南盘江流域水文干旱对气象干旱的响应特征研究

选取南盘江流域3个站点40年(1970年-2009年)的逐月径流资料和20个站点同期逐月降水资料,计算标准化径流指数(SSFI)和不同时间尺度的标准化降水指数(SPI),从中选取水文干旱样本和同期的SPI进行统计分析,研究水文干旱对气象干旱的响应特征。结果表明:南盘江流域SSFI对SPI具有良好的响应关系;SSFI对SPI的响应关系随时间尺度的不同相关性不同;总体来看,流域内水文干旱对气象干旱的响应时间约为6个月。     

巴音河流域水文干旱对气象干旱的响应

通过巴音河流域1961—2019年逐月降水量和径流量数据计算标准化降水指数和标准化径流指数，进而对巴音河流域气象和水文干旱的演变以及突变进行分析，并探析流域水文干旱对气象干旱的响应。结果表明，1961—2019年巴音河流域气象干旱与水文干旱呈减缓态势，流域降水增多，有变湿趋势，气象干旱湿润化表现尤为显著。巴音河流域水文干旱对气象干旱的响应表现出时滞性，在1、3、6、12个月的时间尺度下，12个月的气象干旱指标与水文干旱指标相关性最强，水文干旱滞后于气象干旱1～2个月；水文干旱对气象干旱的季节性响应在春、夏、秋、冬分别滞后5、6、9、8个月，在春夏的滞后时间短于秋冬的滞后时间。     

长江上游水文干旱评估及其不确定性分析

在基于频率计算的水文干旱评估中,往往由于资料长度较短或不连续等原因,致使水文变量的参数估计存在抽样引起的不确定性。以长江干流宜昌站1882—2009年的日径流数据为对象,采用正态分布拟合中长时间尺度下各时段累积径流量,并以多种正态性检验方法检验拟合效果,计算了不同时间尺度的径流干旱指数SDI,采用Monte-Carlo随机模拟验证了干旱指数计算的抽样不确定性,分析了长江上游干旱演变特征和不确定性对干旱评估的影响。结果表明,根据干旱指标评估干旱量级时,考虑不确定性的影响,可为更加准确有效的抗旱决策提供理论支撑,以期规避可能造成的减灾能力不足或抗旱资源浪费。     

基于供水水源的干旱指数及在昆明干旱频率分析中应用

在分析昆明需水量主要供水水源的基础上,以土壤含水量和径流量分别表示作物蒸散和各用途取水的供水水源,参照综合气象干旱指数的构造方式,构建了基于标准化土壤含水量指数和标准化径流指数的综合水文干旱指数。采用阈值法识别基于综合水文干旱指数的干旱过程,通过区域旱情频次确定干旱发生阈值,并分别以干旱过程中指标值小于干旱发生阈值的时段数和时段内干旱发生阈值与指标值之差的累积和为干旱历时和干旱烈度。在采用适线法确定干旱历时、干旱烈度边缘分布的基础上,利用GH Copula函数构建了两者的联合分布,计算了昆明1956—2011年干旱事件的重现期。与昆明实际旱情及由标准化土壤含水量指数、标准化径流指数识别干旱过程比较,综合水文干旱指数适用于昆明干旱过程识别及其重现期计算,相比于气象干旱指标能更直接地反映区域旱情,而相比于土壤含水量或径流量单水文干旱指标能更全面地反映区域干旱的驱动因素。     

西南地区气象干旱向水文干旱传播的特征

为了解西南地区气象干旱向水文干旱传播的特征,采用西南地区1968—2017年101个气象站观测资料和8个水文站月径流资料,计算了标准化降雨蒸散发指数(SPEI)和标椎化径流指数(SRI),基于皮尔逊相关系数(PCC)确定了干旱响应时间并结合游程理论识别、融合和剔除干旱事件,构建了线性干旱传播模型并确定了西南地区部分流域气象干旱向水文干旱传播的触发阈值。结果表明：西南地区干旱响应时间为2～7月;水文干旱敏感度分布与气象干旱传播率分布较为一致;干旱烈度传播阈值较小的流域,水文干旱事件历时更长。     

极限水文干旱历时概率分析

本文用枚举法导出了独立同分布的随机变量序列的最大负游程长的概率分布函数，并将其用于相应序列的极限干旱历时（最大干旱持续时间）的概率分析，应用结果显示，本文介绍的独立同分布的随机变量序列的最大负游程长的概率分布函数，将其最大负游程长作为极限干旱历时，与相应结构的年径流序列在各种频率对应的流量截取后得到的水文干旱最大持续时间序列的经验频率拟合良好，因此可将这一概率分布函数称为极限干旱概率分布函数，将其     

