Condensation of R-134a vapour over single horizontal integral-fin tubes: effect of fin height

An experimental investigation has been carried out to study the condensation of R-134 vapour over five single horizontal circular integral-fin tubes of 472 fpm fin density, 417 mm length and different fin heights of 0.45, 1.14, 1.47, 1.92 and 2.40 mm. The circular fins are rectangular in shape and the fin thickness of all tubes is 0.70 mm. The tube with the fin height of 0.45 mm has given the highest enhancement in heat transfer coefficient, h, of the order of 3.18 in comparison to that predicted by the Nusselt model for a plain tube.     

Heat transfer characteristics of spirally-coiled circular fin-tube heat exchangers operating under frosting conditions

The objective of this study is to investigate the heat transfer characteristics of spirally-coiled circular fin-tube heat exchangers under frosting conditions. The heat transfer rate, pressure drop, frost thickness, and Nusselt number of the heat exchanger were measured and analyzed by varying the fin pitch and number of tube rows under frosting conditions. In addition, the Nusselt number of the spirally-coiled circular fin-tube exchanger was compared with those of flat plate fin-tube heat exchangers with discrete fins. An empirical correlation of the Nusselt number was developed as a function of the Reynolds number, dimensionless fin pitch normalized by the hydraulic diameter, i.e., D_h/F_p, Fourier number, and number of tube rows. The measured Nusselt number was consistent with the predicted value with mean and average deviations of 3.5% and 0.3%, respectively.     

Numerical analysis of evaporation performance in a finned-tube heat exchanger

This study discusses the effects of the heat exchanger type, refrigerant, inner tube configuration, and fin geometry on evaporator performance by adopting updated correlations of EVSIM, a numerical analysis model based on the tube-by-tube method developed by Domanski. The heat exchanger types considered are the cross-counter flow type and cross-parallel flow type. The refrigerants considered for the numerical test as a working fluid are R-134a, R-410A and R-22. For inner tube configuration, enhanced tube and smooth tube cases are considered. For the air side evaporation performance, heat exchangers using plate fins, wavy fins and slit fins are analyzed. Results show that the heat transfer rate of the cross-counter flow type heat exchanger is 3% higher than that of the cross-parallel flow type with R-22. The total heat transfer rate of the evaporator using R-410A is higher than those using R-22 and R-134a, while the total pressure drop of R-410A is lower than those of R-22 and R-134a. The heat transfer rate of the evaporator using enhanced tubes is two times higher than that using smooth tubes, but the pressure drop of the enhanced tube is 45–50% higher than that of the smooth tubes. The evaporation performance of slit fins is superior to that of plate fins by 54%.     

水平管外二氧化碳膜状凝结传热分析

综述了水平低翅片管外凝结传热的基本模型,阐述了二氧化碳制冷剂的物性特点,讨论了表面张力与凝液滞留角及二氧化碳管外凝结换热系数的关系,分析了翅片密度、环形翅片管尺寸对翅片效率、滞留角、凝结换热系数以及传热增强比的影响,优化了外翅片管的齿高与齿距,并求得相应的强化传热增强比.结果表明,对于根径为20mm的低翅片管,最佳翅片密度为每米435个翅片,最佳齿高为5.1mm,最佳齿距2.3mm.     

铜翅片换热器开发应用的分析Ⅰ--铜、铝翅片换热器性能对比

从翅片效率、单个换热单元的传热系数和整个换热器的换热量三个方面对不同翅片结构、不同管子结构和不同工况下的翅片管换热器由铝翅片换为铜翅片前后的换热特性和成本进行了分析比较：详细给出了各个结构和工况参数单独变化对换铜前后的翅片效率、单位制冷剂侧换热面积上的总传热系数和换热器换热量的影响规律。分析结果发现，翅片越薄、越高，管外径越小，风速越大时，换铜后的翅片管的换热能力增强越大，成本增加越小。在所选择的结构和工况范围内，铜管铜片换热器比铜管铝片换热器的翅片效率约提高0．938％～29．86％、总传热系数约提高9.88％～23．276％、总换热量约提高0．112％～22．3％；对于典型的1.1kW空调器的蒸发器，材料成本约增加8～42元，体积可最多缩小18％。     

锯齿与打孔翅片表面性能数值模拟

以两种翅片表面(锯齿翅片、打孔翅片)为研究对象,采用 FLUENT 软件模拟和分析不同结构参数和数对翅片表面传热与流动阻力的影响,得出不同结构参数和操作参数下两种翅片的表面性能曲线;分别分析了锯齿翅片的翅片高度、翅片间距、翅片厚度和切开长度以及打孔翅片开孔率对翅片表面流动与传热性能影响;分析比较了两种翅片的性能.     

