预喷对重载柴油机燃烧与排放影响的试验

基于内窥镜测量技术,在一台6缸高压共轨重载柴油机上研究了预喷正时、预喷油量与EGR率等对燃烧放热、排放物生成的影响作用.对柴油机缸内燃烧过程中的火焰图像进行了采集,并且通过双色法计算得到了碳烟颗粒场分布图像.结果表明:随预喷正时延迟,缸内峰值压力升高,预喷燃烧的两阶段放热现象消失,预喷燃烧的火焰亮度加强,NOx和碳烟排放均降低;随预喷油量增加,预喷燃烧的放热率和火焰亮度升高,NOx和HC排放增大,而碳烟和CO排放降低;随EGR率提高,预混燃烧强度变弱并且开始呈现两阶段放热现象,主燃烧始点滞后,NOx排放显著降低,但碳烟、HC和CO排放升高.采用内窥镜测量可以更方便准确地了解发动机实际运行工况下缸内燃烧特性.     

不同喷油提前角对缸内碳烟生成影响的计算与分析

应用计算流体动力学对某小型高速增压直喷式柴油机缸内燃烧过程进行了数值计算,得出了不同喷油提前角下增压直喷式柴油机缸内混合气、温度和碳烟的分布情况,分析了不同喷油提前角下,上止点前后的喷油量的比例对碳烟排放的影响,并通过实际工况下的碳烟排放试验进行了验证。为增压柴油机性能与排放优化提供了参考。     

预喷射和掺混乙醇对柴油机性能及排放的影响

本文利用GT-Power软件建立了单缸柴油机的仿真模型,模拟研究了预主喷间隔、预喷油量和乙醇掺混比例对发动机性能和排放的影响。计算结果表明,预喷射能明显改善发动机的燃烧特性和排放性能,但扭矩和燃油消耗率变化不明显;预主喷间隔对发动机性能和排放的影响较小,预喷油量的增加会提高缸内压力和放热率峰值,造成NOx和碳烟排放增加;掺烧乙醇可以显著减少NOx和碳烟排放,提高缸内压力和放热率峰值,不过发动机的扭矩减小,油耗率增加;随着乙醇掺混比例增加,这些趋势进一步加强。柴油机采用预喷射和掺混乙醇相结合的策略,可以改善发动机的排放性能和燃烧特性,而且不会恶化动力性和经济性,是一种有效的技术方法。     

柴油机瞬变过程烟度排放的劣变分析

在一台增压中冷高压共轨柴油机上进行了恒转速增转矩典型瞬变工况下烟度劣变的成因分析,并确定了适用于瞬变工况劣变性能分析的评价参数.研究结果表明:瞬变过程烟度峰值较稳态工况恶化了17.5倍,供油量、转矩和进气量的滞后程度依次增大,而减小发动机加载率、增大加载起始点负荷或减小恒定转速均有助于改善发动机瞬变性能劣化程度;表观上供油和供气速率不匹配、低燃烧速率和燃烧相位滞后造成的燃烧劣变在缸内物理场中可以归因于缸内油气混合气驱动能量的不足;与稳态工况相比,瞬态工况的燃烧反应基团在φ-T图碳烟(soot)生成岛中更大的体积比例和更长的停留时间导致缸内局部浓混合气比例增大;缸内油气混合状态与soot生成量呈现出显著的相关性,是造成soot排放恶化的主要原因.     

电喷柴油机优化燃烧和排放的数值模拟

应用三维CFD模拟软件FIRE,对1台6106柴油机在不同预喷油量,主预喷定时和主预喷间隔的条件下的喷雾与燃烧过程进行了数值模拟。通过分析缸内压力和温度变化以及燃烧产物的质量分数,研究了预喷射参数对燃烧过程及NOx和碳烟的影响。结果表明:采用不同预喷射策略,可有效降低缸内燃烧压力,优化柴油机的排放。随着预喷油量的增加,NOx变化不大,烟度(Soot)逐渐增加;随着预喷定时的提前,Soot生成量变化不大,NOx排放逐渐增加。     

