三维荧光结合荧光区域积分法评估净水厂有机物去除效果

三维荧光光谱技术具有高度的灵敏性,可对水体中的有机物进行有效识别和解析.以三维荧光光谱技术为手段,结合荧光区域积分(FRI)方法,考察长江下游地区某典型净水厂水处理过程中有机物的去除状况.研究结果表明,由于饮用水水源受到轻微污染,原水中有机物构成以芳香性蛋白类、溶解性微生物代谢产物为主,富里酸类有机物的含量比较低.常规水处理工艺对原水中有机物的去除效果有限,而臭氧—生物活性炭深度处理工艺对原水中有机物的去除起主要作用,对芳香性蛋白类Ⅰ、芳香性蛋白类Ⅱ、富里酸类、溶解性微生物代谢产物、腐殖酸类物质的荧光区域标准体积的去除率分别为71.5％、73.8％、63.3％、73.7％、58.7％.三维荧光光谱结合荧光区域积分方法,能够有效监测和分析水体中低浓度有机物的去除情况,可以作为一种有效的技术手段,用于净水厂的日常运行和水质监测.     

臭氧氧化对地表水溶解性有机物去除效果的影响研究

针对臭氧氧化作用对受污染地表水中溶解性有机物去除效果的影响进行研究。结果表明:臭氧投加比低于1mgO3/mgDOC时,臭氧对UVA、CODCr和UV410等有机物去除效率较高;臭氧投加比例为0.7mgO3/mgDOC时,BOD/COD由7.4%提高至18.4%,比紫外消光度(SUVA)逐渐降低并趋于平缓;不同臭氧投加比例下水中溶解性有机物的三维荧光指纹光谱变化规律表明,受污染地表水DOM中主要荧光物质为芳香族蛋白质(荧光峰A、B和C)及类腐殖酸(荧光峰D),其中,A峰、B峰和C峰的中心位置分别位于225/300nm、225/338nm和275/342nm;臭氧投加比例为0.7mgO3/mgDOC时峰强削减率为64%～81%,同时部分芳香族蛋白质的结构也发生了变化。     

PAC-UF工艺的膜污染特性及膜污染物质研究

针对污水处理厂二级出水在超滤膜(UF)工艺和粉末活性炭-超滤(PAC-UF)工艺中的运行,分析粉末活性炭(PAC)对膜污染的影响,并采用三维荧光光谱分析等方法分析膜污染的主要成分。试验分析表明,两种工艺中UF膜的膜通量均呈下降趋势而后趋于平缓,但PAC-UF工艺的下降趋势相对缓慢,说明PAC可以延缓膜污染的形成,但无法阻止膜污染的发生。根据三维荧光的分析,二级出水中的主要污染物为富里酸类物质和腐殖酸类腐殖质,溶解性微生物代谢产物和腐殖酸类腐殖质是造成可逆污染的物质,该污染物通过物理反冲洗可以被大部分去除;通过对碱洗液和酸洗液的分析,推测在PAC-UF工艺中造成UF膜片不可逆污染的物质为酪氨酸类蛋白质、色氨酸类蛋白质和富里酸类物质,这三种有机物是造成UF膜片不可逆污染的主要原因。     

Fe2+对AOA-SBR处理污水过程中COD三维荧光法表征的影响

为考察Fe2+对AOA-SBR工艺处理城市污水过程中COD快速表征的影响,采用三维荧光光谱技术研究溶解性有机物(DOM)的荧光强度与COD浓度的相关性,并进一步研究Fe2+浓度对其相关性的影响。     

城市水体有机污染类型的三维荧光光谱分析法

运用三维荧光光谱技术对深圳市4种水体的有机污染类型进行了分析研究。实验结果表明,深圳市甲水库主要表现为内源污染;深圳市乙水库主要表现为外源污染;大沙河和校园池塘既有内源污染又有外源污染。有机污染的程度由高到低依次为:大沙河、校园池塘、甲水库、乙水库。     

