漫滩洪水在西安泾渭滨河湿地水文条件恢复中的作用

利用MODFLOW模型，模拟分析了漫滩洪水对西安泾渭湿地水文条件的影响。研究结果表明：漫滩洪水补给泾渭滨河湿地地下水的作用十分明显，是维持泾渭滨河湿地水文条件的主要水源补给方式；没有漫滩洪水时，渭河河道内水位的涨落对泾渭滨河湿地地下水动态的影响范围很小，仅仅依靠渭河与泾渭滨河湿地的地下水文联系，不足以用来恢复大范围的泾渭滨河湿地。同时，漫滩洪水对距河道300m以外的滨河湿地水文影响最为重要，是其它天然补给途径不能代替的。因此，漫滩洪水是泾渭湿地水文得以维持的主要动力，洪水资源化利用将是恢复该湿地水文条件的     

渭河下游高水位洪水机理分析

分析渭河下游华县站、临潼站12次实测洪水资料表明：华县站1973年、2003年洪水、临潼站2005年洪水出现流量小水位高的现象.其原因是洪水漫滩以后,主槽内耗散了大量的水流动能,致使主槽过水能力降低.由于主槽过水能力降低,上游来水形成河道壅水,抬高水位增加势能,提高过水能力.     

2003年渭河洪水特性分析

受持续强降雨影响，2003年8月26日至10月13日；渭河连续发生了6次洪水过程。其中，华县站9月1日11时洪峰流量3570m^3／s，为1992年以来最大流量；相应水位342．76m，是有实测记录以来最高水位。在渭河首场洪水过程中，临潼至华县河段洪峰削减率高达53．1％，传播时间52．3小时，均为历史之最。初步分析认为，本次渭河洪水有以下特性：①水沙条件改变，河床淤积严重，形成了高水位洪水；②河道过流能力降低，比降变小，致使前期洪水削峰率大，传播时间长；③人类活动以及支流大堤的决口对削峰率和传播时间有影响；④洪水后期下游河道明显冲刷，漫滩流量增加，洪峰传播时间缩短。     

渭河2005年抗洪抢险的主要经验

渭河是黄河的最大支流,2005年10月,受长时间、大范围强降雨影响,渭河干、支流发生洪水,临潼站最大洪峰流量5270m3/s,华县站最大洪峰流量4820m3/s,为1981年以来的最大洪水。这次洪水的主要特点是洪水流量大、水位高、含沙量小、持续时间长、渭河支流倒灌严重。面对洪水,沿渭军民     

2012年黄河上游洪水及河道冲淤演变分析

2012年黄河上游洪水具有洪峰流量大、持续时间长、洪水量大的特点,经过龙羊峡和刘家峡水库的调节,进入宁蒙河段的洪峰流量为2 710³ 520 m3/s,沿程总体呈减小趋势;内蒙古河段出现历史最高洪水位,在三湖河口到头道拐河段发生大范围漫滩。研究表明,经过洪水持续作用后,宁蒙河段平均河底高程下降,内蒙古河段1 000 m3/s同流量水位显著降低,三湖河口断面同水位过流能力增加约700 m3/s;巴彦高勒—三湖河口泥沙冲刷0.421亿t,三湖河口—头道拐为淤积,其中主槽冲刷约0.260亿t、滩地淤积约0.725亿t;大漫滩洪水时的淤积量以及非漫滩洪水的主槽冲刷量均与水量具有较好的相关关系。     

渭河下游冲淤与洪水变化分析

1960年以来，渭河下游共淤积泥沙13．28亿m^3，其中1990—2003年下游河槽淤积加重，淤积量为3．073亿m^3。渭河下游各水文站同流量水位抬高，华阴、吊桥、华县二三站水位分别上升3．14、2．91、2．93m；华县平滩流量逐渐减小，2003年汛前减为历史最小的1000m^3／s，比1958年小4000m^3／s；渭河下游洪水特征发生了变化，洪水过程线由尖瘦型变成矮胖型，峰现时刻明显推后，峰量关系发生变化，洪水历时显著增加，小洪水、高水位、大灾害的现象极易出现。建议采用跨流域引水的方式治理渭河，从秦岭歼凿隧洞引汉江或其他支流补充渭河水源，尤其应该尽快制定渭河综合治理规划，协调渭河水沙关系，维持渭河的健康生命。     