后喷技术与两级增压系统的优化匹配对燃烧过程的影响

根据“高密度-低温燃烧”方案匹配的两级增压系统,使重型柴油机在中低速能实现低排放和高有效热效率。然而,在高速中高负荷工况,增压系统不经过必要的调压手段,会存在排气背压过高的问题,从而使柴油机油耗和烟度均较高,有效热效率较低。为此,本文采用后喷技术和涡端放气技术,通过分析后喷定时、主后喷油量比例和进气压力等参数对排放和有效热效率的影响,得到油路参数与气路参数的协同优化控制方法。研究表明,在高涡前压力工况,相比单次喷射模式,采用“主喷＋后喷”的喷油模式,能实现更低排放,但有效热效率会下降。进一步研究发现,随着后喷定时和主后喷油量比例的变化,存在一个适当的后喷定时和后喷油量区间,使缸内碳烟易于降低。同时,随着涡端旁通阀开度增加,NOx排放会不断减小,碳烟排放会出现一个拐点,呈现先减小后增加的趋势,而有效热效率则逐渐增加。这充分说明,在高涡前压力工况,适时放气,能同时改善排放和有效热效率。     

后喷策略对柴油机排放物生成影响的数值模拟

本文采用数值模拟的方法对某柴油机燃烧过程进行了研究,通过与试验的对比获得了可信的计算模型,基于确立的计算模型设计了9种不同的后喷喷射策略,分析了后喷喷油量及主后喷间隔角对排放性能及缸内流动燃烧的影响。结果表明：在一定范围内,随着后喷量和主后喷间隔角的增加,缸内燃烧放热规律及温度曲线的峰值降低,NOx排放降低。适当增大主后喷间隔角,加强了主后喷间隔期缸内气流的运动,能够促进Soot的氧化,但当间隔角过大时,一方面降低了缸内温度,另一方面使部分Soot扩散到活塞与缸套夹缝处,导致Soot难以氧化,致使Soot生成量增大。     

预喷射对增压柴油机高负荷燃烧和排放的影响

应用CFD模拟软件FIRE针对车用增压柴油机在高负荷工况下采用预喷射策略的缸内工作过程进行了数值计算,并分析了预喷射量和预/主间隔角对燃烧过程和排放的影响.研究结果表明,随预/主间隔角和预喷射量的增加燃烧始点提前,主喷燃油的燃烧速率加快,燃烧重心和终点提前,致使缸压峰值、放热率峰值和温度峰值均有所升高和前移;同时,对于NOx和碳烟,预喷射量和预/主喷射间隔角存在两个界限,在两个界限之内能获得较好的NOx和碳烟的折中关系,并且这两个界限与预喷射量和预/主喷射间隔角存在着一定的关系,当预喷射量和间隔角较小时碳烟生成量较高,而预喷射量和间隔角过大时NOx生成量急剧增加.     

喷射参数对柴油机燃烧与排放特性的影响

在一台共轨柴油机上进行了喷射压力、喷射定时、后喷量及后/主间隔角等喷射参数影响作用的试验研究,利用FIRE软件数值模拟获取微观场变化信息,综合分析了喷射参数对缸内燃烧与有害排放物生成的影响机理及规律.结果表明,提高喷射压力和提前喷射定时有利于改善燃油经济性及碳烟排放,但在喷射压力较高(120～130,MPa),喷射定时提前到上止点前2°CA时,再提前喷射定时对碳烟的影响不大,而NOx的生成量显著增加,同时会引起燃烧粗暴.当后/主间隔角一定(15°CA),后喷量为1.5～2.0,mg时,烟度值达到最低,降幅为28%左右;后喷量为1.5,mg时,后/主间隔角在25,oCA附近,烟度达到最低,降幅达到20%.因此,引入后喷时需要选取适当的后/主间隔角和后喷油量,既要增强后喷燃油对缸内流场的扰动效果,使得更多的氧气进入主喷的燃烧产物区,加速碳烟的氧化又要避免进入高温缺氧区域内的后喷燃油量过多以及燃烧过于拖后等负面影响.     

近后喷射对共轨柴油机高负荷NOx和碳烟影响的数值分析

应用三维 CFD 商用模拟软件 FIRE 对车用共轨柴油机在高负荷工况下采用近后喷射策略的缸内工作过程进行数值计算,分析后喷量和主、后间隔角对有害排放物生成的影响.结果表明,随后喷量和主、后间隔角的增加,NOx 的生成量显著减少,而经济性有所恶化;同时,近后喷射还是降低柴油机碳烟排放的一种非常有效的手段,适当的近后喷射...     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.