臭氧对二级出水中溶解性有机物的氧化特性

利用臭氧对二级出水进行深度处理对于缓解北方地区河流污染问题具有重要意义。为了探究臭氧对二级出水中溶解性有机物的氧化特性,在取自北京市砂河污水处理厂二级出水的水样中分别持续通入不同浓度的臭氧,检测60min内各水样中溶解性有机碳(DOC)、紫外吸收光谱、荧光光谱、分子量分布随时间变化情况。结果发现:水样中DOC去除率与臭氧浓度和通入时间呈正相关,在臭氧浓度为1.31mg/L、通入时间为60min时,可达到最大DOC去除率(70%);通入臭氧5min时,水中溶解性有机物的荧光特性基本消失;紫外吸光度值部分减少;分子量为5～6kDa、1～3kDa和400Da的有机物显著减少,部分转化为分子量为60Da的有机物。经过臭氧氧化处理,二级出水中有机物含量显著减少,大分子有机物几乎被全部降解。     

天然有机物引起的超滤膜污染研究进展

天然有机物(NOM)在多种地表环境介质中广泛存在。超滤(UF)膜有去除水体中胶体物质、部分细菌及病毒等优势,但NOM所带来的膜污染会限制UF技术广泛应用。在阐述天然有机物来源、特性及去除工艺的基础上,从亲疏水性能、分子量大小和表面荷电性能3方面,分析了NOM性质对超滤膜污染的影响。从优势污染物的确定、膜面有机污染物类型的解析、污染层形态特征的分析及微观相互作用力的表征4个层面,综述了天然有机物引起的超滤膜污染的研究现状,并对超滤膜污染机理研究的方向进行了展望。研究成果可为缓解NOM对UF膜的污染提供理论支撑。     

光声光谱技术应用于变压器油中溶解气体分析

变压器油中溶解气体在线监测装置中的色谱柱和气敏传感器存在消耗被测气体和长期稳定性差等不足。光声光谱气体分析技术灵敏度高，不消耗被测气体，克服了传统油中溶解气体在线监测技术的缺点。文中对其在变压器油中溶解气体在线监测中的应用进行了研究。构建了用于变压器油中溶解气体分析的光声光谱平台，给出具有红外特征吸收峰的CH4 ，C2 H6 ，C2 H4 ，C2 H2 ，CO和CO2 这6种主要故障特征气体的特征频谱，采用加权最小二乘法对2种混合气体中的CH4 ，C2 H6 ，C2 H4 ，C2 H2 ，CO和CO2 进行了定性和定量分析。分析结果与气体各组分体积分数真实值或气相色谱仪测量值的比较表明，光声光谱技术能有效地对变压器油中溶解气体进行分析。     

长江河口悬浮颗粒表面特性的初步研究

本文根据对比实验长江河口悬浮体分别经由偏磷酸钠（NaPO3)分散剂、超声波处理和加双氧水（H2O2）高温蒸煮去除有机物，使用FACScan流式细胞仪测定自然荧光和异硫氰酸荧光素（FITC）染色后颗粒荧光特性。发现去除长江河口悬浮颗粒表面有机物后，悬浮颗粒的大小发生了改变；认为长江河口沿程悬浮颗粒的比表面积的变化主要是由于悬浮颗粒物质有机物组成的不同和水团颗粒物质组成不同产生；长江河口悬浮体对重金属元素的吸附主要是通过颗粒表面的有机物来进行的。     

焦化废水处理过程中特征有机污染物组成及降解特性分析

为了解焦化废水中特征有机污染物组成及其在生物流化床工艺各个阶段的降解特性,采用全二维气相色谱(GC×GC)技术,对不同处理阶段的焦化废水进行了检测,解析了其特征有机污染物的组成和降解规律.结果 显示,焦化废水中主要存在有十三大类的特征有机污染物,经两级缺氧和两级好氧处理后所有物质都有所降解但发生的阶段不同,酚类、吡啶类、有机腈类、萘啶类、三唑类、吲哚类物质的降解在缺氧和好氧阶段都有发生,但是喹啉类、咪唑类、酰胺类、酮类、有机胺类的降解主要发生在好氧阶段,明确了各物质在缺氧好氧阶段的不同降解特性.     

