基于噁三唑设计潜在高能量密度化合物

以1,2,3,4-噁三唑和1,2,3,5-噁三唑为框架，引入硝基、硝氨基、三硝基甲基等含能基团，设计了A、B两组噁三唑类含能化合物，以三唑设计C组对照组化合物进行对比；采用密度泛函方法B3PW91/6-31G(d, p)基组，优化了化合物的几何结构，计算了化合物的密度、生成焓、氧平衡、爆速、爆压和感度等相关性能参数。计算结果表明，噁三唑类化合物的爆轰性能优良，密度、爆速、爆压等均超过三唑类含能化合物，有6种化合物的密度在1.90g/cm³以上，爆速在9.0km/s以上，爆压在40GPa以上；基团—CNF₂(NO₂)₂、—CF(NO₂)₂、—C(NO₂)₃对密度、爆速和爆压贡献大，以噁三唑为框架加以—CNF₂(NO₂)₂、—CF(NO₂)₂、—C(NO₂)₃构建的...     

Zn(Ⅱ)配合物催化C—C键裂解和原位合成2-甲基-4(3H)-喹唑酮

在配合物的水热合成过程中往往可以发现新的化学反应和催化机理。本文通过[Zn(L)₂·(H₂O)₂·(NO₃)₂]（L=4(3H)-喹唑酮）配合物在130℃催化乙腈分子中的CC键断裂,原位合成化合物2-甲基-4(3H)-喹唑酮。利用红外、元素分析和X射线单晶衍射表征分析2-甲基-4(3H)-喹唑酮和[Zn(L)₂·(H₂O)₂·(NO₃)₂]的结构,结果表明[Zn(L)₂·(H₂O)₂·(NO₃)₂]和2-甲基-4(3H)-喹唑酮属于三斜晶系,P-1空间群。三组温度控制实验表明,温度对2-甲基-4(3H)-喹唑啉酮的形成有着重要的影响,并且温度高于130℃有利于该催化反应的进行。采取电喷雾质谱表征2-甲基-4(3H)-喹唑酮的形成机理发现,[Zn(L)₂·(H₂O)₂·(NO₃)₂]催化乙腈分子中的CC键断裂,生成(CN)₂和·CH₃。·CH₃有选择性地引入到4(3H)-喹唑酮中的C原子和N原子之间。本文对原位引入CH₃有着指导作用。     

过氧化麦角甾醇分子的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)方法,在B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p)水平上对过氧化麦角甾醇进行了计算研究。优化得到了过氧化麦角甾醇分子的结构,给出了分子的键长、键角、二面角等参数,并对其进行了1HNMR光谱、IR光谱、UV-Vis光谱理论模拟和自然电荷分析。自然电荷计算表明,羟基O和H原子很可能是关键的活性中心。理论计算结果与实验值符合的很好。     

4-溴-5-硝基-1,8-萘酐的合成工艺改进

以苊为原料、NaBr/CeCl3?7H2O/H2O2为溴化试剂,得到5-溴苊,再用Al(NO3)3?9H2O/CH3COOH硝化,得到4-溴-5-硝基苊,进一步以醋酸钴/醋酸锰/N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺/氧气为氧化剂,制备得到萘酰亚胺类荧光染料的重要中间体4-溴-5-硝基-1,8-萘酐.考察了原料配比、反应温度、时间以及溶剂对收率的影响,优选的最佳反应条件为:溴化反应温度25℃,反应时间3 h,n(苊):n(CeCl3?7H2O):n(NaBr)=2:1:2.4,收率86.4％;硝化反应温度45℃,反应时间8 h,n(5-溴苊):n〔Al(NO3)3?9H2O〕=1:1.2,收率88.4％;氧化反应温度110℃,反应时间5 h,n(醋酸钴):n(醋酸锰):n(N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺):n(4-溴-5-硝基苊)=1.2:0.5:1.2:10,收率72.3％.进行了初步放大实验,结果表明,反应扩大5～20倍后仍具有较好的收率.     

H与CH_2OH自由基反应机理的理论研究

利用量子化学计算方法,采用密度泛函理论(DFT)研究了H与CH_2OH自由基反应的机理。在6-311++G**基组水平上,优化得到了反应途径上的反应物、过渡态、中间体和产物的几何构型;在B3LYP/6-311++G**优化的构型基础上,采用CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pvtz方法对所有的驻点及部分选择点进行了单点能校正,并得到各驻点的高级单点能量;通过振动分析对过渡态和中间体构型进行了确认。计算结果表明:H与CH_2OH自由基的反应有两种不同的反应机制。其中,H原子加成到CH_2OH自由基中O4原子上消去H2的反应是主反应通道,P1(CH_2O+H_2)为主要产物。     

应用ABEEM/MM研究Al(Ⅲ)离子水分子体系

采用高水平的从头算方法,对铝离子水分子团簇 Al3+-(H2O)n(n=1-6)在 MP2/6-31++G(d,p)水平下进行了结构的研究.采用了BSSE校正且在MP2/6-311++G(2d,2p)水平下对能量进行了计算,并运用原子-键电负性均衡浮动电荷模型(ABEEM/MM),确定了Al3+-H2O的参数,将Al3+-H2O参数应用于Al3+-(H2O)n(n=1-6)体系中,计算内容包括结合能和连续结合能等,所得结果和从头算的结果符合较好.     

