Absorbing boundary condition for floating two-dimensional objects in current and waves

In this paper an absorbing boundary condition for floating two-dimensional objects in current and waves is studied. A numerical algorithm has been developed, which computes the velocity potential in the physical time domain, by using an artificial boundary to split the infinite fluid domain into a computational part and a residual part. A special Green's function has been developed in the residual part. The condition on the artificial boundary is independent of wave frequency, hence not restricted to harmonic waves. Because of the smaller computational domain and the independence of frequency, the time to compute the hydrodynamic coefficients of floating objects decreases.     

Ultrasonic scattering by a fluid cylinder of elliptic cross section, including viscous effects

This paper analyzes acoustic scattering by a viscous compressible fluid cylinder of elliptic cross section submerged in an unbounded viscous nonheat-conducting compressible fluid medium. The classical method of eigenfunction expansion along with the appropriate wave field expansions and the pertinent boundary conditions are used to develop a solution in the form of infinite series involving Mathieu and modified Mathieu functions of complex arguments. The complications arising due to the nonorthogonality of angular Mathieu functions corresponding to distinct wave numbers in addition to the problems associated with the appearance of additional angular-dependent terms in the boundary conditions are all avoided in an elegant manner by expansion of the angular Mathieu functions in terms of transcendental functions and subsequent integration, leading to a linear set of independent equations in terms of the unknown scattering coefficients. A multiprecision code was developed for computing the Mathieu functions of complex argument in terms of complex Fourier coefficients that are themselves calculated by numerically solving appropriate sets of eigen-systems. The numerical results point to the imperative influence of fluid viscosity in notable reduction of pressure amplitudes at intermediate and high frequencies. They also reveal the central role of the cross sectional ellipticity in conjunction with the angle of incidence in altering the pressure directivities. Limiting cases are considered, and fair agreements with well-known solutions are obtained.     

Acoustic scattering of spherical waves incident on a long fluid-saturated poroelastic cylinder

Acoustic scattering of spherical waves generated by a monopole point source in a perfect (inviscid and ideal) compressible fluid by a fluid-saturated porous cylinder of infinite length is studied theoretically in the present study. The formulation utilizes the Biot theory of dynamic poroelasticity along with the appropriate wave-field expansions, the translational addition theorem for spherical wave functions, and the pertinent boundary conditions to obtain a closed-form solution in the form of infinite series. The analytical results are illustrated with a numerical example in which a monopole point source within water is located near a porous cylinder with a water-saturated Ridgefield sandstone formation. The numerical results reveal the effects of source excitation frequency, the cylinder interface permeability condition, and the location of the point source and the field point on the backscattered pressure magnitudes. Limiting cases are considered, and the obtained numerical results are validated by already well-known solutions.     

Photon density waves scattered from cylindrical inhomogeneities: theory and experiments

We present an analytical solution for the scattering of diffuse photon density waves from an infinite circular, cylindrical inhomogeneity embedded in a homogeneous highly scattering turbid medium. The analytical solution, based on the diffusion approximation of the Boltzmann transport equation, represents the contribution of the cylindrical inhomogeneity as a series of modified Bessel functions integrated from zero to infinity and weighted by different angular dependencies. This series is truncated at the desired precision, similar to the Mie theory. We introduce new boundary conditions that account for specular reflections at the interface between the background medium and the cylindrical inhomogeneity. These new boundary conditions allow the separate recovery of the index of refraction of an object from its absorption and reduced scattering coefficients. The analytical solution is compared with data obtained experimentally to evaluate the predictive capability of the model. Optical properties of known cylindrical objects are recovered accurately. However, as the radius of the cylinder decreases, the required measurement signal-to-noise ratiorapidly increases. Because of the new boundary conditions, an upperlimit can be placed on the recovered size of cylindrical objects with radii below 0.3 cm if they have a substantially different index of refraction from that of the background medium.     

Dynamic stress intensity factors due to scattering of harmonic waves by a crack in an infinite medium

An analytical method for calculating dynamic stress intensity factors in the mixed mode (combination of opening and sliding modes) using complex functions theory is presented. The crack is in infinite medium and subjected to the plane harmonic waves. The basis of the method is grounded on solving the two‐dimensional wave equations in the frequency domain and complex plane using mapping technique. In this domain, solution of the resulting partial differential equations is found in the series of the Hankel functions with unknown coefficients. Applying the boundary conditions of the crack, these coefficients are calculated. After solving the wave equations, the stress and displacement fields, also the J‐integrals are obtained. Finally using the J‐integrals, dynamic stress intensity factors are calculated. Numerical results including the values of dynamic stress intensity factors for a crack in an infinite medium subjected to the dilatation and shear harmonic waves are presented.     

