对置活塞二冲程柴油机扫气系统优化方法研究

分析了对置二冲程柴油机扫气系统参数对发动机工作过程特征参数的影响规律,分别提出了以扫气效率为优化目标和以平均指示压力(IMEP)为优化目标的优化函数。结合正交优化方法,优化计算并对比分析不同优化函数的优缺点。研究结果表明:IMEP可有效地兼顾扫气系统参数对扫气效率与发动机指示热效率的影响,更适合作为对置二冲程柴油机扫气系统优化目标。优化结果显示:扫气口宽度比为0.85,排气口宽度比为0.6,扫气口高度为22mm,排气口高度为29mm,扫气口倾角为10°时发动机IMEP达到最优值。     

高海拔二级增压系统与喷油系统匹配模拟

建立基于可变几何截面增压(VGT)二级可调增压柴油机高海拔工作过程仿真模型,并进行了验证.将反向传播(BP)神经网络与仿真模型相结合,完成柴油机高海拔、变工况下增压与喷油系统控制参数的匹配模拟计算.结果表明:与原机相比,优化后柴油机在5.5 km海拔下,低转速增压压力和进气流量平均提升24.2%和26.9%,最大转矩提高9.1%,低速转矩平均提高了38.9%,标定功率提升6.7%,低速燃油消耗率平均降低了3.7%,空燃比平均降低了9.7%.高海拔低转速下,柴油机动力性得到有效提升,中、高转速下,最高燃烧压力降低至限制值以下,达到了预期的优化目标.     

柴油机充气效率的预测模型

充气效率是评价内燃机换气过程完善程度的一个重要指标,它随发动机转速的变化关系称为充气特性。改善充气特性是提高柴油机动力性的一个重要措施。在预测充气效率或优化进气系统时,需要建立一个充气效率的预测模型。本文利用实测的进、排气压力波(也可以用计算的压力波),考虑气门边界与缸内的能量方程,建立了一     

基于排气VVT的直喷汽油发动机性能试验研究

在一台自然吸气直喷汽油发动机上进行运行工况内的进、排气可变气门正时(VVT)相位扫点试验,根据不同排气VVT相位下的发动机动力性和燃油经济性,结合进气流量、最高燃烧温度、指示热效率和泵气损失等因素,分析了发动机性能变化的原因。研究结果表明,外特性工况排气VVT推迟15°曲轴转角时,进气量增加,动力性提高;继续推迟排气VVT相位,泵气损失增加,动力性降低。在转速低于2 400r/min的中、高负荷区域,开启排气VVT使得指示热效率增大,泵气损失减少,发动机油耗降低;在排气VVT相位大于-15°曲轴转角、转速高于2 800r/min的中、高负荷区域,发动机经济性变差。     

EGR率和涡流比对HPD柴油机燃烧特性影响

应用AVL FIRE三维软件,建立了高功率密度柴油机模型,研究了不同涡流比和EGR率对放热率、缸内压力、温度、平均指示压力和燃油消耗率等动力性和经济性的影响规律。仿真结果显示:EGR率使压力和温度降低,燃烧速率变缓,油耗增加,而涡流比的使用可以改善EGR率引入后的不良影响,二者匹配为优化高功率密度柴油机的燃烧过程提供了方法,解决了高功率密度柴油机动力性和经济性问题。     

高原自适应柴油机涡轮增压技术研究

针对某柴油机面临的变海拔适应性问题,基于可变截面增压器,建立了柴油机变海拔自适应增压系统,利用高原柴油机性能模拟试验台,进行了0~4 000 m高原性能模拟对比试验,研究了高原环境下增压对换气过程及柴油机性能的影响。研究结果表明:通过采用可变截面增压技术,柴油机高海拔性能下降得以改善,并解决了柴油机在高海拔低速工况下不能工作、增压器喘振等问题,使柴油机在4 000 m海拔下最大扭矩点转速恢复到原机平原条件下的转速1 300 r/min,扭矩降幅小于5%。通过初步研究得出可变截面增压技术在柴油机高原恢复功率、降低热负荷方面具有一定的潜力。     

基于缸压的船用柴油机燃烧闭环控制策略研究

针对柴油机全寿命过程中动力性下降及各缸工作不均匀的问题,以MAN 6L16/24型船用柴油机为研究对象,模拟因各缸喷油器老化而引起柴油机动力性下降和各缸工作不均匀,对比分析开环、转速闭环和燃烧闭环等不同控制策略对改善柴油机动力性、工作均匀性的效果及动态控制性能,针对燃烧闭环控制转速滞后性较大的问题,提出转速-燃烧闭环协同控制策略,分析了该控制策略对轨压波动和进气流道阻塞干扰因素的鲁棒性。仿真结果表明协同控制策略可有效改善柴油机各缸工作不均匀和转速响应快速性。     

SOFIM柴油机气波增压研究

将SOFIM涡轮增压中冷柴油机改造成气波增压中冷柴油机。匹配气波增压器的柴油机需重新设计进、排气管，根据气波增压的要求，采用进气均匀性更好、总管容积更大的进气管及中央出口渐扩式排气管，采用变频电机优化增压器转子与曲轴间的传动速比，使得在整个发动机工况内均能实现较高的增压比。试验结果表明，气波增压柴油机的动力性和排放性能在低转速下优于原机，在中高转速下比原机差，通过设计容量更大的进、排气管及进一步优化速比可改善气波增压柴油机在高工况下的性能。     

改进柴油机进气系统的研究

本文在分析２８５型柴油机原进气系统的基础上，探讨了进气管形状、长度、柴油机转速和它们之间的组合对进气过程和柴油机性能的影响。改进后的进气系统可有效地利用进气动力效应、增加气缸充气量、改善燃烧过程及提高柴油机的动力性和经济性。     

柴油机增压与车室采暖加热复合系统仿真研究

本文给出了一种柴油机复合增压和供热的复合系统,通过控制阀门的开闭,在柴油机不同的运转工况时实现不同的增压方式;通过串联的喷油燃烧装置和旁通调节装置,调节排气温度。仿真研究结果表明,复合增压与采暖系统即可提高柴油机低转速大负荷时候的增压压力,又避免了柴油机高速工况时增压压力过高,使柴油机在全部转速范围内具有较好的燃油经济性和较好的换气性能;供热装置能够在柴油机运转范围内提供稳定的热源,并且降低了采暖所需的燃油消耗。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.