纤维素基油水分离材料研究进展

石油泄漏事故及工业含油废水排放等严重破坏了人类赖以生存的生态环境,如何有效分离油水混合物成了当前的研究热点。传统的油水分离材料的不可回收性带来材料的二次污染极大限制了它们的广泛应用。纤维素是地球上最丰富的天然聚合物,并且具有生物相容性、生物降解性、化学稳定性和低成本等特点,因此纤维素基油水分离材料亦受到广泛关注。本文系统总结了近年来过滤型和吸附型纤维素基油水分离材料的研究进展,重点围绕纤维素类物质作材料基底（滤纸、棉布等）、用其进行表面改性（纤维素纳米晶体、纤维素衍生物等）以及全纤维素基油水分离材料等方面进行详细分析和介绍,对纤维素基油水分离材料存在的问题进行了探讨,并对其未来发展进行了展望。     

MBR工艺处理餐饮废水中DOM组分的特性

通过组分划分试验,对平板膜生物反应器中的溶解性有机物进行分离得到四种组分,并借助于分子量技术、荧光技术深入研究各组分对膜污染的影响。结果表明强疏水性（HPO）组分表现出最强的膜污染趋势,而弱疏水性（TPI）组分呈现出最高的可生物降解性,生物降解去除率可达91．8％。     

含氟聚酰亚胺气体分离膜研究进展

介绍了一种新型气体分离膜材料-含氟聚酰亚胺,着重介绍了含氟聚酰亚胺的物理化学性质、气体选择透过性。对其发展历史及应用作了简要概述。通过与传统聚酰亚胺膜材料进行比较,指出了该膜材料的广阔发展前景,并对其今后发展方向进行了展望。     

可堆肥塑料Ecoflex~和Ecovio~

巴斯夫推出生物降解型、可堆肥塑料Ecoflex~和Ecovio~,它们可以被用来生产袋子、农膜、纸张涂层和层压板。Ecoflex~是农用地膜的理想材料,可替代传统的聚乙烯地膜。     

水—乙醇分离膜

介绍了渗透蒸发膜的发展历史及现状况的新型 简要阐述了分离膜的分离机理和特点,着重介绍了水－乙醇分离膜的材料,并对它们的性能特点进行了比较。     

聚甲基氢硅氧烷基气体分离膜的进展

气体分离膜技术与传统的气体分离技术(如胺吸收、变压吸附、深冷分离等)相比，具有无相变、高效、节能、操作简便、无二次污染等特点，在空气中氧、氮的富集、石油炼制、化学品生产及二氧化碳的捕获等领域中具有极大的应用前景。分离膜作为气体膜分离技术的核心，获得高透过性及高选择性的膜材料是气体分离膜研究中的目标。聚甲基硅氧烷由于具有优异的高气体透过性、较低的获得成本、结构可变性较强等特点，已成为气体分离膜材料的一个重要研究方向。对目前用于气体分离膜的聚甲基硅氧烷基气体分离膜的种类及合成进行了研究，分析并讨论了各种聚甲基硅氧烷基气体分离膜在分离过程中的机理和作用，对聚甲基硅氧烷基气体分离膜的未来研究方向进行了展望。     

金属有机骨架/聚酰胺薄层纳米复合膜的研究进展

相较于传统聚酰胺薄层复合（TFC）膜,金属有机骨架/聚酰胺薄层纳米复合（TFN）膜得益于MOFs材料的高比表面积、有序可控的孔隙结构、良好的聚合物相容性和可定制的化学功能,展现出更高的渗透选择性,在工业应用中显示出巨大的分子和离子分离潜力。本文首先简述了MOFs聚酰胺复合膜的研究背景,然后从MOFs材料的特性和MOFs聚酰胺复合膜的制备策略两个方面出发,总结了MOFs聚酰胺膜研究的最新进展。讨论了MOFs的物化特征在TFN膜的微观结构和分离性能中起的作用;介绍了MOFs聚酰胺复合膜的制备策略,重点对MOFs负载方法及效率进行了分析。最后简述了MOFs聚酰胺复合膜在气、液体系分离中的应用;对MOFs聚酰胺膜在应用过程中的稳定性问题进行了分析,并对未来MOFs聚酰胺复合膜优化MOFs负载和功能性设计的研究进行了展望。     

超疏水多孔材料的研究进展

多孔材料如金属有机框架材料（MOFs）、共价有机框架材料（COFs）、有机多孔聚合物（POPs）等由于构筑单元的多样性、可设计性,孔道的可调控性和功能化,已经被广泛用于分离、催化、气体储存以及药物释放等领域。尽管如此,这些多孔材料固有的结构特征让它们普遍对水气非常敏感,最严重时多孔结构在水溶液环境下会坍塌。为解决此类问题,制备疏水的多孔材料是一个非常好的策略。然而,设计超疏水多孔材料具有一定的挑战。介绍了具有（超）疏水性能的MOFs、COFs和POPs的发展现状,对超疏水多孔材料合成思路和结构特点进行了分析,对这类材料在催化、油水分离、气体吸附和分离等方面的应用进行了总结,并进一步探讨了此类材料存在的问题和发展方向。     

