高压共轨燃油系统轨压控制策略研究

建立了高压共轨燃油系统的物理模型,理论分析得出高压共轨燃油系统内轨压的主要影响因素是发动机转速、喷油量及当前油轨压力。以这3个因素为自变要素,采用查表的方法建立了前馈控制逻辑;以泵油量作为PID反馈修正自变量,改进了PID反馈控制,形成柴油机高压共轨轨压控制的策略,并进行了试验验证。研究结果表明:采用改进的闭环控制方法,降低了稳态轨压的波动,在油泵转速950 r/min,最大循环喷油量230 mg的工况下,目标轨压为160 MPa时,轨压波动由±3 MPa左右减小到±0.3 MPa左右;动态控制时超调量减小了约5 MPa,稳定时间也缩短约0.05 s。     

柴油机高压共轨燃油系统热力学建模与仿真

以柴油机高压共轨燃油系统为研究对象,结合热力学分析,建立柴油机高压共轨燃油系统数学模型,利用Matlab/Simulink软件对其进行建模与仿真,获得了转速、轨压初始值和油门开度对燃油轨压力、单缸循环喷油量、喷嘴压力和燃油轨压力波动的影响规律。结果表明:喷射压力和单缸循环喷油量随油门开度的增大而增大;喷射压力和单缸循环喷油量随转速的增大而增大;喷射压力和单缸循环喷油量随轨压初始值的增大而增大;燃油轨压力波动量随轨压初始值的增大而减少。研究结果可为高压共轨燃油系统的设计提供参考。     

高压共轨燃油系统压力场分布研究

建立了高压共轨燃油系统共轨管各出油口燃油压力场分布的数学模型并进行了试验验证,结果表明,共轨管出油口燃油压力与进油口和出油口的位置、进油与出油间的相位关系、喷油量大小以及轨管容积有关,共轨管总成上压力传感器数值并不能精确反映各出油口上的实际油压。     

基于模型的船用柴油机双泵协同共轨压力控制方法研究

为降低具备双高压油泵的船用柴油机的共轨压力波动水平,提出了一种基于模型的双泵协同共轨压力控制方法.针对高压共轨系统的结构特点,建立了喷油量、供油量与共轨压力变化的简化模型;设计了以最小压力偏差为目标的双泵协同策略,确定工作油泵数量;设计了基于模型的主动抗扰控制算法,采用基于模型的前馈控制,反映燃油系统部件状态,采用主动...     

高压共轨燃油喷射系统喷油特性实验研究

针对高压共轨燃油喷射系统已广泛应用于柴油发动机而又被国外垄断的现状,在自主研发了高压共轨燃油喷射试验台的基础上开展了喷油特性实验,获取了共轨系统的基本喷油特性和共轨压力传感器的特性实验,分析得到了共轨压力、喷油脉宽与喷油量、回油量间的关系和共轨压力传感器输出特性,为自主开发高压共轨系统及其控制单元奠定了基础。     

高压油管对共轨系统性能影响的研究

归纳分析了高压共轨系统的数学模型,并选用FLOWMASTER建立了软件仿真模型.在发动机转速1 000 r/min、轨压110 MPa下,计算高压油管长度、直径、限流阀对系统性能的影响,并研究了小脉宽时的喷油特性.研究结果表明:系统内存在由喷油引起的压力波,高压油管长度为400 mm、直径3 mm时,系统阻力损失较小且响应迅速.流量限制阀有稳定管路压力波动的作用,小控制脉宽时平均喷油压力很低,控制脉宽为0.08 ms时,压力室压力小于3 MPa,不利于燃油雾化.     

燃油共轨压力对汽油机性能和排放影响的试验研究

以一款2. 0 L增压直喷双可变气门正时(VVT)汽油机为研究对象,在转速为3 000r/min、相对充气量为150%工况点进行发动机台架试验,研究不同的燃油共轨压力对发动机性能和排放的影响。试验结果表明,当共轨压力低于20 MPa,平均有效压力,即扭矩明显下降,燃油耗率明显上升;当共轨压力在25 MPa以下时,随着共轨压力的提高,氮氧化物(NOx)排放下降;当共轨压力在30 MPa以下时,随着共轨压力的提高,碳氢(HC)及颗粒物数量(PN)排放下降;当共轨压力从30 MPa提高至35 MPa时,HC、NOx及PN排放无明显变化。     

基于PLS的高压共轨柴油机NO_x排放和最高燃烧压力模型

利用偏最小二乘(PLS)回归方法建立了一台高压共轨增压中冷柴油机在1 600r/min时NOx排放和最高燃烧压力的预测模型,模型的物理意义明确。采用扭矩、轨压、喷油提前角、循环喷油量、燃油消耗率、过量空气系数及其二次项和交互项作为预测变量的模型,NOx回归模型标定样本交叉舍一预测偏差均方根值(Rh)和检验样本预测均方根值(Rt)分别达14.0×10-6和15.0×10-6,最高燃烧压力回归模型的Rh和Rt值分别为0.144MPa和0.173MPa,可以满足发动机NOx排放和最高燃烧压力标定要求,大幅降低标定工作量。该PLS回归变量选择和模型优化方法实用、可靠,可用于PLS回归模型的优选。     

不同海拔条件下喷油参数对柴油机性能的影响

通过内燃机高原环境模拟试验台,研究了不同海拔条件下高压共轨柴油机在最大转矩转速点(1500 r/min)全负荷(2300 N·m)和部分负荷(500 N·m)工况下喷油提前角、共轨压力及循环喷油量(全负荷)对柴油机燃烧特性与性能的影响规律.结果表明:全负荷工况下,随着喷油提前角增加,柴油机滞燃期增加,最高燃烧压力和最大压力升高率增大,增大趋势随海拔增加而降低,柴油机转矩在0 km和3 km海拔先增加后减小,在5 km海拔时逐步增加.随着共轨压力增加,柴油机燃烧相位提前,最高燃烧压力、最大压力升高率和转矩均增加,排温降低;部分负荷工况下,有效燃油消耗率随共轨压力增加而降低.随循环喷油量增加,转矩、排温和缸内压力均逐渐增大,最大压力升高率在3 km海拔范围内逐渐增加、在5 km海拔时逐渐减小.海拔每升高1 km,柴油机在全负荷工况下,最佳循环喷油量平均降低5.81%,最佳喷油提前角和共轨压力在全负荷和部分负荷工况下平均分别增加了1.2°,CA、0.8°,CA和4 MPa、3 MPa.     

船用大功率柴油机共轨管设计仿真与试验研究

现代柴油机高压共轨系统中共轨内压力的动态波动会直接影响燃油喷射系统的喷油规律,而共轨管是压力波动的重要因素。运用AVL公司的HYDSIM软件建立了高压共轨喷射系统模型,以稳定共轨管内的压力和满足系统启动为出发点,进行了共轨管的匹配设计,分析和计算了高压共轨管的容积、共轨管长度和内径,以及根据系统需求,对共轨管的外径进行了计算。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.