4-氨基苯并噻二唑的合成

从邻苯二胺为起始原料,经三步反应制得医药、农药及精细化工原料中间体4-氨基苯并噻二唑,总收率为60%.     

苯并噻二唑类和苯并噻唑类化合物的合成及生物活性

合成了33个苯并噻唑和苯并噻二唑类化合物，所有新化合物经过元素分析、^1H NMR和IR确认，初步的离体生物活性结果表明：I-09、II-01、II-05、II-06、III-01、III-03和III-05的活性较好，对黄瓜灰霉病菌具有良好的抑制作用。活体抗菌诱导生物活性测定结果表明：I-04、I-07、II-09、II-13、III-02、III-071000mg／L在离体条件下对黄瓜灰霉病没有抑制作用，在活体条件下有一定的抑制作用，抑制率在55．0％-84．4％，表明具有良好的诱导抗性活性。     

苯并噻二唑共轭有机分子合成研究进展

2,1,3-苯并噻二唑(BTD)共轭有机分子具有优异的光电特性,广泛应用于有机发光二极管、太阳能电池、液晶、荧光探针、光电管等方面。综述了以金属催化的偶联反应为关键步骤的2,1,3-苯并噻二唑(BTD)共轭有机分子的合成方法,包括Suzuki偶联反应,Stille偶合反应,Heck偶联反应,Sonogashir偶联反应,Nigishi偶联反应,Ullmann偶联反应等。     

基于苯并噻二唑液晶化合物的研究进展

2,1,3-苯并噻二唑(BTD)类化合物具有优异的光电性能,被广泛应用于有机光电领域。合成具有液晶性的苯并噻二唑类衍生物可以达到改善这类化合物的光电性能的目的。综述了近年来苯并噻二唑类液晶化合物的研究进展,包括含单个苯并噻二唑单元的非对称和对称液晶及含两个苯并噻二唑单元的液晶。介绍了该类化合物的分子结构、液晶自组装行为以及光电性能之间的关系。最后,对苯并噻二唑类液晶化合物研究现状进行了总结,指出当前研究所存在的局限性,并对未来该类液晶化合物的分子设计和发展前景进行了展望。     

苯并[1,2,3]噻二唑-7-醛的合成

以2-氯-3,5-二硝基苯甲酸为起始原料,经过取代、酯化、还原重氮化等反应,合成了苯并[1,2,3]噻二唑-7-羧酸乙酯。并采用二异丁基氢化铝将其一步还原制备了苯并[1,2,3]噻二唑-7-醛。     

Trade-Offs in Plant Defense Against Pathogens and Herbivores: A Field Demonstration of Chemical Elicitors of Induced Resistance

Two signaling pathways, one involving salicylic acid and another involving jasmonic acid, participate in the expression of plant resistance to pathogens and insect herbivores. In this study, we report that stimulation of systemic acquired resistance in field-grown tomato plants with the salicylate mimic, benzothiadiazole: (1) attenuates the jasmonate-induced expression of the antiherbivore defense-related enzyme polyphenol oxidase, and (2) compromises host-plant resistance to larvae of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua. Conversely, treatment of plants with jasmonic acid at concentrations that induce resistance to insects reduces pathogenesis-related protein gene expression induced by benzothiadiazole, and partially reverses the protective effect of benzothiadiazole against bacterial speck disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. We conclude that effective utilization of induced plant resistance to the multiple pests typically encountered in agriculture will require understanding potential signaling conflicts in plant defense responses.     