Fluorescence analysis of dissolved organic matter in natural,waste and polluted waters—a review

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in aquatic systems originates from a range of sources. Some is allochthonous, transported from the surrounding landscape to the water body, and is derived from and influenced by the geology, land use and hydrology of its origin. Some is created in situ through microbial activity, which may provide an independent source of organic matter, or a recycling mechanism for that which has been transported into the water body. The relative contribution of each source depends upon the location and environmental conditions within and without the water body. Human activity is also a source of DOM, much of which is believed to be labile, which can enter the aquatic system through direct point discharges, diffuse leaching and aerial dispersal. Fluorescence spectroscopy can provide an excellent tool to source DOM fractions, and to monitor and understand DOM transformations in aquatic systems, as much DOM has an intrinsic fluorescence. In particular, recent advances in optical technology, enabling rapid investigation of shorter wavelengths, have enabled more detailed characterization of organic material and its reactions in water. In this article, we review the use of fluorescence spectroscopic techniques to measure the intrinsic fluorescence of organic matter and the application of fluorescent DOM analysis in marine waters, freshwaters and wastewaters. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spectrophotometric characterization of human impacted surface waters in the Moselle watershed

In order to characterize the pollution discharged into the Moselle River and some of its tributaries, spectroscopic techniques, namely UV-vis spectroscopy and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy, have been combined. UV-visible spectra were analysed using the maximum of the second derivative at 225 nm (related to nitrates), the SUVA254 and E2/E3 indices (related to the nature of organic matter). Synchronous fluorescence spectra (delta lambda = 50 nm) presented different shapes depending upon the type of pollution. The pollution results from anthropogenic activities: untreated domestic sewage due to misconnections in a periurban river, effluent from urban WWTPS, agricultural runoff (nitrates) in several streams, discharge from a paper mill (humic-like substances due to wood processing) and from steel mills (PAHs).     

太湖和洪泽湖天然有机质与重金属结合特性研究

利用同步荧光光谱表征浅水湖泊太湖和洪泽湖中天然有机质(NOM)的组成,同时利用荧光淬灭滴定试验研究了NOM与Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的结合特性。结果表明:两个湖泊的NOM中类蛋白质和类腐殖质组成比例存在显著的差异,太湖NOM主要由类蛋白质和类腐殖质组成,洪泽湖NOM则以类腐殖质为主;太湖和洪泽湖NOM与Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的结合点位及结合能力存在显著差异,NOM中类腐殖质的结合点位要显著多于类蛋白质;太湖贡湖湾和梅梁湾NOM中类蛋白质与Cu~(2+)的结合能力以及梅梁湾NOM中类蛋白质与Cd~(2+)的结合能力强于类腐殖质,但贡湖湾NOM中类蛋白质与Cd~(2+)的结合能力则弱于类腐殖质,而洪泽湖NOM中类蛋白质与Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的结合能力均强于类腐殖质;太湖NOM与重金属Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的结合能力要显著高于洪泽湖NOM。     

Bioavailability of a nonylphenol isomer in dependence on the association to dissolved humic substances.

Humic substances are important environmental components since they represent a very large part of organic compounds on earth. According to many reports, dissolved humic substances are a determinant parameter for the bioavailability of xenobiotic compounds. For the present bioavailability studies, two kinds of dissolved humic substances, a commercially available humic acid and fulvic acids isolated from peat were used. As the relevant xenobiotic, a defined branched nonylphenol isomer, 4(3',5'-dimethyl-3'-heptyl)-phenol (p353NP) was synthesised according to Friedel-Crafts alkylation. Equilibrium dialysis studies were implemented in order to investigate the association between 14C-labelled p353NP and dissolved humic substances. The biodegradability in the presence of dissolved humic substances was examined in experiments with the nonylphenol degrading bacterium strain Sphingomonas TTNP3 and with p353NP as sole carbon source. The results showed that p353NP-humic acid associates were formed in high amounts, whereas no adducts with fulvic acids occurred. In the degradation studies with Sphingomonas TTNP3, no effects of dissolved humic substances on the bioavailability of p353NP could be observed. It was assumed that the association between nonylphenol and humic acids occurs rapidly and is reversible. Thus, the formation of "labile" complexes did not influence biodegradation rates, which were quite low.     

