气化炉水冷壁衬里传热数值模拟研究

水冷壁衬里是气化炉安全稳定运行的关键部件.以高温高压气流床气化炉内水冷壁耐火衬里为研究对象,采用数值模拟方法对水冷壁衬里附近的流动与传热进行研究,分析了渣层厚度对壁面导热系数、热通量、各层材料表面的影响.结果表明,气化炉原始开车工况下,壁面平均传热系数高达241W/(m2·K),渣钉表面温度约为1517K,此时渣钉容易...     

水冷壁气化炉紧急停车渣层热应力分析

基于实验室小型水冷壁气流床气化炉,研究了两种油渣浆气化后在炉内壁形成渣层的内部结构及组成。建立了气化炉水冷壁的三维传热和应力模型,对气化炉紧急停车时炉壁的热应力变化及其分布进行了模拟计算。计算结果表明：渣层中越靠近渣层表面,热应力的变化越大;靠近水冷管和渣钉处的渣层热应力变化相对较小;渣层表面温度变化相同时,孔隙率大的渣层产生的形变较大。     

GSP气化炉水冷壁挂渣影响因素探究

水冷壁结构形式的GSP气化炉采用"以渣抗渣"的原理,在水冷壁内侧附着1层均匀分布的熔渣层,以抵御高温熔渣对水冷壁的腐蚀。气化炉内结渣是一个相当复杂的过程,不仅与煤种特性以及熔渣本身的沉积特性有关,还与炉内粉煤气化燃烧过程有着密切关系。GSP气化炉内的耐火材料很容易受到熔渣的侵蚀,极易损坏。主要讨论了煤质、气化炉操作温度、氧煤比的控制等对GSP气化炉内水冷壁挂渣的影响因素。     

水冷壁气化炉变工况温度及热应力分析

在实验室小型水冷壁气化炉上进行变工况气化试验,建立气化炉水冷壁的二维传热和应力模型,对气化炉变工况时水冷壁及渣层中的温度及应力变化进行了模拟计算。模拟结果表明：水冷壁及渣层中的周向应力及径向应力均随温度的升高而增大,而周向应力在数值上相对较大。在渣层 碳化硅层接触面上,随指定点与水冷管及渣钉的距离逐渐增大,等效应力迅速增大后趋于稳定;不同材料中的等效应力差异显著。     

气流床气化炉水冷壁结渣特性的实验研究

搭建了小型气流床水冷壁气化炉实验平台，进行水冷壁结渣实验，验证了“以渣抗渣”的思想，为气化炉水冷壁衬里的工业应用提供理论依据．研究了炉内火焰温度、壁温、循环水量等因素对渣的分布及形态的影响，以及渣层对水冷壁的保护作用．结果表明，熔渣对炉壁保护作用明显；循环水影响着水冷壁的正常运行；炉内温度及壁温是影响渣形态和渣分布的主要因素．     

水冷壁水煤浆气化炉的工艺特点及运行情况

介绍了水冷壁水煤浆气化炉的工艺特点和技术优势,并用实际的生产运行情况和工艺数据验证了水冷壁水煤浆气化炉的先进性、实用性和稳定性。     

壳牌气化炉合成气冷却器水冷壁和蒸发器优化

对壳牌气化炉合成气冷却器部件的更换工艺进行了优化,缩短了作业时间。     

干煤粉气流床气化炉反应室水冷壁温度场分析

采用三维有限元稳态温度场分析方法,对干煤粉气流床气化炉反应室水冷壁温度进行分析,重点考察了销钉长度、销钉直径、销钉间距、耐火材料厚度、耐火材料热传导系数、水冷壁管内换热系数对温度的影响,为气化炉反应室水冷壁结构设计提供参考.     