Numerical comparison for thermo-hydraulic performance of pin fin heat sink with micro channel pin fin heat sink

Cooling of miniature size electronic components has become a challenge for designer in the development of integrated circuits. Micro pin fin heat sink and Micro channel pin fin heat sink are thermal management techniques for effective cooling. The paper presents comparison of fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics for micro pin fin heat sink and micro channel pin fin heat sink with unfinned micro channel heat sink. A three-dimensional heat sink with water as coolant subjected to constant heat flux 10 W/cm², for Reynolds number ranging between 100 and 900 was considered for the study. Extended surfaces of different shapes namely, square and circular with staggered arrangement was considered for both micro pin fin heat sink and micro channel pin fin heat sink. Two non-dimensional parameters namely Nusselt number and thermal performance index were employed to access the performance of heat sink. Results indicate that the microchannel pin fin heat sink has highest nusselt number and friction factor over the whole Reynolds number range. Results also revealed that formation of secondary vortices enhances heat transfer in micro channel heat sink with square pin fin compared to micro channel heat sink with circular pin fin. However, pin fin heat sink has better thermal performance index compared to Micro channel pin fin heat sink and is more preferable when heat dissipation is compared with pressure drop penalty. The Governing equations for fluid and solid domain were solved using FLUENT to study flow and heat transfer characteristics.     

圆孔和半圆孔交叉翅片管的传热与流阻性能研究

本文提出一类可用于结霜和灰尘较多场合的新型翅片——圆孔和半圆孔交叉翅片。为了考察这类翅片的性能特征,对9种不同几何参数的单排肋管式换热器样件在吸风式直流热风洞内进行了实验。这些几何参数包括圆孔、半圆孔的直径和位置。通过多元线性回归法将实验数据整理为以雷诺数和换热器几何参数为自变量的j和f关联式。结果表明开孔参数对换热性能有明显影响,而对阻力影响不显著。与平片相比,样片3的平均当量换热系数提高18.3％,节约金属耗材12％。     

双金属复合翅片管振动特性的研究

双金属复合翅片管是一种高效传热元件,容易发生流体诱导振动破坏,对其进行振动模态理论分析具有重要的工程指导意义。针对双金属复合翅片管的结构特征,将其简化为串、并联刚度系统,采用组合截面等效弯曲刚度、等效扭转刚度和等效抗拉压刚度,并结合等效质量和等效转动惯量的方法,对其弯曲、扭转和轴向振动模态进行理论解析。为了验证理论分析方法的准确性,对双金属复合翅片管的振动模态进行了实验测试和有限元分析。研究了翅片几何参数对双金属复合翅片管振动频率的影响规律。结果表明,对于矩形翅片形式的钢铝双金属翅片管,其弯曲、扭转和轴向振动频率均随翅片高度和翅片厚度的增大而减小,随翅片间距的增大而增大。     

Pool boiling heat transfer at finned tubes: influence of surface roughness and shape of the fins

Pool boiling heat transfer from finned tubes with different shapes of fins (trapezoid-shaped, T-shaped, or Y-shaped) to various hydrocarbons and partly fluorinated hydrocarbons has been investigated at the Laboratorium für Wärme- und Kältetechnik, Universität-GH Paderborn during the recent past. Compared to corresponding measurements on plain tubes, heat transfer on traditionally finned tubes with trapezoid-shaped fins is considerably improved, and even better results are achieved with T-shaped or Y-shaped fins. The influences of the macrostructure (i.e. fin geometry) or microstructure (i.e. surface roughness) on the heat transfer coefficient have been studied separately, in order to evaluate the improvement of heat transfer by either influence.     