冲击波加载下RDX初始反应机理及分解产物光谱特征

为了理解含能材料微观起爆机理,利用自洽电荷紧束缚密度泛函理论结合多尺度冲击模拟技术研究了固相RDX晶体在冲击波加载下的分解过程,采用含时密度泛函理论获取主要稳定产物的荧光发射谱及振动分辨的发射谱。结果表明,在低速冲击下(冲击波速度≤8km/s),温度随时间上升缓慢且达到平衡后不超过1700K,RDX未完全引爆,初始分解反应源于N—NO₂键的断裂,模拟时长超过10ps后产物随时间变化趋于稳定,最终稳定产物以NO₂、NO和H₂O为主;在高速冲击下(冲击波速度≥9km/s),平衡温度和应力显著增加,RDX完全引爆,N—NO₂键受到高压抑制,初始分解反应源于C—H键和主环上C—N键的断裂,模拟时长超过3～5ps后产物随时间变化趋于稳定,最终稳定产物以N₂、CO和H₂O为主。模拟结果反映出固相RDX在冲击作用下初始起爆过程具有显著的分段特性。CN₂分子的电子从第二激发态(E=-4007.3eV)向基态(E=-4010.8eV)跃迁,发射谱线波长...     

用密度泛函理论研究多硝基吡嗪氮氧化物的结构和爆轰性能

在DFT-B3LYP(B3P86)/6-31+G**水平上优化了多硝基吡嗪氮氧化物的几何构型。用线性方程式H50=-23.16597+(73.60873×BDE/E)×104,计算了14种炸药的撞击感度,通过设计等键反应,计算了气相生成焓。用Monte-Carlo方法理论估算了标题化合物的密度,用Kamlet-Jacobs经验公式预测了爆速、爆压。结果表明,多硝基吡嗪环具有芳香性,所设计的系列硝基吡嗪类化合物的爆速在7.38～9.77km/s之间,是具有潜力的含能材料的候选物。     

准东煤灰中的钙镁黄长石生成机理研究

借助管式炉实验台在不同温度下研究了燃烧天池南矿、五彩湾、宜化三种典型准东煤过程中煤灰矿物质的形成机理,并利用XRD手段分析矿物质组成,结果表明：1100℃时有大量钙镁黄长石生成,是1100℃下煤灰中的重要矿物质;钙镁黄长石生成路径的第一步是形成硅灰石,然后再与氧化镁反应形成钙镁黄长石。基于实验结果,采用密度泛函理论在B3LYP/6-311G++（d,p）水平上对钙镁黄长石的生成路径进行研究,并进行动力学分析。结果表明,硅灰石的形成过程中路径2更容易进行,且该反应的决速性步骤是CaO与SiO₂相连成键后,SiO₂上的O原子转移步骤;之后,CaSiO₃进行无势垒络合,形成2CaSiO₃后再与MgO发生反应,最终形成Ca₂MgSi₂O₇,该反应中的最大势垒出现在2CaSiO₃与MgO相连成键后各原子的转动过程中。     

四乙酰基二硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷分子结构研究

四乙酰基二硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TADNIW)是合成六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(HNIW)的中间体。该文用Gaussian 98软件包,采用密度泛函理论B3LYP和标准基组6-31G对所选构型进行了全优化计算,在结构上对TADNIW的键长、键角、二面角、Mu lliken电荷及集居数进行了理论分析,发现笼形化合物的六元环成船式构象,硝基处于桥头,骨架以亚稳态存在。结构分析表明,六元环上N—NO2键相对较稳定,采用一般的硝解条件反应不能进行,作者提出了新的反应机理,即水解-硝化假设:含有酰胺基团的一类化合物在含水的硝化介质中首先发生水解生成相应的仲胺,碱性较强的仲胺再在氮硝化催化剂的作用下,迅速硝化成硝胺。计算得到TADNIW分子总能量为-1 583.375 682 a.u.,前线轨道能量差ΔE(ELUMO-EHOMO)为4.123 eV。计算IR谱图与实验IR谱图对比,误差小于20 cm-1。     