生物降解地膜制备及其应用研究进展

地膜可有效增加土壤温度、提高水分利用率，但聚乙烯（PE）不可降解地膜容易造成“白色污染”，危害土壤生态环境。为解决残膜污染问题，在农业领域推广使用生物可降解地膜，对可降解地膜的应用研究也逐渐增多。文章综述了可生物降解聚合物材料在地膜中的研究进展，主要从生物降解地膜制备和功能化应用两部分进行介绍。重点讨论不同成膜工艺对薄膜的力学性能、阻隔性能、降解性能的影响，对作物生长影响进行了讨论，并对未来可降解地膜发展进行了展望。     

聚乙烯淀粉填充共混体系流变—形态—性能的研究

本文主要采用了高压聚乙烯和淀粉填充共混,初步探索了几种淀粉接枝共聚物和高分子胶乳作为聚乙烯与淀粉增容手段以制得生物降解膜材料,并对这些膜材料的流变性能,形态结构和力学性能进行了研究。为进一步寻求高效、低成本的增容剂,提供能满足可生物降解的农田复盖膜的依据,找到了较为理想的膜材料组成。     

生物降解材料的研究进展

介绍了生物降解材料的定义和种类,阐述了生物降解的机理和降解性能测试方法,综述了影响材料生物降解性能的因素,指出了当前生物降解材料存在的主要问题及其应用领域,并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

Green synthesis of biodegradable terpolymer modified starch nanocomposite with carbon nanoparticles for food packaging application

As to control the increased rate of environmental pollution there is an urgent need to develop improved biodegradable materials regarding the old polymeric packaging materials. It has been done by the incorporation of carbon nanomaterials to the biodegradable starch terpolymers of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate (MMA), acrylonitrile (AN), 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate (2-EHA), and Ethyl acrylate (EA). The starch-terpolymers were prepared through the free radical polymerization technique using AA, MMA, AN, 2-EHA, EA as monomers. Two different starch-terpolymers were further mixed with carbon nanoparticles (NPs) to form a biodegradable nanocomposite. The biodegradable starch-grafted terpolymers-carbon nanocomposites (STPC NCs) were characterized through scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimeter, and UV–Visible spectrophotometry. Further, resistivity, electrical conductivity, and biodegradability tests were performed to check its properties for packing materials. The biodegradation of SGCP-composites recorded using the soil burial method was up to 78%. Starch-terpolymers were prepared via free-radical polymerization The biodegradation capability of starch-grafted terpolymers was found to be 78% The decrease in water vapor permeability and solubility proves their utilization as food packaging material     

Biodegradation process of a blend of thermoplastic unripe banana flour—polyethylene under composting: Identification of the biodegrading agent

Starch‐based biodegradable polymers are obtained by incorporating plant‐derived polymers into plastics. This blending allows for a reduction in the polymer's resistance to microbial degradation. Assessing biodegradability is a key step in the characterization of newly designed polymers. Composting has been taken into consideration in waste management strategies as an alternative technology for plastic disposal. This study analyzed the biodegradability of an injection‐molded plastic material in which thermoplastic unripe banana flour (TPF) acts as a matrix (70%) and metallocene catalyzed polyethylene acts as a reinforcing filler (30%). This plastic was termed 70 TPF, and the structural, physical, and mechanical changes associated with its degradation were analyzed. The characterization of the microorganism that contributes to 70 TPF biodegradation was also performed. After composting, 70 TPF decreased in tensile strength and the TPF moiety in the blend was lost, greatly affecting the microstructure of the sample. Based on these indicators of degradation, this study identified the fungus Mortierella elongata as the microorganism responsible for the degradation of the plastic, a finding that supports the role of fungal communities in the biodegradation of designed materials. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42258.     