赣江流域气象干旱与水文干旱特征及其概率关系

为探明赣江流域气象干旱与水文干旱之间的关系,基于赣江流域1960～2018年降水和径流量资料,分别计算标准化降水指数(SPI)和径流指数(SSI),基于游程理论识别气象干旱和水文干旱事件并分析干旱特征变化过程,同时利用Copula函数和条件概率分布分析干旱重现期以及气象干旱与水文干旱概率关系。结果表明:(1) 6个月时间尺度下SPI和SSI相关性最好,水文干旱对气象干旱无滞后,水文干旱严重于气象干旱,2000年以后水文干旱呈加重趋势;(2)相同单变量重现期下,气象干旱联合重现期大于水文干旱,同现重现期小于水文干旱;(3)随着气象干旱加重,不同等级的水文干旱发生概率增加,发生气象干旱情况下引发水文干旱的概率为0.892。研究结果可为赣江流域抗旱预警提供参考。     

基于Copula函数和不同时间尺度的人民胜利渠灌区干旱风险分析

灌区干旱事件频发严重制约农业的可持续绿色发展,为了定量分析人民胜利渠灌区的干旱风险,基于灌区1951—2017年逐月降水量与平均气温系列数据,构建不同时间尺度下标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI),利用游程理论识别不同时间尺度的干旱历时和干旱强度两个特征变量,并结合Copula函数建立联合概率分布函数,进而分析不同时间尺度的灌区干旱联合分布概率及其同现重现期。结果表明：不同时间尺度的最大干旱历时和干旱强度均不同,12个月尺度在干旱历时为31个月时干旱强度最大(24.4);1个月尺度、3个月尺度和6个月尺度的灌区干旱事件以短历时低强度的情况居多,而12个月尺度存在较少的长历时、高强度情况;不同时间尺度的干旱联合分布概率和同现重现期均不同,如6个月尺度在干旱历时大于5个月且干旱强度大于5时的联合分布概率为19.65%、联合分布概率的变化率为32.37%,干旱历时为5个月且干旱强度为5时的同现重现期为1.65 a。     

关中地区气象水文综合干旱指数及干旱时空特征

根据陕西关中地区22个气象站和3个水文站1961—2016年的气象水文资料,计算了不同时间尺度的标准化降水蒸散发指数(SPEI)与径流干旱指数(SDI),运用Gumbel Copula函数构建了气象水文综合干旱指数(MHDI),探讨了MHDI的适用性,并分析了气象水文综合干旱时空分布特征。结果表明:MHDI综合了SPEI与SDI的优点,可同时表征月尺度和年尺度的气象干旱与水文干旱;关中地区MHDI序列值有明显的下降趋势,干旱情况逐年加剧;MDHI序列存在变异,年尺度变异点集中于1986年和1990年;年尺度的序列值主周期多集中在20～22 a;泾河流域干旱发生频率最低,为19.11%,北洛河流域干旱发生频率最高,为47.97%,渭河流域干旱发生频率介于两者之间,为26.42%。     

黄河流域气象干旱与水文干旱时空特征及其传递关系EI北大核心CSCD

基于标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)和标准化径流指数(SRI),比较了黄河流域气象干旱和水文干旱的时空分布差异,分析了二者时间尺度上的关联性,并选取典型干旱事件进一步探讨了两种干旱类型的传递关系。结果表明:两种干旱类型空间上有相似的趋势和频次,但在黄河源区和黄河中南部(渭河流域)差异显著,其干旱历时均有随年代延长的趋势,水文干旱历时增长尤为明显;在时间尺度上,SPEI与SRI在大部分区域基本一致,但在黄河源区和渭河流域差异较大,尤其是短时间尺度上差异更显著;气象干旱与水文干旱并非一一对应,多场短历时间断气象干旱受时滞效应、异常气象波动等影响,可能引发一场长历时连续水文干旱或多场短历时间断水文干旱,一场长历时连续气象干旱强度衰减可能引发多场短历时间断水文干旱。     