气化炉水冷壁金属极限高温安全性分析

通过对气化炉水冷壁传热的数值模拟,研究极限高温条件下水冷壁的传热过程及温度分布特性,对水冷壁的高温安全性进行分析;结果表明,在极限高温工况下,渣钉根部是管壁超温的危险部位,即使采用增大工质流速或管内强化换热等措施,也很难避免局部超温。     

水冷壁粉煤气化炉多煤种试烧总结

简述了日处理煤30t的单喷嘴水冷壁粉煤气化中试装置试烧北宿煤、鲍店煤、田坝煤和南屯煤的过程。通过试烧,确定了各煤种的气化炉操作温度、氧煤比及挂渣情况,对试烧过程中出现的主要技术问题和解决方法进行了分析总结,并对中试装置在硬件上的不足进行了改造。     

The study of the effect of gas-phase fluctuation on slag flow and refractory brick corrosion in the slag tapping hole of an entrained-flow gasifier

The service life of refractory brick in the slag tapping hole of the entrained flow gasifier was significantly lower than that in other locations. It was critically important to study the corrosion mechanism of refractory brick in the slag tapping hole for guiding industrial production. Considering the complex flow field in the slag tapping hole, the influence of gas velocity and temperature fluctuation on the service life of refractory brick was investigated in this study. The results showed th...     

Shell粉煤气化炉渣口区熔渣流动与传热模型

国内Shell粉煤气化炉在长周期运行中曾多次出现大块熔渣堵塞渣池出口的现象,严重制约着工业化装置的安全、经济、稳定运行。为了探讨大块熔渣形成的原因,以Shell粉煤气化炉为研究对象,建立了其渣口区熔渣流动与传热模型。该模型可以预测固态渣层厚度、液态渣层厚度和渣层表面温度等。结果表明:气化炉运行时,由于熔渣的沉积,在渣裙表面将形成一定厚度的固态渣层。开车初期,熔渣全部被冷凝成固态渣,当渣层表面温度超过渣的临界温度,液态渣层开始出现,此后随着时间的增加,固态和液态渣层都继续增厚直至达到稳定状态。离气化炉渣口处越远,渣层厚度和表面温度就越大。气化炉渣口温度和沉积率越低,固态渣层厚度就越大,所需要的特征时间也越长。     

A numerical study on heat transfer enhancement and design of a heat exchanger with porous media in continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis system

The aim of this study is to use a new configuration of porous media in a heat exchanger in continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis (CHFS) system to enhance the heat transfer and minimize the required length of the heat exchanger.For this purpose,numerous numerical simulations are performed to investigate performance of the system with porons media.First,the numerical simulation for the heat exchanger in CHFS system is validated by experimental data.Then,porous media is added to the system and six different thicknesses for the porous media are examined to obtain the optimum thickness,based on the minimum required length of the heat exchanger.Finally,by changing the flow rate and inlet temperature of the product as well as the cooling water flow rate,the minimum required length of the heat exchanger with porous media for various inlet conditions is assessed.The investigations indicate that using porous media with the proper thickness in the heat exchanger increases the cooling rate of the product by almost 40％and reduces the required length of the heat exchanger by approximately 35％.The results also illustrate that the most proper thickness of the porous media is approximately equal to 90％ of the product tube's thickness.Results of this study lead to design a porous heat exchanger in CHFS system for various inlet conditions.     

Numerical analysis of interphase heat and mass transfer of cluster in a circulating fluidized bed

Interphase heat and mass transfer characteristics of a naphthalene particle cluster in a circulating fluidized riser are numerically analyzed using a three-dimensional CFD model. Heat and mass transfer characteristics of gas over an in-line array of three naphthalene particles and an isolated naphthalene particle are analyzed. Distributions of gas concentration, temperature and velocity are obtained. The heat and mass transfer rates of gas-to-cluster increase with the increase of the cluster porosity and Reynolds number. Present simulations indicate that the small cluster gives higher heat and mass transfer coefficients than those of the large cluster. The heat and mass transfer rates of individual particles in the cluster are lower than that of an isolated particle and particles in an in-line array under a given cluster porosity.     

Numerical modeling for non-steady thermal stress analysis of slag layer in a membrane wall entrained-flow gasifier

Membrane wall entrained-flow gasifier (MWEFG) generally has a long service life for the protection of the solid slag layer adhered to the metal wall during operation. However, cracking will generate in the slag layer when the temperature changes greatly in the gasifier, which results from the thermal stress exceeding the strength of slag deposit. In this study, the gasification experiment was performed in a bench-scale MWEFG and a three-dimensional model was developed for non-steady thermal stress analysis of slag layer. Based on experimental data, the thermal stresses of cooling process were numerically simulated using transient thermal analysis. The results indicate that the thermal stresses of the slag layer are tensile during the cooling and the Von Mises stresses (SEQVs) increase with the reduction of temperature. Comparing the results of the selected nodes, it is found that the SEQV always increases from the slag surface to the slag-SiC interface. The contributions of slag porosity and thickness were also investigated. We draw a conclusion that the maximum SEQV decreases with the increasing porosity, while it increases with the increasing slag thickness.     