Coupled P and SV waves propagating in spherical elastic layers: Exact solution and interpretation

We study the propagation of coupled P and SV waves emitted by a source point placed outside a given finite set of concentric elastic spherical layers. We show that the system of boundary conditions of this pattern is a linear combination of the boundary conditions of the simpler problem of reflectionrefraction phenomenon of a wave at a spherical surface. From this result the exact solution follows for all regions of the multilayered structure without using Cramer's technique. This solution is written as a series of which each element is interpreted directly in terms of multiple reflection-refraction. It gives a simple explanation for triggering of resonance phenomena. The solution contains many particular bases of which several are investigated.     

Eccentricity effects on acoustic radiation from a spherical source suspended within a thermoviscous fluid sphere

Acoustic radiation from a spherical source undergoing angularly periodic axisymmetric harmonic surface vibrations while eccentrically suspended within a thermoviscous fluid sphere, which is immersed in a viscous thermally conducting unbounded fluid medium, is analyzed in an exact fashion. The formulation uses the appropriate wave-harmonic field expansions along with the translational addition theorem for spherical wave functions and the relevant boundary conditions to develop a closed-form solution in form of infinite series. The analytical results are illustrated with a numerical example in which the vibrating source is eccentrically positioned within a chemical fluid sphere submerged in water. The modal acoustic radiation impedance load on the source and the radiated far-field pressure are evaluated and discussed for representative values of the parameters characterizing the system. The proposed model can lead to a better understanding of dynamic response of an underwater acoustic lens. It is equally applicable in miniature transducer analysis and design with applications in medical ultrasonics.     

Expansion formulae for wave structure interaction problems with applications in hydroelasticity

Alternate derivations of the expansion formulae for wave structure interaction problems are obtained in case of water of infinite depth and utilized to analyze the hydroelastic behavior of large floating structures. Considering the boundary value problem associated with Laplace equation having higher order boundary condition on the horizontal boundary and a Dirichlet type boundary condition on the vertical boundary in a quarter plane, Fourier sine transform is applied in the horizontal direction to convert the problem to a Sturm-Liouville type boundary value problem associated with non-homogeneous ordinary differential equation (ODE) in the transformed variable. Finally, inverting the transformed functions and applying the regularity criterion of the transformed function, the required expansion formula is derived. The expansion formula thus derived is extended to deal with similar boundary value problems having Neumann type boundary condition. The expansion formulae are applied to (i) analyze oblique scattering of flexural gravity waves by an articulated floating elastic plate and (ii) study the effect of compression on the oblique scattering of flexural gravity waves by a line discontinuity in a large floating ice sheet in water of infinite depth, which find applications in marine technology and arctic engineering, respectively. The present derivations of the expansion formulae are very simple and straightforward and can be easily used to study a large class of problems in the area of fluids and structures in mathematical physics and engineering.     

开孔薄板弹性波散射与动应力集中

本文采用边界无法对开孔无限大薄板弹性波的散射与动应力集中问题进行理论分析和数值计算。基于动力学功的互等定理建立了薄板弯曲波动问题的边界积分方程,应用Mathematica软件首次推导了各影响系数的计算公式。最后,给出了圆孔附近的动应力集中系数的数值结果。     

An integral equation method for the diffraction of oblique waves by an infinite cylinder

A hybrid integral equation method is formulated to study the diffraction of oblique waves by an infinite cylinder. The water depth and the geometry of the floating cylinder are assumed to be uniform in the y-direction (one of the horizontal axes). Numerical discretization and integrations are performed in the vertical plane. Analytical solutions are used in far fields such that radiation boundary conditions are satisfied. Numerical results are obtained for the case of wave scattering by a floating rectangular cylinder in a constant water depth. The accuracy and efficiency of present method are compared with those obtained by other numerical techniques.     