水处理剂生物降解特性与异养菌繁殖的关系

采用OECD301B方法和微生物培养菌落计数法,对PASP、PESA、HEDP、PBTCA和含AMPS磺酸盐共聚物5种典型结构水处理剂的生物降解特性及异养菌繁殖规律进行了研究。结果表明:PESA属于易生物降解水处理剂,PASP、HEDP、PBTCA和含AMPS磺酸盐共聚物属于可生物降解水处理剂;水处理剂生物降解特性与异养菌繁殖存在相应关系,水处理剂生物降解率越高,有机碳含量越高,异养菌繁殖速度越快。     

生物可降解聚酯纤维进展

随着人们对废弃高分子材料造成环境污染的日益认识,对生物可降解材料的研究得到了重视和发展。本文对高分子材料的降解机理和目前在聚酯纤维方面已取得的进展进行了讨论。着重介绍了目前研究有所发展的聚乳酸(PLA)、聚(β-羟基丁酸酯)(PHB)和聚丁二酸酯类等近几年的工作。     

Effect of glassy carbon addition and photodegradation on the biodegradation in aqueous medium of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)/glassy carbon green composites

The use of biodegradable polymers is an interesting way to reduce the polymeric waste accumulation in the environment. However, the addition of fillers to biodegradable polymer matrices may decrease their biodegradability. Glassy carbon (GC) is a promising carbon material that can be employed as a filler in the production of antistatic packaging utilized to protect electronic components. The use of a biodegradable polymeric matrix such as poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) can be an excellent alternative for the preparation of green composites to be used in these packages. This work aims to evaluate the effect of the GC addition and the GC particle size on the biodegradability of the PHBV matrix, as well as to study the result of the employment of a previous photodegradation treatment on the biodegradation in aqueous medium of PHBV/GC composites. Scanning electron microscopy, residual weight measurement (%) and surface roughness showed that GC does not interfere negatively with PHBV biodegradability. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis and residual weight measurement permitted to suggest that the increase in the crystallinity degree of PHBV and PHBV/GC samples occasioned by the ultraviolet radiation hindered the water and enzyme access to the bulk of the materials, decreasing the biodegradability.     

聚酯生物降解及评价方法研究

塑料“白色污染”越来越引起人们的广泛关注,在自然界微生物的作用下能降解成为二氧化碳、水和无机物的生物降解材料是解决问题的一种有效途径。新型生物降解聚酯的开发离不开对材料生物降解性能的研究和评价方法的开发,为此,本文评述了生物降解聚酯的类型及其生物降解性能、聚酯降解微生物与酶的研究进展,介绍了土壤、堆肥和水体环境中的材料生物降解性评价方法。可以看到低成本、高性能是生物降解聚酯的发展方向;现有聚酯降解微生物和酶尚不能满足聚酯工业回收应用要求,需开发更高效、更稳定的酶;目前生物降解评价方法受接种环境影响大、评价周期长且难完全模拟材料在自然环境中生物降解行为,新型生物降解聚酯的开发也亟需可靠、快速的降解评价方法。     

一次性可降解秸秆花盆的研制

采用廉价的秸秆为增强材料，以淀粉为基体材料，通过模压成型制备出一次性可生物降解花盆。分析了经氨水处理的秸秆纤维对秸秆花盆材料力学性能的影响，讨论了以淀粉为主的基体材料对秸秆花盆性能的影响。土埋试验和育苗栽培试验表明，秸秆花盆材料具有良好的生物降解性能，而且不影响植物生长。     

Biodegradability of biomass pyrolysis oils: Comparison to conventional petroleum fuels and alternatives fuels in current use

Concern with environmental issues such as global climate change has stimulated research into the development of more environmentally friendly technologies and energy sources. One critical area of our economy is liquid fuels. Fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass for liquids production is of particular concern, as it is one of the most interesting ways to produce renewable liquid fuel for transport and heat and power production.The aerobic biodegradability of various pyrolysis oils from different origins and of a EN 590 diesel sample was examined using the Modified Sturm (OECD 301B). The results demonstrate that all fast pyrolysis oils assessed are biodegradable with similar shaped curves with 41–50% biodegradation after 28 days, whereas the diesel sample reached only 24% biodegradation. Since pyrolysis oils achieved biodegradability over 20% these are classified as inherently biodegradable. Modelling of biodegradation processes was successfully performed with a first-order chemical reaction.The biodegradability results obtained for biomass pyrolysis oils are compared to those of conventional and alternative fuels.     

Biodegradable polymers and environmental interaction

Biodegradable polymers are by definition those that degrade as a result of the action of microorganisms and/or enzymes. The rate of this biodegradation may vary from hours to years depending on the molecular architecture of the polymer in question. Biopolymers like lignin take years to degrade while many proteins and polysaccharides degrade within hours to days. The same is true for the synthetic biodegradable polymers where polyethylene is sometimes regarded as inert to biodegradation while polyanhydrides are rapidly biodegradable. The influence of structure, morphology, and surface area on the biodegradability are discussed, with polyesters and degradable polyethylene (with pro-oxidant and/or biodegradable additives) as examples. The rate of biodegradation is controllable by choosing the appropriate molecular architecture. In addition to this the environmental interaction of these polymers should be determined. The degradation product pattern of biodegradable polymers should be compatible with the natural degradation mechanisms (i.e., catabolisms).