黄河下游小洪水高水位大漫滩现象探讨

通过黄河干流典型水站洪水水位－－流量关系的变化，分析了黄河下游河道小洪水、高水位、大漫滩的形势，认为枢纽工程运用、径流减少、断流、洪水次数减少等因素是造成黄河下游河道小洪水、高水位、大漫滩现象的根本原因。     

防重于抢人胜于天--陕西渭河、双江"05·9"抗洪抢险启示录

9月24到10月6日,我省出现了大范围持续降雨过程,渭河下游出现了1981年以来最大流量和历史第二高水位洪水过程,汉江干流发生了1983年以来最大的一次洪水过程.渭河华县水文站10月4日洪峰流量达4820立方米/秒,比对渭河下游造成巨大损失的"03·8"洪灾洪峰流量3570立方米/秒还多出1250立方米/秒,相应洪水位仅次于渭河历史第二高水位.     

渭河下游2003年洪水特征与河道演变分析

采用实测资料分析和理论探讨相结合的方法,研究渭河下游2003年洪水过程与河道演变特征。研究结果表明,渭河下游2003年洪水特征为:洪水场次多、历时长、洪量大、来沙少;洪水水位表现较高;洪峰传播时间长,削峰率大。2003年渭河下游河道洪水期发生了较大程度的漫滩,淤滩刷槽显著,主槽冲刷、滩地淤积对行洪面积的扩大十分有利,汛后平滩流量增加1 350 m3/s,达到2 300 m3/s。河道横断面的塑造趋向窄深,汛后河相系数普遍减小。2003年洪水过程是渭河冲刷的主要原因;漫滩洪水对改善河道萎缩、增加河槽过洪能力是十分有利的;对渭河下游来说,高含沙洪水在有一定流量条件下河道也是冲刷的,相对来看中等含沙量洪水和高含沙量小洪水最为不利。     

潼关高程下降对渭河下游防洪的影响

潼关高程抬升引起渭河下游大量泥沙淤积，给防洪带来一系列问题。本文针对这一问题，通过对渭河下游河道40多年的大断面地形资料进行分析和计算，探讨了潼关高程与渭河下游泥沙冲淤的关系，并分析了典型断面的水位变化。结果表明，潼关高程与渭河下游泥沙冲淤密切相关，潼关高程下降后，渭河会产生溯源冲刷。在大水少沙情况下，近槽滩地也会受到冲刷，但是洪水漫滩后滩地会发生淤积，由于主槽面积增加，过洪能力增强，中小洪水防洪压力减小；但如果发生高含沙漫滩洪水，滩地淤积，漫滩洪水水位反而有所抬高，大洪水威胁依然存在。     

ASSESSMENT OF RIPARIAN VEGETATION SENSITIVITY TO RIVER HYDROLOGY DOWNSTREAM OF A MAJOR TEXAS DAM

Dams may impact the health of downstream riparian vegetation communities through flow modifications such as decreased flood frequency and duration. Without historical vegetation data, however, it is difficult to relate changes in vegetation composition to hydrology patterns downstream of dams. We studied bottomland hardwood forests downstream of Toledo Bend Dam on the Sabine River in Texas and Louisiana to determine their sensitivity to minor changes in river hydrology with a particular focus on floods. Current riparian vegetation was characterized within three topographic zones at three selected sites below the dam. Using 80 years of hydrologic records from two gauging stations downstream of the dam, we evaluated trends in flood frequency, flood duration, peak discharge and total flood discharge in those periods before (1926?1965) and after (1971?2005) dam construction, as well as related flood stage to floodplain elevations to link topography to flood frequency. Plant species diversity in this system is highly dependent on minor changes in elevation, and the proportion of wetland‐dependent species changes rapidly with only a few centimeters difference in elevation. Although 50% of trees, shrubs and herbs in the sloughs were wetland adapted, their numbers were only 21% in the levees (74–284 cm higher in elevation) and 14% in the mid‐floodplains. Since dam construction, total flood discharge and duration at the most upstream gauge on the Sabine River decreased by 49%. At both gauges, mean discharge was also altered with higher summer flows. Patterns of tree regeneration point to less recruitment by wetland‐dependent species in the years following dam construction. These results suggest that minor changes in flood magnitude might limit occurrence of wetland species to the lowest topographic zones and illustrate the need to analyse sensitivity of plants to minor changes in flood characteristics when historical data for the vegetation community are lacking. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于RVA法的河流生态基流过程研究