On creeping flow over a cylinder rotating in presence of translating plane boundary

Summary The paper deals with the problem, consisting in determination of plane, steady, creeping flow in the infinite domain bounded by a straight line and a cricle. The flow is generated by movements of these boundaries with respect to an assumed system of coordinates. The straight line may translate along itself, and the circle may rotate around its centre.Mathematically, this problem reduces to solution of the biharmonic equation with conditions for fluid velocity posed on the two lines bounding the domain. Conditions for uniqueness, of velocity, pressure and of the stress tensor have to be also taken into account.The method of solution applied in the paper consists of two steps.In the first on, a function is derived, which maps conformally the domain of solution onto an annulus. The function turns out to be the bilinear one.In the second step, the differential problem just mentioned is transformed to the annual domain, and its solution is sought in form of the two Goursat functions, each one being represented by the Laurent series supplied by some additional logarithmic terms. A system of linear equations for unknown coefficients of these functions follows from the boundary conditions.All coefficients of the Goursat functions-except seven-vanish, so that the functions represent in fact an exact solution in theannular domain. This is true also in theoriginal, infinite domain, because the mapping function, is exact, too.The paper contains four streamline patterns, corresponding to four characteristic sets of boundary conditions.     

A hybrid element method for diffraction of water waves by three-dimensional bodies

A hybrid element method developed recently for two-dimensional problems of water waves in an infinite fluid is extended to three dimensions. In this method only a limited fluid domain close to irregular bodies is discretized into conventional finite elements, while the remaining infinite domain is treated as one element with analytical representations of high accuracy. Continuity at the junction surface is treated as natural boundary conditions in a variational principle. Computation experience and numerical results for several ocean structures are presented.     

基于FEM-SBFEM的水下结构声固耦合分析方法

针对无限水域下的结构冲击响应问题,建立了基于PWA(平面波近似)总场公式和SBFEM(比例边界有限元)总场公式与FEM(有限元)耦合的结构响应分析方法。该方法分别采用PWA总场公式和SBFEM总场公式模拟无限域,FEM方程模拟水下结构。通过将其耦合,建立了PWA-FEM总场公式和SBFEM-FEM总场公式。通过数值算例,讨论了环向单元数量、无限域截断边界大小和形状对总场公式计算准确度的影响,比较了PWA-FEM总场公式和SBFEM-FEM总场公式的计算准确度。数值结果表明了总场公式用于模拟无限水域下结构冲击响应问题的可行性和准确性,且SBFEM-FEM总场公式模拟无限域时,可有效减小有限域离散范围,并对截断边界形状要求不高,适用范围更广,为水下冲击结构响应问题提供了一种有效可行的求解方法。     

Numerical calculation of grounding system in low‐frequency domain based on the boundary element method

A new mathematical model for accurately computing currents flowing along the high‐voltage ac substation's grounding system and nearby floating metallic conductors buried in the multilayer earth model has been developed in this paper, which is a hybrid of the Galerkin‐type boundary element method (BEM) and the conventional nodal analysis method. Only the propagation effect of electromagnetic waves within the substation's limited area has been neglected in this model. The quasi‐static complex image method and the closed form of Green's function are introduced into this model to accelerate the mutual impedance and induction coefficients calculation. The model is then implemented in a computer program, which can be used to calculate current distribution of any configuration of the grounding system, with or without floating metallic conductors'. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于总场公式的水下冲击结构响应分析方法

针对无限水域下的结构冲击响应问题,建立了基于PWA(平面波近似)总场公式和SBFEM(比例边界有限元)总场公式与FEM(有限元)耦合的结构响应分析方法。该方法分别采用PWA总场公式和SBFEM总场公式模拟无限域,FEM方程模拟水下结构。通过将其耦合,建立了PWA-FEM总场公式和SBFEM-FEM总场公式。通过数值算例,讨论了环向单元数量、无限域截断边界大小和形状对总场公式计算准确度的影响,比较了PWA-FEM总场公式和SBFEM-FEM总场公式的计算准确度。数值结果表明了总场公式用于模拟无限水域下结构冲击响应问题的可行性和准确性,且SBFEM-FEM总场公式模拟无限域时,可有效减小有限域离散范围,并对截断边界形状要求不高,适用范围更广,为水下冲击结构响应问题提供了一种有效可行的求解方法。     