The Graetz problem in tubes of arbitrary cross section

The Graetz problem is investigated analytically for the steady laminar flow of Newtonian fluids in tubes of arbitrary cross section. The one-to-one mapping introduced satisfies the no-slip condition and allows the determination of the velocity field in a wide spectrum of arbitrary tube contours. The energy equation is solved for the temperature field in the corresponding tube contours, and the temperature distribution for the triangular, square and circular cross-sectional tubes is presented as particular case. Furthermore, in order to illustrate its relevance for a moderate Péclet number (Pe) regime, the solution applied to the square cross section is compared to numerical simulations for two scenarios, Case I with Pe = 100 and Case II with Pe = 500. It is found that for Case I the relative error does not exceed 2.9 %, being maximum at the center of the tube, while for Case II both analytical and numerical solutions match rather precisely, with less than 1 % of difference near the edges.     

水-空气翅片管换热器实验研究与数值模拟

通过对翅片管式换热器的设计和实验研究,得出了该换热器的性能曲线,此外还对换热器内部流场和温度场进行了三维数值模拟计算。从实验和模拟结果分析可知,实验所得传热因子j较模拟结果有12％范围内的减小,而阻力因子,有4％～16％的增大;翅片间距和管排密集度对翅片管换热器性能影响很大,减小翅片间距和增大管排密集度均能增强换热器的换热效果,但压力损失也明显增加。     

新齿型内螺纹传热管蒸发性能研究

针对开发的瘦齿、交叉齿、光管及普通齿型内螺纹传热管单管蒸发传热实验数据进行了对比,相同工况下,各传热管管内换热系数均随着冷媒流量的增大而增大,交叉齿管换热系数比瘦齿管高出10％,瘦齿管换热系数高出普通齿管10％左右。四种齿型中,交叉齿管管内压降最大,光管其次,瘦齿管比普通齿管略有增加。相同结构尺寸,相同工况下,利用稳态分布参数模型,对以上四种内螺纹传热管蒸发器传热和流动性能进行了数值模拟分析比较。结果表明,交叉齿管蒸发器换热量最大,瘦齿管稍差,普通齿管其次,但均好于光管。整个流量变化范围内,4种蒸发器压降变化都相差不大,光管蒸发器压降变化较其它管型略有增加。研究结果对内螺纹传热管的开发和研究具有指导意义。     

Application of the decomposition method to thermal stresses in isotropic circular fins with temperature-dependent thermal conductivity

Summary A stress-field of a perfect elastic isotropic circular fin with variable thermal conductivity is obtained. The thermal conductivity is considered temperature dependent. The nonlinear conduction-convection-radiation heat transfer equation of the circular fins subjected to the nonlinear boundary conditions is solved by Adomian's double decomposition method. The thermal stress distribution is obtained by direct integration of the temperature distribution. Fow low temperature difference between the fin base and the ambiance, the effect of thermal conductivity on pure convection and convection-radiation is important and can be negligible in pure radiation.     

Experimental study and modelling of heat transfer during condensation of pure fluid and binary mixture on a bundle of horizontal finned tubes

An experimental investigation was conducted to measure the local heat transfer coefficient for each row in a trapezoidal finned horizontal tube bundle during condensation of both pure fluid (HFC 134a) and several compositions of the non-azeotropic binary mixture HFC 23/HFC 134a. The test section is a 13×3 (rows × columns) tube bundle and the heat transfer coefficient is measured using the modified Wilson plot method. The inlet vapour temperature is fixed at 40 °C and the water flow rate in each active row ranges from 170 to 600 l/h. The test series cover five different finned tubes all commercially available, K11 (11 fins/inch), K19 (19 fins/inch), K26 (26 fins/inch), K32 (32 fins/inch), K40 (40 fins/inch) and their performances were compared. The experimental results were checked against available models predicting the heat transfer coefficient during condensation of pure fluids on banks of finned tubes. Modelling of heat exchange during condensation of binary mixtures on bundles of finned tubes based on the curve condensation model is presented.     