Environmental surveys of toxic chemicals in aquatic environments in Japan

A law concerning the examination and regulation of manufacture of chemical substances (the Chemical Substances Control Law) was enacted in 1973 to prevent environmental pollution by chemical substances, such as polychlorinated biphenyl‐like chemicals. In response to the enactment of the law, Environment Agency Japan (the former Ministry of the Environment) began successive environmental safety inspections a year later, including environmental surveys for existing chemicals. Since then, approximately 800 kinds of chemical substances have been investigated and 40% of them have been detected. Many substances suspected of posing risks to humans have been regulated on the basis of results of these environmental surveys. At present, five environmental surveys of water, bottom sediment and aquatic organisms are being carried out by cooperation between the Environment Ministry and all Local Governments in Japan. These surveys have been designed to collect information about chemical contamination across the whole country, and will measure change and variation in chemical contamination over time and space, and also examine measures for reducing the risks posed by chemical substances. Furthermore, the data obtained may contribute to an understanding of environmental contamination by chemical substances in Japan and in other industrial countries.     

Existence of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Tertiary Treated Urban Wastewater that is Utilized for Reuse Applications

Research on the effects of chemical pollution in the environment that is related to urban wastewaters?? discharge and reuse until recently was focused almost exclusively on conventional pollutants. During the last several years though there has been a growing level of concern related to the hypothesis that various chemicals may exhibit endocrine disrupting effects. In addition, thousands of tons of pharmacologically active substances are used annually ending up in the wastewaters. In many countries facing prolonged droughts and implementing wastewater reuse schemes for irrigation and groundwater discharge, the existence of xenobiotic compounds in the tertiary treated wastewaters constitutes a new concern. This study describes the application of a recently developed multi-residue method for the determination of 29 multi-class pharmaceuticals using off line solid phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography?Ctriple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC?CMS?CMS). The method was applied for the analysis of pharmaceutical residues at three sewage treatment plants in Cyprus serving major coastal Mediterranean cities. The presence of 19 pharmaceuticals was confirmed. For some of the compounds high concentrations were obtained for the final effluents (e.g. ofloxacin: 4.82 ??g/L, diclofenac: 5.51 ??g/L, carbamazepine: 27.27 ??g/L, metoprolol: 9.59 ??g/L). Concerning the elimination potential, what was derived from the study is that the biological treatment step contributes the most to the removal of the compounds while sand filtration and chlorination steps reduce slightly the residual concentrations.     

海河污染研究进展

从水污染研究、沉积物污染研究、水生生态系统研究和模型研究4个方面阐述海河污染研究进展。海河污染研究取得的进展主要包括以下几个方面:表层水溶解氧变化规律和"三氮"污染研究;表层水和表层沉积物中持久性有机污染物和重金属污染及其环境风险研究;水生生态系统和水质模型初步研究。     

Ecological Problems of Thermal Power Plants

The main legislative documents in the field of environmental protection and ecological standards for newly developed equipment of thermal power plants (TTP) of Russia are presented. Problems of raising the efficiency TTP and reducing harmful emissions are considered. Modern methods and process for lowering nitrogen oxide emissions for different kinds of fuel, fields of application of sulfur-removing technologies, and ways for updating fly-ash collectors are discussed. The tendency to tightening of standards regulating the volume of contaminating substances is shown. Data on TTP wastewaters and maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of primary contaminants are presented. Reduction of atmospheric emissions and of contaminating due TTP wastewaters is estimated until 2010.__________Translated from Elektricheskie Stantsii, No. 1, January 2005, pp. 17–27     

Feasibility Assessment of Data-Driven Models in Predicting Pollution Trends of Omerli Lake,Turkey

Data-driven models are commonly used in a wide range of disciplines, including environmental engineering. To analyze Omerli Lake’s historic water pollution status, this study monitors data for dissolved oxygen, 5-day biochemical oxygen demand, ammonium nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and ortho phosphate. The quality of the lake water is assessed based on measurements of dissolved oxygen. The collected data are analyzed using regression analysis and artificial neural network models. The main goal of this paper is to reveal the best applicable data-driven model in order to gain forward-looking information regarding the dissolved oxygen level of the lake using other pollution parameters. In order to ascertain eutrophic status, total phosphorus loads for each year are represented on a Vollenweider diagram. Results designate an increasing risk of eutrophication for Omerli Lake in recent years. Results of the data-driven models show that the artificial neural networks model constitutes the best relationship between the dissolved oxygen and other parameters.