Wave scattering by a thin elastic plate floating on a two-layer fluid

The hydroelastic interaction between an incident gravity wave and a thin elastic plate floating on a two-layer fluid of finite depth is analyzed with the aid of the method of matched eigenfunction expansions. The fluid is assumed to be inviscid and incompressible. A two-dimensional problem is formulated within the framework of linear potential theory for small-amplitude waves. The fluid domain is divided into two and three regions for semi-infinite and finite plates, respectively, with the matching relations representing the continuities of the pressure and velocity. A new inner product involving two single integrals is proposed, in which the vertical eigenfunctions in the open water region of the two-layer fluid are orthogonal. Then the orthogonality of the eigenfunctions with respect to the newly defined inner product is used to obtain a set of simultaneous equations for the expansion coefficients of the velocity potentials, and the edge conditions are included as a part of the equation system. The effects of the fluid density ratio and the position of interface on the wave reflection and transmission are discussed. Numerical analysis shows that the method proposed herein is effective with a higher rate of convergence.     

直角平面边界固定半圆形夹杂对稳态入射平面SH波的散射

利用复变函数法、多极坐标及傅里叶级数展开技术求解了二维直角平面介质边界固定半圆形夹杂对稳态入射平面SH波的散射问题。首先构造出介质边界处不存在固定半圆形夹杂时的入射波场和反射波场；其次建立介质边界处存在固定半圆形夹杂时夹杂边界产生的能够自动满足直角边应力自由条件的散射波解，从而利用叠加原理可写出介质内的总波场。利用夹杂边界处位移条件和傅里叶级数展开方法列出求解散射波中未知系数的无穷代数方程组，在满足计算精度的前提下通过有限项截断，得到相应有限代数方程组的解，最后通过算例具体讨论了二维直角平面水平边界点的位移幅度比和相位随无量纲波数、入射波入射角、及夹杂位置的不同而变化的情况，结果表明了该算法的有效实用性。     

Unsteady compressible boundary layer flow on the stagnation line of an infinite swept cylinder

Summary Numerical solutions of flow and heat transfer process on the unsteady flow of a compressible viscous fluid with variable gas properties in the vicinity of the stagnation line of an infinite swept cylinder are presented. Results are given for the case where the unsteady temperature field is produced by (i) a sudden change in the wall temperature (enthalpy) as the impulsive motion is started and (ii) a sudden change in the free-stream velocity. Solutions for the simultaneous development of the thermal and momentum boundary layers are obtained by using quasilinearization technique with an implicit finite difference scheme. Attention is given to the transient phenomenon from the initial flow to the final steady-state distribution. Results are presented for the skin friction and heat transfer coefficients as well as for the velocity and enthalpy profiles. The effects of wall enthalpy parameter, sweep parameter, fluid properties and transpiration cooling on the heat transfer and skin friction are considered.     

Hydrodynamic coefficients for water-wave diffraction by spherical structures

Evaluation of hydrodynamic coefficients and loads on submerged or floating bodies is of great significance in designing these structures. Some special regular-shaped geometries such as those of cylindrical (circular, elliptic) and spherical (hemisphere, sphere, spheroid) structures are usually considered to obtain analytical solutions to wave diffraction and radiation problems. The work presented here is the result of water-wave interaction with submerged spheres. Analytical expressions for various hydrodynamic coefficients and loads due to the diffraction of water waves by a submerged sphere are obtained. The exciting force components due to surge and heave motions are derived by solving the diffraction problem. Theory of multipole expansions is used to express the velocity potentials in terms of an infinite series of associated Legendre polynomials with unknown coefficients and the orthogonality of the polynomials is utilized to simplify the expressions. Since the infinite series appearing in various expressions have excellent truncation properties, they are evaluated by considering only a finite number of terms. Gaussian quadrature is used to evaluate the integrals. Numerical estimates for the analytical expressions for the hydrodynamic coefficients and loads are presented for various depth to radius ratios. Consideration of more values for depth makes it easy to compare the results with those available. The results obtained match closely with those obtained earlier by Wang and Wu and their coworkers     

Propagation of axisymmetric waves on the surface of a cylindrical cavity in elastic medium

A nondamped axisymmetric mode that propagates in an elastic cylindrical waveguide representing an extended cavity with a circular cross section in an infinite homogeneous medium is described. The wave dispersion in this system is analyzed and the similarity with and differences from other elastic media with one boundary are considered, including an infinite round rod and the surface of a half-space (Rayleigh wave). It is shown that, for axisymmetric waves in the cavity, a boundary frequency dependent on the curvature radius always exists, below which the waves are evanescent. A physical interpretation of results is given.