N2气氛下温度和压力对煤热解的影响

研究煤热解的反应特性有助于提高煤热解的转化率和焦油收率并且能够改善焦油的品质。本文在固定床反应器上研究了N₂气氛中,不同压力和温度下的唐山烟煤热解反应,考察了温度和压力对热解失重率、热解气体组成及液相产物产率的影响规律。结果表明当热解压力由1MPa增加至3MPa时,唐山烟煤的失重率和焦油产率均先增加后降低,在2MPa时达到最大值。当温度低于600℃时,压力不影响CH₄、H₂和CO的收率,当温度超过600℃时,CH₄、H₂和CO的收率随热解压力的升高而降低。随着热解温度的升高,煤热解的失重率、水的产率以及CH₄、H₂的收率不断增大,焦油的收率和CO的收率先增大后降低,在2MPa下600℃时焦油的收率达最大值为9.23%。     

N2/CO2气氛下木屑生物质热解特性的实验研究

本研究利用固定床管式炉开展了不同N2/CO₂比例气氛下的木屑生物质热解实验,考察了CO₂浓度、载气流速和停留时间对热解油和焦炭产率的影响。结果表明：热解油和焦炭的产率随反应温度和停留时间的增加而降低,热解油产率随反应气氛中CO₂浓度的升高而增加。在N₂和CO₂气氛下,载气流速升高均使热解油产率下降,而焦炭产率则在15%左右保持不变。添加HZSM-5和ZIF-67两种催化剂,发现ZIF-67在CO₂气氛下的热解油产率可以达到72.3%,相比其在N₂气氛下的热解油产率提升了近1.5倍;而HZSM-5由于其微孔孔道对生物质大分子传质的限制,产生最多焦炭(24.1%)。     

淖毛湖煤加氢热解产物特性及半焦气化反应性

在加压固定床反应器中进行淖毛湖煤在常压和1.5 MPa氢气和氮气中的热解试验,利用多种表征方法对比研究了氢气和氮气下的热解产物产率和组成及半焦结构的变化,并利用热重分析研究热解半焦的CO₂气化反应性。结果表明：与常压N₂中热解相比,煤在加压的H₂中热解可有效提高热解气体中CH₄和C₂～C₃的产率,在800℃热解CH₄和C₂～C₃的体积产率分别由53.5和16.6 mL/g增至345.6和20.8 mL/g。焦油和轻质焦油产率也有效提升,在600℃下,与常压N₂中热解相比,1.5 MPa H₂中煤热解的焦油产率由19.3%升至22.8%,焦油中脂肪烃含量由35.5%降至14.8%,单环芳烃含量由8.3%增至28.9%,轻质焦油质量分数和产率分别升至95.0%和21.8%。半焦的N₂吸附和拉曼光谱分析结果表明,煤在加压H_...     

枣庄褐煤催化热解特性研究

在格金反应器上对一种枣庄褐煤添加镍基催化剂(Ni(NO₃)₂·6H₂O)进行催化热解,并对其添加催化剂前后热解产物焦油、半焦和气体等通过全二维气相色谱质谱联用仪(GC×GC-MS)、热重分析仪(TGA)、拉曼光谱仪和气相色谱仪(GC)等进行表征分析。催化热解产物分析结果表明,相较于原煤,添加镍基催化剂后半焦收率降低,焦油收率提高,其中半焦收率由82.72%降低到81.51%,焦油收率由8.21%增加到10.06%。焦油馏分分析结果表明,添加镍基催化剂后焦油品质提高,其中沥青含量由18.29%降低到13.88%,蒽油含量由9.39%增加到12.87%。拉曼光谱分析结果表明,添加镍基催化剂后半焦中3～5个芳环的芳香烃结构含量增加,六元以上芳香烃结构含量降低。综上分析结果推测出镍基催化剂在煤热解过程中促使煤大分子结构上连接稠环芳香结构(3～5个芳环)的脂肪桥键断裂,断键后的稠环芳香结构被CH₃·或H·稳定下来生成焦油或半焦。     

热解气氛对稻秆半焦组成及气化活性的影响

通过热解装置和热重仪分别研究了不同气氛（N₂、H₂和CO₂）对稻秆热解产物及半焦气化活性的影响。三种气氛中热解半焦产率为CO₂>N₂>H₂,焦油和气体产率为CO₂22;半焦中氧元素含量大小为CO₂>N₂>H₂,说明氢气中热解稻杆的脱氧效果最好;半焦中有机质相对百分含量随热解温度的升高而减小,并且CO₂>N₂>H₂,挥发分占总有机质的百分含量变化趋势与半焦中相反;K和Na析出率为CO₂22;半焦比表面积、孔容和孔径大小顺序为CO₂22;三种...     