联合诱导子提高药用植物代谢产物产量的研究进展

探讨国内外关于生物和非生物诱导子对各种药用植物悬浮细胞中多种次生代谢产物的产量的影响及其诱导机制,通过分析认为,现有的单一的生物诱导子或非生物诱导子(茉莉酸甲酯、β-环糊精、Ag+、真菌诱导子、黑曲霉、米曲霉等)诱导的方法,存在作用弱、产量较低,底物选择性低等缺点,而联合诱导子(茉莉酸甲酯和β-环糊精或者水杨酸、Ag+和真菌诱导子;或者黑曲霉和米曲霉)对萜类、生物碱类、酮类、皂苷和蒽醌等产物的诱导作用则强于单一的诱导子,这一新技术方法,为通过植物细胞工业化放大生产天然产物提供了有益的途径。     

The PhytO3 Tech Crop Protection Technology for Microorganism and Insect Control using Ozone,UV, and Dipole-Electrical Air Jet Spray Technologies – Technical Basis and Possible Chemistries Involved

Plants can't walk away when they are attacked by pathogenic microorganisms and insects, or if they are exposed to any form of stress. They do not have a central nervous system that allows them to defend themselves or to ask for help! In the early part of the 20th century, it was discovered that growing plants can be stimulated to respond to stresses by developing a Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) to microorganisms and insects. During the last 50 years, and especially during the past decade, significant advances in this agronomical technology have been made. SARs have been proven to result from the application of many types of chemical formulations. Plants respond by generating their own chemicals internally that subsequently prevent attacks by microorganisms and insects. Recently it has been shown that sequential treatment of growing plants with (1) an aqueous spray of high voltage, pulsed negatively charged water, followed immediately with (2) a spray of ozonated water containing 8 mg/L of ozone generated from oxygen, and that followed immediately by (3) high energy UV-C radiation, also causes plants to develop SARs to microorganisms and insects, but without the use of chemicals. The primary advantages of this new ozone-UV-based technology are: (a) there are no harmful effects on the plants, (b) no toxic chemical residues remain on the plants, (c) the technology can be used in rainy weather, when crop protection is most necessary, (d) the technology is environmentally friendly (no chemical residues), and (e) the technology is cheaper for crop growers compared to current chemical approaches.     

植物诱抗剂研究进展

植物诱抗剂包括许多种类，如：寡糖、蛋白，糖蛋白等。这类物质作用于植物后植物后使植物细胞内发生一系列发生。诱导植物产生植保素，从而使其具有抗病性，本文综述了植物诱抗剂的种及其作用及植物后，植物细胞对于这类物质的识别及信号传导。     

Synthesis, characterization and photovoltaic properties of random poly(arylene-vinylene)s containing benzothiadiazole

New random poly(arylene-vinylene)s obtained by combining different amounts of benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazole units with 9,9-dialkylfluorene and/or 1,4-dialkoxybenzene building blocks were synthesized by the Suzuki-Heck polymerization and characterized for use in bulk hetero-junction solar cells. Their optical, electrochemical, morphological and photovoltaic features were investigated. Notwithstanding the relatively low weight-average molecular weights of the obtained polymers (7000-13000 Da), they formed good quality films by spin-coating. UV-Vis measurements permitted the evaluation of their band gap (1.77-2.12 eV), enabling them to harvest a broad portion of the solar spectrum from 350 nm to 650-700 nm. An electrochemical study revealed that the copolymers are endowed with HOMO/LUMO energy levels suitable for both an efficient electron transfer and a high open circuit voltage (V_oc) for devices embodying the polymer/PCBM blends. This investigation pinpoints the important role of the copolymer composition (in terms of molar ratio of the monomeric units) on the performance of the donors in BHJs. In fact, in disagreement with the presumed V_oc and current densities, the terpolymer poly[1,4-bis(2-ethylhexyloxy)-2,5-phenylene-vinylene-co-9,9-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-2,7-fluorenylene-vinylene-co-4,7-benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazolylene-vinylene] showed the best performance of the copolymer series, with a PCE of 0.4% and a V_oc of 0.76 V, probably due to the favorable phase separation in the blend and consequently a better exciton dissociation.     