Co-MOF-74的合成及其吸附正己烷/1-己烯性能

采用溶剂热方法合成了Co-MOF-74,采用X射线衍射（XRD）、氮气吸附、红外光谱（FTIR）、热重-差热分析（TG-DSC）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对其进行表征,研究其吸附正己烷/1-己烯性能。结果表明,优化的Co-MOF-74合成工艺条件为：原料配比n[Co（NO₃）₂·6H₂O]：n（DHTP）：n（THF）：n（H₂O）=2：1：165：750,晶化温度100℃,晶化时间24h,150℃活化2h。合成Co-MOF-74对1-己烯和正己烷的静态饱和吸附量分别为125.6mg/g和72.9mg/g,BET比表面积为1209m²/g,孔体积为0.41cm³/g,微孔平均孔径为0.66nm。L-F吸附模型能较好地解释Co-MOF-74材料对1-己烯的吸附等温线数据,Co-MOF-74吸附1-己烯的过程是热力学自发放热过程。     

Reduction of NOx over Fe/ZSM-5 catalysts: mechanistic causes of activity differences between alkanes

Fe/ZSM-5 catalysts prepared by sublimation of FeCl₃ onto H/ZSM-5 catalyze the selective reduction of NO_x by hydrocarbons to N₂. The order of the relative rates and N₂ yields obtained with different alkanes reveals a non-trivial chemistry. The maximum yield is lower for propane than for n-butane but about the same for n- and iso-butane. However, at temperatures below this maximum, the N₂ yield is higher for propane and n-butane than for iso-butane. Deposits are formed on the catalyst that contain N atoms in a low-oxidation state which are able to react with NO₂ to form N₂. TPO and FTIR results show that the amount and also the character of the deposits depend on the nature of alkanes. The change of the oxidation state of nitrogen from a high value in NO or NO₂ to a lower value in nitrile and amino groups of the deposit is rationalized by applying mechanistic concepts of organic chemistry, including the Beckmann rearrangement and fragmentation. FTIR spectra and the observed oxygen- and nitrogen-containing compounds by GC-MS are potential clues to the reaction mechanism.     

Catalytic purification of waste gases containing VOC mixtures with Ce/Zr solid solutions

This study has been undertaken to investigate the efficiency of ceria, zirconia, and Ce_xZr_1−xO₂ mixed oxides as catalysts for the vapour-phase destruction in air of single model VOCs (n-hexane, 1,2-dichloroethane and trichloroethylene) and non-chlorinated VOC/chlorinated VOC binary mixtures. Considering all catalyst compositions examined for the individual destruction of these compounds, activity for complete oxidation decreased in the following order: n-hexane < 1,2-dichloroethane < trichloroethylene. The compositions with the best performance for chlorinated VOCs abatement (Ce_0.5Zr_0.5O₂ and Ce_0.15Zr_0.85O₂) were different than that with the best performance for n-hexane oxidation (CeO₂). Concerning chlorinated VOCs conversion, it was observed that notable improvements in catalyst activity of CeO₂ could be achieved through structural doping with Zr ions. Mixed oxides exhibited promoted redox and acid properties, which resulted catalytically relevant for the oxidation of 1,2-dichloroethane and trichloroethylene. In contrast, the combustion of n-hexane was essentially controlled by surface oxygen species, which were more abundant on CeO₂. Attainment of high n-hexane conversions with CeO₂ was also attributed in part to the hydrophobicity of the support and the reduced interaction with carbon dioxide.

Significant ‘mixture effects’ on both activity and selectivity were noticed when a given chlorinated feed was decomposed in the presence of n-hexane. On one hand, each VOC decreased the reactivity of the other relative to that of the pure compound resulting in higher operating temperatures to achieve adequate destruction. Competitive adsorption played an important role in the reciprocal inhibition effects detected with all catalysts. On the other hand, the selectivity to HCl was noticeably enhanced when n-hexane was co-fed, probably due to the increased presence of water generated as an oxidation product.     

水合硝酸镁热解过程研究

水合硝酸镁是红土镍矿硝酸湿法冶金工艺中产生的副产品,其资源化利用是决定湿法冶金工艺绿色化工艺链条贯通的关键环节之一。水合硝酸镁热解生产氧化镁是其资源化利用最具潜力的发展方向。为此,以稳定的硝酸镁水合物——六水硝酸镁为实验物料,采用热重分析（TG-DTG）、红外光谱（FT-IR）、X射线衍射（XRD）和差示扫描量热分析（DSC）等技术手段研究了其热解基本过程,旨在为水合硝酸镁资源化工艺参数的确定提供理论支撑。研究结果表明,水合硝酸镁热解过程可以分为脱水和分解两个阶段：脱水阶段,六水硝酸镁在68~170 ℃失去4个结晶水生成二水硝酸镁,二水硝酸镁在170~389 ℃失去2个结晶水生成无水硝酸镁;分解阶段,无水硝酸镁在389~510 ℃分解生成氧化镁、二氧化氮和氧气。六水硝酸镁热解过程是一个吸热反应,其反应热约为940.50 J/g。     