助剂对顺酐加氢制备γ-丁内酯催化剂页硅酸镍性能的影响

采用蒸氨法制备含Mo、Ce、Zn助剂的页硅酸镍催化剂,考察助剂对催化剂催化顺酐加氢制备γ-丁内酯的影响。结合N₂吸附-脱附、XRD、H₂-TPR、NH₃-TPD、TEM 、XPS等表征和活性评价对催化剂的织构性质及其催化性能进行研究。结果表明,不同性质的助剂对催化剂结构及其催化性能具有显著影响。助剂Mo的掺杂,提高催化剂中镍物种的还原,增加催化剂表面金属Ni⁰的数目,在金属和酸性位协同催化下,促进催化剂催化顺酐C≡O基加氢的能力,在反应温度160 ℃、氢气压力5 MPa、反应时间180 min条件下,γ-丁内酯产率可达21.3%,是未掺杂催化剂催化活性的1.5倍。助剂Zn和Ce的加入,降低催化剂酸性,进而降低其催化活性。     

木屑与煤慢速共热解产物特性研究

采用TG-FTIR联用的分析方法对木屑与煤共热解产物进行分析,结果发现,木屑与煤共热解产物不是两者单独热解的简单叠加,而是木屑与煤协同反应相互促进或抑制的结果。煤化程度越高木屑与煤共热解过程中CO和CH₄的产率越多,CO₂的产率越少,液体和固体产物越多。木屑与煤掺混比例对于共热解产物的影响规律性不是非常明显,对于CO和CH₄,掺混比例5:5时产率最低;CO₂在共热解温度<500 ℃时,掺混比例5:5时产率最高,而在共热解温度>500 ℃时,随着煤的掺混比例的增加产率逐渐减小。木屑与褐煤的共热解固体产率随着掺混比例的增加逐渐增大,木屑与无烟煤的共热解固体产率正好相反。     

热解温度和反应气氛对输送床煤快速热解的影响

在连续进料量为1.2 kg·h^-1的输送床反应器中考察了热解温度和反应气氛对不连沟次烟煤快速热解的影响。N₂气氛下,随着煤热解温度升高,焦油产率先增加后减小,600℃时达到最大值10.3%;对应的半焦产率下降,气体产率以及气油比增加。高温促进了煤挥发分的释放以及挥发分在气相中的二次反应,部分产物从固相和液相产品转化为气相产品,氢气、甲烷和乙烯等气体组分的产率明显增加。700℃下,H₂气氛能够抑制挥发分二次反应的发生,起到稳定自由基和加氢的作用,显著提高焦油产率和油品品质,同时有利于甲烷的生成。CO气氛在一定程度上同时提高了轻质和重质焦油产率。CO₂和水蒸气能够促进焦油的二次反应,特别是重质焦油的裂解,具有一定的提质作用,但会导致焦油产率下降。CH₄气氛促进了重质焦油组分的生成,使得热解焦油产率提高。     

助剂对镍基生物质焦油重整催化剂性能影响的研究进展

分别以碱及碱土金属、过渡金属以及稀土金属3种常见助剂类型,探讨了不同助剂对镍基催化剂催化生物质裂解及气化重整制氢催化活性、催化剂物化特性及催化剂失活特性的影响。添加碱金属组分后,生物质热解反应速率会大幅上升,生物质焦的水蒸气气化反应得到促进,并且达到最大热解速率所需的温度也有所降低,热解产物趋向于小分子量产物;过渡金属对生物质气化过程中生成焦油的催化裂解重整具有较好的催化活性;稀土元素对甲醇水蒸气重整等催化反应有着重要的作用,镍基催化剂中加入Ce和Pr能提高甲醇转化率、改善产气组分、提高H₂的选择性。结合国内外的研究情况发现钴、镧等金属助剂有利于提升镍基催化剂重整制氢活性,催化剂积炭及表面活性颗粒的聚集是造成催化剂失活的主要原因。     

南台子煤催化加氢热解产物分布的初步研究

以新疆伊犁南台子煤为考察对象,在常压固定床反应器上和温度500℃～700℃范围内,系统研究了以氧化铁为主催化剂和硫为助剂时,催化加氢热解过程中产物的分布.结果表明,氧化铁的加入最高可使焦油产率增加约2％,半焦产率下降约4％,水产率增加约4％,气产率略有降低.助剂硫的加入有利于与铁生成Fe1-xS,从而有利于煤的催化加氢热解.     