Selection of IGCC candidate coals by pilot-scale gasifier operation

Nine imported coal samples were tested to make the guidelines for IGCC (Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle) candidate coals — the guidelines that are applicable in future commercial IGCC plants in Korea. Entrained-bed slagging gasifier whose maximum capacity is 3 ton/day has been operated under pressure ranges of 10–29 bar. The factors considered were conversion efficiencies, moisture content, sulfur content, ash content, ash melting temperature, slag viscosity, slag characteristics, and coal reactivity. The best coal type for IGCC applications appears to be the one that contains low ash content with low-enough slag viscosity and high reactivity in coal. However, coal that exhibits high fluidity at the gasifier exit resulted in higher probability in plugging by fly-slag, so that the coal of ash fluid temperature lower than 1260 °C would require precaution for utilizing the feedstock in the entrained-bed gasifier. Conventional ash fusion measurement data might disagree with slag viscosity results in estimating the optimal operation temperature, and thus actual viscosity tests on slag would be necessary.     

Flow and heat transfer characteristics of finned tube with internal and external fins in air cooler for waste heat recovery of gas-fired boiler system

In this present study, attempts were made to investigate the flow and heat transfer characteristics of finned tube with internal fins and external fins by experiment and numerical simulation. The test finned tube was installed in a single smooth tube and formed a shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The experiments were conducted in heat transfer test system with hot air in the tube side and cold air in the shell side. Overall heat transfer coefficients were calculated and heat transfer coefficients in the tube side were determined. Three-dimension computation was performed to predict the flow and heat transfer performance in the finned tube. The effects of external fin height and pitch of the finned tube on shell-side flow and heat transfer were studied by numerical simulation. The numerical results agree well with the measurements. The maximum differences between the present numerical results and the experimental data are approximately 6.9% for heat transfer coefficient and 4.7% for friction factor, respectively. The velocity and temperature fields are obtained to discern the mechanisms of heat transfer enhancement. Numerical results indicate that the steady and spatially periodic growth and disruption of vortices occur in external fin to fin region.     

An investigation in the effects of recycles on laminar heat transfer enhancement of parallel-flow heat exchangers

It was demonstrated that fluid recycling could effectively enhance heat transfer rates of heat exchangers, however, related investigations were limited. In the current work, parallel-flow heat exchangers with basic recycles or revised recycles are investigated in the laminar regime. Theoretical models of thermo-hydraulic performances are established. The effects of reflux ratio, capacitance rate ratio, heat transfer area, and recycle length are investigated. The results demonstrate that the dimensionless heat transfer rate rises with the increase of reflux ratio or capacitance rate ratio, or with the decrease of heat transfer area, and the maximum values reach up to 127% and 121% for basic internal and external recycles, respectively. Basic internal recycles generate larger dimensionless heat transfer rates under larger reflux ratios, while basic external recycles perform more reliably over the whole reflux ratio range. Compared with basic recycles, revised recycles (i.e., partial-length recycles) require smaller pumping powers. Thus, partial-length recycles can improve the dimensionless overall performance of full-length recycle heat exchangers, e.g., half-length recycles increase the dimensionless overall performance by 65%. Fluid recycling does not need to change geometrical structures and fluid flow rates, thus it is a competitive approach of thermal augmentation in heat exchangers.     

换热管内置螺旋形扭带阻力与传热特性的实验研究

为了研究螺旋形扭带阻力与传热特性,选取了不同宽度（6、7和8 mm）的3种扭率（2.0、3.0、4.0）、3种螺距比（1.5、2.0、2.5）的参数组合下共27根螺旋形扭带插入换热管内进行实验.实验结果表明,插入螺旋形扭带后换热管内流动阻力和传热效果都有明显提高.通过对实验数据的多元线性回归分析,建立了相应的阻力系数和努赛尔数关联式.并且由强化传热综合性能评价分析,在实验雷诺数范围内得出强化传热综合性能评价因子φ=1.063～1.587,证明了实验研究的扭带具有强化传热的应用价值.