Streamflow and Hydrological Drought Trend Analysis and Forecasting in Cyprus

The persistent water shortage in Cyprus has been alleviated by importing freshwater from neighbouring countries, and severe droughts have been met with financial reimbursement from the EU at least twice. The goal of this research is to investigate and perform short-term forecasting of both streamflow and hydrological drought trends over the island. Eleven hydrometric stations with a 34-year common record length of the mean daily discharge from 10/1979 to 09/2013 are used for this purpose, with the relevant upstream catchments considered to represent pristine conditions. The Streamflow Drought Index (SDI) successfully captures the hydrological drought conditions over the island, and the performance of the index is validated based on both the historic drought archives and results from other drought indices for the island. The Mann–Kendall (M-K) test reveals that the annual and seasonal time series of the discharge volumes always illustrate a decreasing but insignificant trend at a significance level of a?=?0.05; additionally, the decrease per decade in the average annual streamflow volume based on Sen’s slope statistic is approximately ?9.4%. The M-K test on the SDI reveals that drought conditions intensified with time. Ten autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models are built and used to forecast the mean monthly streamflow values with moderate accuracy; the best ARIMA forecast model in each catchment is derived by comparing two model-performance statistical measures for the different (p,d,q) model parameters. The predicted discharge values are processed by the SDI-3 index, revealing that non-drought conditions are expected in most catchments in the upcoming three months, although mild-drought conditions are anticipated for catchments 7, 8 and 9.     

The Development of a Nonstationary Standardised Streamflow Index Using Climate and Reservoir Indices as Covariates

Under current global change, the driving force of evolution of drought has gradually transitioned from a single natural factor to a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors. Therefore, widely used standardised drought indices based on assumption of stationarity are challenged and may not accurately assess characteristics of drought processes. In this study, a nonstationary standardised streamflow index (NSSI) that incorporates climate and reservoir indices as external covariates was developed to access nonstationary hydrological drought. The first step of the proposed approach is to apply methods of trend and change point analysis to assess the nonstationarity of streamflow series to determine type of streamflow regime, that is, the natural and altered regime. Then, different nonstationary models were constructed to calculate the NSSI by selecting climate indices as covariates for streamflow series with natural regime, and climate and reservoir indices as covariate for streamflow series with altered regime. Four stations in the upper reaches of the Huaihe River basin, China, were selected to examine the performance of the proposed NSSI. The results indicated that Dapoling (DPL), Changtaiguan (CTG), and Xixian (XX) stations had natural streamflow regimes, while the Nanwan (NW) station had an altered regime. The global deviances of the optimal nonstationary models were 17 (2.2%), 18 (2.9%), 26 (4.0%), and 22 (3.5%) less than those of stationary models for DPL, CTG, NW, and XX stations, respectively. Especially, for the NW station influenced by reservoir regulations, the frequency of slight drought and moderate drought of NSSI was 12.8% lower than and 13.1% greater than those of SSI, respectively. Overall, the NSSI that incorporates the influence of climate variability and reservoir regulations provided more reliable assessment of hydrological drought than the traditional SSI.

     

Temporal Hydrologic Alterations Coupled with Climate Variability and Drought for Transboundary River Basins

Climate change (CC) and drought episode impacts linked with anthropogenic pressure have become an increasing concern for policy makers and water resources managers. The current research presents a comprehensive methodology but simple approach for predicting the annual streamflow alteration based on drought indices and hydrological alteration indicators. This has been achieved depending on the evaluation of drought severity and CC impacts during the human intervention periods to separate the influence of climatic abnormality and measure the hydrologic deviations as a result of streamflow regulation configurations. As a representative case study, the Lesser Zab River Basin in northern Iraq has been chosen. In order to analyse the natural flow regime, 34 hydrological years of streamflow (1931–1965) prior to the main dam construction were assessed. The Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration (IHA) method has been applied to quantify the hydrological alterations of various flow characteristics. In addition, an easy approach for hydrological drought prediction in relatively small basins grounded on meteorological parameters during the early months of the hydrological year has been presented. The prediction was accomplished by implementing the one-dimensional drought examination and the reconnaissance drought index (RDI) for evaluating the severity of meteorological drought. The proposed methodology is founded on linear regression relations connecting the RDI of 3, 6, and 12 months and the streamflow drought index (SDI). The results are critical for circumstances where an early exploration of meteorological drought is obtainable. Outcomes assist water resources managers, engineers, policy makers and decision-makers responsible for mitigating the effects of CC.     

Assessment of Probabilistic Multi-Index Drought Using a Dynamic Naive Bayesian Classifier

The proper consideration of all plausible feature spaces of the hydrological cycle and inherent uncertainty in preceding developed drought indices is inevitable for comprehensive drought assessment. Therefore, this study employed the Dynamic Naive Bayesian Classifier (DNBC) for multi-index probabilistic drought assessment by integrating various drought indices (i.e., Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Streamflow Drought Index (SDI), and Normalized Vegetation Supply Water Index (NVSWI)) as indicators of different feature spaces (i.e., meteorological, hydrological, and agricultural) contributing to drought occurrence. The overall results showed that the proposed model was able to account for various physical forms of drought in probabilistic drought assessment, to accurately detect a drought event better than (or occasionally equal to) any single drought index, to provide useful information for assessing potential drought risk, and to precisely capture drought persistence in terms of drought state transition probability in drought monitoring. This easily produced an alternative method for comprehensive drought assessment with combined use of different drought indices.     