甲烷活化与煤热解耦合过程提高焦油产率研究进展

热解是实现煤清洁高效利用的重要途径之一。针对传统煤热解焦油收率低的现状，从煤热解反应机理出发，围绕甲烷催化/等离子体活化与煤热解过程耦合提高焦油收率的研究工作进行综述，重点介绍了甲烷部分氧化、甲烷二氧化碳重整、甲烷芳构化、甲烷水蒸气重整及甲烷等离子体活化与煤热解耦合过程特点以及对焦油产率的影响。结果显示，相对氮气和氢气气氛下热解，耦合过程焦油产率显著提高，并具有煤种普适性。同时借助同位素示踪技术对耦合过程焦油产率提高机理进行分析。结果表明，甲烷经催化/等离子体活化后产生的活性物质通过与煤热解形成的自由基结合，参与了焦油的形成，是焦油产率显著提高的根本原因。耦合反应器的设计和甲烷活化催化剂的开发是今后该过程工业应用的关键。     

二维AuP2材料电催化固氮性能的理论研究

通过电化学反应将氮气（N₂）和水（H₂O）在常温常压的条件下转化为氨气（NH₃）是一种绿色环保的合成氨方法。但由于N₂具有非常高的化学惰性,必须借助电催化剂来加速反应的动力学过程。通过密度泛函理论计算揭示出新型二维无机材料AuP₂对N₂电化学还原制NH₃具有很好的催化活性。在二维AuP₂材料中,Au与P之间由于电负性差异发生显著的电荷转移,使带有正电荷的P可作为活性位点促进氮还原。计算表明整个反应的速控步是N₂生成^*NNH的过程,限制电压为1.2 V,催化活性可以跟部分金属催化剂相媲美。为设计高效氮还原电催化剂提供了新的思路。     

负载型杂多酸脱除焦化蜡油中碱性氮化物

以硅胶为载体,利用等体积浸渍法负载杂多酸制备3种不同负载型杂多酸吸附剂,采用傅里叶红外光谱和氮气吸附-脱附法对吸附剂负载状态进行了表征。将制备的负载型吸附剂用于焦化蜡油中碱性氮化物的脱除,考察了负载量、反应时间、反应温度和剂油质量比对焦化蜡油脱氮率的影响。结果表明,磷钨酸负载质量分数为40%、反应温度为50℃、反应时间为50min、剂油质量比为1:4的条件下,负载型杂多酸吸附剂能有效脱除焦化蜡油中的碱性氮化物,脱氮率达到89.07%,脱氮油收率达95.54%.     

流化床煤燃烧过程不同气氛下的气态氮释放特征

利用微型流化床反应装置,结合快速过程质谱仪,在850~940℃操作温度下,研究了三种不同粒度分布烟煤和无烟煤在热解、气化和燃烧反应条件下四种主要气态氮产物HCN、NH₃、NO和NO₂的释放规律。结果表明,微型流化床可以实时检测挥发分氮和焦炭氮的动态释放序和类型,热解、气化和燃烧反应气氛的改变主要影响HCN和NH₃的释放量。热解产物的气态氮主要是来自于挥发分,燃烧反应的HCN和NH₃的释放量与温度有明显关系,而气化反应的各类气态氮释放量随温度变化波动不大。煤颗粒尺寸和温度变化对烟煤和无烟煤中各类气态氮释放量产生影响比较复杂,其中NH₃的释放特性是区分挥发分N释放和半焦N释放的重要特征。     

Nitrogen release during high temperature pyrolysis of coals and catalytic role of calcium in N2 formation

Pyrolysis of 10 coals with carbon contents of less than 80 wt%(daf) has been studied with a fixed bed quartz reactor to examine mainly nitrogen release from char-N without volatile matters. When temperature is raised from 1000 to 1350 °C, N₂ yield increases but char-N decreases for all the coals used. There is a strong reverse correlation between N₂ and char-N, which points out that most of N₂ arises from char-N via solid phase reactions. NH₃ is also formed from char-N at high temperatures of ≥1000 °C. In the pyrolysis of low rank coals, demineralization by HCl washing increases yields of tar-N, HCN and char-N, but decreases NH₃ and N₂. The addition of 3 wt% Ca to the demineralized coals shows almost the reverse effect. The XRD measurements after pyrolysis at 1000–1350 °C reveal that the Ca exists predominantly as CaO with the average crystallite size of 25–65 nm and promotes carbon crystallization. As the extent of crystallized carbon increases, N₂ yield increases remarkably. It is likely that the highly dispersed CaO catalyzes efficiently conversion reactions of char-N to N₂ in the process of carbon crystallization. The reaction mechanism is discussed in term of interactions between CaO particles and char-N.     