针对我国目前生态需水量研究难以反映河流水文情势自然涨落变化的问题,从河流水文情势的整体角度出发,采用IHA法分析了金沙江上游岗托至巴塘河段的天然水文情势特征,得到了该河段各指标的RVA阈值范围。在总结前人研究的基础上,对计算河流生态基流量的RVA法进行了改进,提出非汛期、汛前期和汛后期采用RVA目标差值的75%推荐河流生态基流量,主汛期采用RVA目标差值的50%推荐河流生态基流量。采用改进的RVA法计算了金沙江上游巴塘断面的生态基流过程,得到巴塘断面各月的生态基流量分别为39.5 m~3/s、42.5 m~3/s、33.0 m~3/s、74.2 m~3/s、124.4m~3/s、259.3 m~3/s、394.0 m~3/s、581.0 m~3/s、493.5 m~3/s、259.7 m~3/s、131.1 m~3/s、71.0 m~3/s,占相应多年月均流量的比例范围为14.0%~32.9%,并与Tennant法的结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,该方法能够更好地反映金沙江上游天然河流水文情势的动态变化特征,可为金沙江上游水电开发生态保护提供技术参考。     

Simulating the effect of environmental flow duration on seedling emergence from riparian seed banks of the Upper Hunter River,New South Wales

Passive riparian revegetation techniques are important tools in river rehabilitation. However, the utility of the sediment seed bank as a passive riparian regeneration option is poorly understood. After modelling a range of flows for field‐surveyed cross sections, a glasshouse seedling emergence experiment was undertaken to compare the effects of simulated flow duration on seedling emergence of desirable riparian species that occur on benches of the gravel‐bedded Hunter River near Muswellbrook, New South Wales. The duration of inundation did have an effect (although not always significant) on seed germination for most species. The most successful simulated flood conditions differed among species, with the control treatment (no inundation) resulting in the most germination for only two of the 10 species examined. These findings suggest that although environmental flows for the sole purpose of stimulating the riparian seed bank in order to facilitate regeneration of desirable riparian species would be largely ineffective and complicated by differing inundation responses among species, seed bank stimulation using environmental flows could be a value‐added benefit from flows allocated for other purposes. As such, consideration of flow duration is worthy of inclusion in environmental flow allocation planning.     

湄公河流域洪水特性分析

采用实测水文资料分析了湄公河流域的洪水特性。结果表明:湄公河流域的洪水主要由暴雨形成,干流水文站年最大洪水主要发生在7~10月;由于河流走向、流域形状与季风活动路线基本平行,全流域性洪水出现的几率很小;老挝境内左岸支流和公河、桑河、斯雷博河汇集而成的"3S"河由于地处降雨高值区,多年平均汛期来水量占柬埔寨上丁站的一半以上;我国境内洪水与万象洪水过程同步性几率较大,与上丁站短历时洪水过程同步几率较大,但仍是上丁站长历时洪水过程的重要组成部分。     

Floodplain forest dynamics: Half‐century floods enable pulses of geomorphic disturbance and cottonwood colonization along a prairie river

In dry ecoregions, trees are restricted to river valley floodplains where river water supplements the limited local precipitation. Around the Northern Hemisphere, cottonwoods, riparian poplars, are often predominant trees in floodplain forests and these ecological specialists require floods that create and saturate sand and gravel bars, enabling seedling recruitment. By pairing the interpretation of aerial photographs at approximately decade intervals with dendrochronology, we explored the coordination between river floods, geomorphic disturbance and colonization of plains cottonwoods (Populus deltoides) over eight meanders along the Red Deer River in the semi‐arid prairie of western Canada. This river has a relatively natural flow regime and minimal human alteration through the World Heritage Site of Dinosaur Provincial Park. We found that the 50‐year flood of 1954 increased channel migration and produced extensive accretion with downstream expansion of meander lobes and some channel infilling, which was followed by prolific cottonwood colonization. Those processes accompanied the major flood, while bank erosion and cottonwood losses were more gradual and continuous over the past half‐century. Results indicated even greater floodplain and woodland development after an earlier 100‐year flood in 1915. Each flood produced an arcuate band of mature cottonwoods and there were five to seven progressively older woodland bands across the floodplain, with each cottonwood age grouping increasing by about a half‐century. The 700 m wide floodplain was progressively reworked by the river through pulses of channel movement and floodplain and woodland development over approximately 250 years and correspondingly, the oldest cottonwoods were about 250 years old.     