Elicitors of Plant Defensive Systems Reduce Insect Densities and Disease Incidence

Some elicitors of plant defensive systems can induce biochemical changes that enable the plant to reduce disease incidence; however, little is known about the effect of these induced responses on insect herbivores. We approached this problem using exogenous field applications of several abiotic elicitors of defensive systems in tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum), and evaluated the ability of the elicitors [benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid (S)-methyl ester (BTH, Actigard); Probenazole; chitosan; salicylic acid; KeyPlex 350; KeyPlex DP2; and KeyPlex DP3] to reduce pest densities and to provide cross-resistance against various insect herbivores and pathogens. Only BTH provided cross-resistance and significantly reduced the incidence of bacterial spot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria), early blight (Alternaria solani), leaf mold (Fulvia fulva), and leafminer larval densities (Liriomyza spp.). The effects on leafminer larval densities were more pronounced during the early stages of plant development. A trend of reduced densities of whiteflies (Bemisia argentifolii) and powdery mildew (Oidium sp.), although not significant, was also found on the BTH-treated plants. Other elicitors had no significant effect on insect populations, but Probenazole and KeyPlex 350 significantly reduced bacterial spot and early blight incidence. The antiherbivore effects of BTH on leafminers was confirmed in a laboratory two-choice experiment. Adult leafminers preferred untreated plants to the BTH-treated tomatoes as ovipositioning host plants, generally corresponding with larval performance. BTH induced high levels of pathogenesis-related proteins in tomato plants including peroxidase, lysozymes, chitinase, and -1,3-glucanases. The possible cross-resistance role of these proteins is discussed. The demonstration that exogenous induction of plant defensive systems in the field can result in lower damage caused by various pathogens and insects, supports the hypothesis that plant defensive systems may be general.     

植物酚的开发利用

综述了植物酚的性质、用途及开发前景。     

甲乙酮装置的建设探讨

对甲乙酮原料及生产效益做了预测,着重讨论了建设甲乙酮装置应采用硫酸法的工艺路线,并对市场做了初步预测,对设备腐蚀问题也做了较为深刻的讨论。结果认为建设甲乙酮装置是有利可图的     

New Pilot Plant Studies at the Budapest Waterworks

The quality of water provided by the Budapest Waterworks should comply with the standards prescribed by the European Community. According to these provisions, on one of the major water-producing regions (Csepel Island), rows of wells of 60,000 m³/day yield have been closed recently, and in the immediate future further plants would have been closed because of the high iron and manganese content of the water.

The raw water obtained from 100 different wells will be purified by a water treatment plant of 150,000 m³/day capacity. Considering the high iron content (0.05–0.15 mg/L) and manganese content (0.05–0.2 mg/L), the raw water fails to comply with the requirements of the potable water standard.

Since 1990, over a period of three years, we conducted water purification experiments in several stages. In these, three methods of oxidizing as well as single and double layer open rapid filters were applied to oxidize the manganese (and, to a lesser extent, the water) present in dissolved form, resp., to destroy various living organisms.

In the course of the experiments, it became clear that the chlorine and chlorine + air methods are efficient in case of a small quantity of iron to be oxidized and only 20–25% of the dissolved manganese content could be oxidized.

Neither of the two methods could ensure firm management of microbiological and bacteriological characteristics. The best results were obtained by ozone oxidation, in which case the chemical oxidizing process was almost fully completed and even the chlorine-resistant living organisms could be destroyed.

On the basis of the experiments carried out, the investment program of the water treatment plant was worked out and the conditions of an international tender were compiled whose winner will be commissioned to build up the water works in the time period 1993–1996. One of the main steps of the proposed technology is the ozone treatment.     

Improvement and Optimization of the A. H. Weeks Water Treatment Plant Processes,Windsor, ON,Canada

After the ozone system was implemented at the A.H.Weeks Water Treatment Plant in June 2001, the plant was monitored to evaluate the effects that ozone had on the plant operation and filtered water quality. Filter performance showed an improvement since ozone was applied. Longer filter run time and lower filtered water turbidity and particle count were achieved. Average treated water turbidity was 0.07 NTU for the year before ozone was applied and 0.05 NTU for the year after ozone was applied. An optimization process was conducted to improve the operation. The benefits of the ozone system optimization resulted in more consistency in meeting performance objectives. Ozone generator power requirement was decreased while ozone generator efficiency was increased. Overdosing of ozone quenching agent was less frequent. Reduction in total operational cost was also observed for the year ozone was applied.