Active sites of Cu-ZSM-5 for the decomposition of acrylonitrile

The catalytic decomposition of acrylonitrile (AN) over Cu-ZSM-5 prepared with various Cu loadings was investigated. AN conversion, during which the nitrogen atoms in AN were mainly converted to N₂, increased as Cu loading increased. N₂ selectivities as high as 90–95% were attained. X-ray diffraction measurements (XRD) and temperature-programmed reduction by H₂ (H₂-TPR) showed the existence of bulk CuO in Cu-ZSM-5 with a Cu loading of 6.4 wt% and the existence of highly dispersed CuO in Cu-ZSM-5 with a Cu loading of 3.3 wt%. Electron spin resonance measurements revealed that Cu-ZSM-5 contains three forms of isolated Cu²⁺ ions (square-planar, square-pyramidal, and distorted square-pyramidal). The H₂-TPR results suggested that in Cu-ZSM-5 with a Cu loading of 2.9 wt% and below, Cu⁺ existed even after oxidizing pretreatment. The activity of AN decomposition over Cu/SiO₂ suggested that CuO could form N₂, but, independent of the CuO dispersion, nitrogen oxides (NO_x) were formed above 350 °C. Cu⁺ and the square-pyramidal and distorted square-pyramidal forms of Cu²⁺ showed low activity for AN decomposition. Temperature-programmed desorption of NH₃ suggested that N₂ formation from NH₃ proceeded on Cu²⁺, resulting in the formation of Cu⁺. The Cu⁺ ions were oxidized to Cu²⁺ at around 300 °C. Thus, high N₂ selectivity over Cu-ZSM-5 with a wide range of temperature was probably attained by the reaction over the square-planar Cu²⁺, which can be reversibly reduced and oxidized.     

Ir-based additives for NO reduction and CO oxidation in the FCC regenerator: Evaluation, characterization and mechanistic studies

Ir-based additives, developed to reduce NO and CO emitted during the regeneration of spent fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts were characterized to correlate physicochemical properties with catalytic performance. Support, metal loading and the state of the metal significantly affected the catalytic performance. Increasing the Ir loading or using a Ce-promoted γ-alumina (CPBase) support results in the formation of larger Ir particles. Local reduction of iridium oxide surface in such particles leads to coexisting Ir and Ir₂O phases being very beneficial for the catalytic activity.

NO reduction and CO oxidation take place thermally at 700 °C. Increasing the O₂ concentration in the feed favors CO oxidation at the expense of NO reduction. With 500ppmIr/CPBase and 1000ppmIr/CPBase additives, complete NO reduction and CO oxidation is achieved in the presence of 40% excess oxygen. Higher oxygen excess, however, reduces or eliminates the NOx reduction activity of these materials. IR studies suggest that NO reduction by CO proceeds on Ir/alumina additives via the dissociative adsorption of NO, the formation of NCO species on Ir and their migration to the alumina support, where N₂ and CO₂ are formed. IR spectroscopy indicates that Ce modifies the Ir surface enhancing the CO oxidation and enabling NO reduction via the NO₂ formation.     

The importance of Fe loading on the N2O reduction with NH3 over Fe-MFI: Effect of acid site formation on Fe species

Effect of the loading amount of Fe over ion-exchanged Fe-MFI catalysts on the catalytic performance of N₂O reduction with NH₃ was investigated, and the results indicated that the turnover frequency (TOF) was almost constant in the Fe/Al range between 0.05 and 0.40. The activity of N₂O + NH₃ reaction was much lower than that of N₂O + CH₄ reaction over Fe-MFI (Fe/Al = 0.40), and the preadsorption of NH₃ decreased drastically the activity of N₂O + CH₄ reaction. The temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of NH₃ showed the formation of stronger acid sites on Fe-MFI (Fe/Al = 0.24 and 0.40), and the amount of the acid sites agrees well with the desorption amount O₂ in O₂-TPD in the low temperature range. The acid sites gave a 3610 cm⁻¹ peak (Brønsted acid) in FTIR observation. These results suggest that the acid sites were formed on the bridge oxide ions in binuclear Fe species. Adsorbed NH₃ on the strong acid sites inhibited N₂O dissociation, which can be related to the low activity of N₂O + NH₃ reaction over Fe-MFI with high Fe loading.