武烈河口滦河段防洪治理与效益分析

通过武烈河口滦河段人工修复措施,对武烈河口滦河段洪水设计,根据上游水文站系列资料,采用洪水过程错时段迭加的方法,计算出设计断面的设计洪水。采用不同方案对比的方法,确定出最优断面300m宽度设计洪水位。经过治理后的武烈河口滦河段,达到了动、静结合,自然环境和人文环境的和谐统一,建设了橡胶坝和观光桥生态工程,既有实用性,又突出了观赏性和生态功能。     

Identifying the natural flow regime and the relationship with riparian vegetation for two contrasting western Australian rivers

The natural flow regime and the relationship between flows and riparian vegetation are described for sites on both the Blackwood River in south‐western Australia and the Ord River in north‐western Australia. Analysis of long‐term flow data showed the historic mean monthly river discharge for the Blackwood River is strongly seasonal and highly predictable with generally low variability each month. The Ord River showed a strong seasonality of flows with about 92% of the (total) yearly flow occurring between December and March. Flow variability was very high (e.g. coefficient of variation >100% for all months) but highly predictable, with this mostly attributed to low but constant dry‐season flows. Water depth, duration of flood events and the number of flood events per year show a significant correlation with aspects of the riparian vegetation within experimental vegetation plots. Results highlight the strong relationship between floristics, life form structure and population dynamics with stream hydrology. On the Blackwood River, species richness and cover of shrubs reduced with increased duration and frequency of flooding, while cover of exotic species and annual herbs increased with increased flooding. Germination of tree seedlings was not influenced by flood regime but size class of tree species increased with flooding frequency. On the Ord River, species richness was not influenced by flooding regime. However, cover of perennial grasses increased with flooding frequency whilst cover of shrubs decreased. There was no relationship between flooding and seedling establishment whilst tree size class decreased with increased flooding. The methods described here can be used to compare the response of different components of the riparian vegetation to different fluvial regimes (e.g. because of impoundment and abstraction). This technique can be expanded for the management of riparian zones and planning rehabilitation programmes. It may also be useful for improving the ecological knowledge base for setting environmental flows in regulated systems. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄河潼关站洪水组合对渭河北洛河的影响

黄渭洛河汇流区三条河流的水沙量和汇合口段的比降差异，导致各种洪水组合对潼关以上黄渭洛河影响差异较大。以华阴200m^3／s的水位差作为各种洪水组合影响下渭河河口拦门沙的淤积厚，统计三门峡建库以来潼关站67次洪水组合，其中黄洛型洪水9次，华阴断面淤积厚8．19m，占总淤积厚的58％，峰均淤积0．91m，北洛河影响占37％；黄单型洪水18次，华阴断面峰均淤积厚0．33m。1967年8月洪水组合10次，黄洛型和黄洛渭型洪水4次，华阴淤积厚达5．17m，占10次洪水总淤积厚的91％，北洛河影响占73％；黄单型洪水2次，淤积厚为0．51m，占9％。1994、1995年2次黄洛河洪水组合，华阴断面淤厚1．45m，占总淤积厚的51％，北洛河影响占33％。形象地说，北洛河是渭河的一条盲肠，若将北洛河改道直接入黄河，则有利于渭河下游河道的改善。     

用分层马斯京根法作河道洪水演算

针对复式河道中用马斯京根法作洪水演算时,常出现洪水参数K、x值难以概化,整个过程线高、低水段很难拟合的情况,根据马斯京根法的基本原理.结合复式河道中漫滩部分水体的影响,提出了把整个入流过程按河槽形态的变化进行分层处理的分层马斯京根洪水演算方法。该法经在渭河临潼至华阴河段实际运用,其精度较传统马斯京根法有明显的提高。