Assessment of Hydrological Drought Revisited

A variety of indices for characterising hydrological drought have been devised which, in general, are data demanding and computationally intensive. On the contrary, for meteorological droughts very simple and effective indices such as the Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) have been used. A methodology for characterising the severity of hydrological droughts is proposed which uses an index analogous to SPI, the Streamflow Drought Index (SDI). Cumulative streamflow is used for overlapping periods of 3, 6, 9 and 12 months within each hydrological year. Drought states are defined which form a non-stationary Markov chain. Prediction of hydrological drought based on precipitation is also investigated. The methodology is validated using reliable data from the Evinos river basin (Greece). It can be easily applied within a Drought Watch System in river basins with significant storage works and can cope with the lack of streamflow data.     

潮白河生态流量估算及恢复保障措施

针对潮白河水资源过度开发导致的生态与环境问题,从生态流量的视角进行分析,以潮白河控制性水文站———戴营、下堡站47年(1956年-2002年)的实测日径流资料为基础,利用水文指标法(IHA)及范围变化法(RVA)计算潮白河流量均值、极值及其发生时间、频率、历时和变动率等5组33个指标,对比分析人类活动影响较小的参照期(1956年-1974年)与人类活动影响强烈的影响期(1975年-2003年)的系列水文指标的变化,分析影响期内潮白河流量与目标范围的差距,明确生态流量的恢复目标,提出了实现恢复目标的保障措施。     

Hydrological Drought Assessment in Northwestern Iran Based on Streamflow Drought Index (SDI)

Drought is a natural and worldwide phenomenon that occurs when water availability is significantly below normal levels during a significant period of time and cannot meet demand. This work focused on the hydrologic drought defined by the streamflow drought index (SDI) for overlapping periods of 3, 6, 9 and 12 months at 14 hydrometric stations in the northwest of Iran over the period 1975–2009. It was found that some of the streamflow volume series did not follow the normal distribution. The ability of the log-normal, exponential and uniform probability distributions was examined in order to choose the most suitable distribution, and the log-normal distribution was used to fit the long-term streamflow data. The results of the hydrological drought analysis based on the SDI showed that almost all the stations suffered from extreme droughts during the study period. Additionally, extreme droughts occurred most frequently in the last 12 years from 1997–1998 to 2008–2009.     

At-Site Flood Frequency Analysis Coupled with Multiparameter Probability Distributions

The proper design of hydraulic structures as well as river basin management are directly dependent on adequate estimates of maximum streamflow, preferably obtained from long historical series. However, the scarce hydrological monitoring, recurrent in developing countries and the need for estimates associated with high return periods (RPs) have led to the use of estimation methods based statistical procedures, such as at-site flood frequency analysis. This study presents a framework for at-site flood frequency analysis coupled with multiparameter probability distribution functions (PDFs) (GEV, LN3, PE3, GLO, GPA, KAP and WAK), in which all the statistical procedures are derived from L-moments, in order to investigate the applicability of these PDFs in comparison to those of 2-parameters (EV1, LN2 and Gamma). The modeling framework was evaluated considering 106 maximum annual streamflow (MAS) series for the Rio Grande do Sul State - Brazil. PDFs’ goodness-of-fit was studied in accordance with the Anderson-Darling test. It can be concluded that: i) the multiparameter distributions, especially KAP and WAK, had performance superior to the traditional 2-parameter distributions, providing a greater number of historical series better adjusted by such multiparameter PDFs; ii) shorter series were usually better represented by GEV when compared to the other PDFs, which is an important characteristic when long historical series are not frequently available; and iii) the quantile estimates derived from multiparameter PDFs presented lower Relative Absolute Error, thus emphasizing the importance of using such PDFs in water resources management and engineering projects.     

水文频率分析中参数估计最大熵法的梅林变换推导

针对水文频率分析中最大熵法估计概率分布参数求解问题,探讨了用最大信息熵原理推导概率分布参数估计最大熵法的数学特性,分析了该方法与梅林变换之间的关系。从梅林变换出发,对各种水文频率分布参数估计的最大熵法进行了推导,说明了推导的具体步骤。用梅林变换推导最大熵法的过程更为简单、易懂。