Experimental analysis of ammonia condensation on smooth and integral-fin titanium tubes

This paper reports on the experimental research conducted to study the condensation of ammonia on smooth and integral-fin (32 fpi) titanium tubes of 19.05 mm outer diameter. Experiments were carried out at saturation temperatures of 30, 35, 40 and 45 °C and wall subcoolings from 1 to 8 °C. The results show that the condensation coefficients on the smooth tubes are well predicted by the Nusselt theory with an average error of +0.66% and within a deviation between −6.6% and +8.3%. The enhancement factors provided by the integral-fin tubes range from 0.77 to 1.22. The low enhancement factors are due to the high condensate retention between fins, which brings about flooded fractions of the tube perimeter from 62.9% to 73.2%, and the low thermal conductivity of titanium. The Briggs and Rose [1994. Effect of fin efficiency on a model for condensation heat transfer on a horizontal, integral-fin tube. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 37, 457–463.] model, which accounts for the conduction in the fins, predicts the experimental data with a mean overestimation of 20%. The analysis of the partial thermal resistances in the overall heat transfer process points out the convenience of enhancing the outside ammonia condensation when high water velocities are considered inside the tubes.     

穿圆形孔翅片对自然对流传热的强化研究

研究了一种水平矩形翅片开圆形孔时对自然对流换热的强化作用。通过实验和模拟比较了实心翅片和开不同孔数翅片的散热功率。除开孔数外,还考虑了翅片开孔的位置、开孔大小和开孔形状对传热强化的影响。结果表明:开孔翅片要优于实心翅片,并且随着翅片开孔数的增加,翅片的散热功率先增大后减小,当开孔数为7时最优,其散热功率与实心翅片相比,增加了13.25%。开孔的位置在底部时,翅片的散热效果最好,中间次之,顶部最差。同时在研究范围之内,翅片的散热功率随开孔半径的增大先增加后减小。开孔半径为7mm时,翅片的散热效果最好,与实心翅片相比,其散热功率增加了27.14%。此外,还比较了同等面积的三角孔、方孔和圆孔对翅片散热的影响,其中开圆孔的散热效果最好。     

异型管管翅式换热器性能研究

管翅式换热器的翅片优化为研究热点,而对管型的研究较少.本文提出一种与圆管相同水力半径的异型管的设计方法,建立了异型管管翅式换热器空气侧换热的数值计算模型,研究了管型、迎风方向和翅片间距对异型管管翅式换热器性能的影响.结果表明:对于双排的异型管换热器,第一排管大圆迎风,第二排管小圆迎风时,空气流动最均匀,压降最低,是综合...     

Heat transfer characteristics of flat plate finned-tube heat exchangers with large fin pitch

The objective of this study is to provide experimental data that can be used in the optimal design of flat plate finned-tube heat exchangers with large fin pitch. In this study, 22 heat exchangers were tested with a variation of fin pitch, number of tube row, and tube alignment. The air-side heat transfer coefficient decreased with a reduction of the fin pitch and an increase of the number of tube row. The reduction in the heat transfer coefficient of the four-row heat exchanger coil was approximately 10% as the fin pitch decreased from 15.0 to 7.5 mm over the Reynolds number range of 500–900 that was calculated based on the tube diameter. For all fin pitches, the heat transfer coefficient decreased as the number of tube row increased from 1 to 4. The staggered tube alignment improved heat transfer performance more than 10% compared to the inline tube alignment. A heat transfer correlation was developed from the measured data for flat plate finned-tubes with large fin pitch. The correlation yielded good predictions of the measured data with mean deviations of 3.8 and 6.2% for the inline and staggered tube alignment, respectively.     

Nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficients of flammable refrigerants on various enhanced tubes

In this study, nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) of five flammable refrigerants of propylene (R1270), propane (R290), isobutane (R600a), butane (R600), and dimethylether (RE170) were measured at the liquid temperature of 7 °C on a low fin tube of 1023 fins per meter, Turbo-B, and Thermoexcel-E tubes. All data were taken from 80 to 10 kW m⁻² with an interval of 10 kW m⁻² in the decreasing order of heat flux. Flammable refrigerants' data showed a typical trend that nucleate boiling HTCs obtained on enhanced tubes also increase with the vapor pressure. Fluids with lower reduced pressure such as DME, isobutene, and butane took more advantage of the heat transfer enhancement mechanism of enhanced tubes than those with higher reduced pressure such as propylene and propane. Finally, Thermoexcel-E showed the highest heat transfer enhancement ratios of 2.3–9.4 among the tubes tested due to its sub-channels and re-entrant cavities.