Co-conversion of methanol and n-hexane into aromatics using intergrown ZSM-5/ZSM-11 as a catalyst

The conversion of n-hexane and methanol into value-added aromatic compounds is a promising method for their industrially relevant utilization. In this study, intergrown ZSM-5/ZSM-11 crystals were synthesized and their resulting catalytic performance was investigated and compared to those of the isolated ZSM-5 and ZSM-11 zeolites. The physicochemical properties of ZSM-5/ZSM-11 intergrown zeolite were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, N₂ isothermal adsorption-desorption, the temperature-programmed desorption of ammonium, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra of adsorbed pyridine, and nuclear magnetic resonance of ²⁷Al , and compared with those of the ZSM-5 and ZSM-11 zeolites. The catalytic performances of the materials were evaluated during the co-feeding reaction of methanol and n-hexane under the fixed bed conditions of 400°C, 0.5 MPa (N₂), methanol:꞉n-hexane=7꞉:3 (mass ratio), and weight hourly space velocity=1 h^–1 (methanol). Compared to the ZSM-5 and ZSM-11 zeolites, the ZSM-5/ZSM-11 zeolite exhibited the largest specific surface area, a unique crystal structure, moderate acidity, and suitable Brønsted/Lewis acid ratio. The evaluation results showed that ZSM-5/ZSM-11 catalyst exhibited better catalytic reactivity than the ZSM-5 and ZSM-11 catalysts in terms of methanol conversion rate, n-hexane conversion rate, and aromatic selectivity. The outstanding catalytic property of the intergrown ZSM-5/ZSM-11 was attributed to the enhanced diffusion associated with its unique crystal structure. The benefit of using zeolite intergrowth in the co-conversion of methanol and alkanes offers a novel route for future catalyst development.     

Electron spectroscopy of sulfated zirconia, its activity in n-hexane conversion and possible reasons of its deactivation

Sulfated zirconia catalysts were prepared and characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy taken in the dried state (fresh) and after calcination at 900 K (calc.). A maximum activity was observed as a function of the calcination temperature. The Zr 3d region showed that any Zr hydroxide in the dried catalyst transformed into zirconium oxide upon calcination. The O 1s peak could be fitted by two components corresponding to ZrO₂ and sulfate, respectively. Sulfur was present as sulfate. Both catalysts showed activity in n-hexane conversion (including isomerization) between 300 and 473 K. The activity of the calcined catalyst was much higher. The main products were isopentane and isobutane, along with 2-methyl- and 3-methylpentane. The activity was not stable and only a limited amount of n-hexane transformed before final deactivation. This observation pointed to a limited amount of active sites able to start the reaction. The activity could be fully regenerated by oxygen treatment. Thus, the “oxidative” start of the reaction [ A. Ghenciu, D. Farcasiu, Catal. Lett. 44 (1997) 29] may have also played a role apart from those on strong acid sites. Deactivation may have been due to a partial reduction of sulfate groups rather than to carbon accumulation, as shown also by the minor amounts of S⁴⁺ detected by XPS. Parallel isomerization and splitting of hexane into two C₃ units may occur, followed by the formation of surface C₉ units, the latter being intermediate of larger fragments.     

羟基改性聚对亚苯基苯并二唑单体3,3′-二氨基-4,4′-二羟基联苯盐酸盐的合成

为改进聚对亚苯基苯并二唑（PBO）纤维复合黏结性能差等缺点,在苯环上引入极性基团羟基进行化学分子结构改性,3,3′-二氨基-4,4′-二羟基联苯盐酸盐（DADHBP·2HCl）是羟基改性PBO的关键单体。以4,4′-二羟基联苯（DHBP）为原料经硝化、还原反应合成得到中间体3,3′-二硝基-4,4′-二羟基联苯（DNDHBP）和羟基改性PBO的单体DADHBP·2HCl,并对其反应条件进行了优化。结果表明：对于硝化反应,以甲苯、冰乙酸的混合液为反应溶剂,n(DHBP)∶n(HNO₃)=1∶2,反应温度5℃,反应时间2.5h,收率81.39％,高效液相色谱（HPLC）纯度(质量分数)92.43％;还原反应,n(DNDHBP)∶n(FeSO₄·7H₂O)=1∶9,乙醇为溶剂,七水合硫酸亚铁为助剂,n(DNDHBP)∶n(N₂H₄·H₂O)=1∶5.5,反应温度78℃,反应时间9h,热过滤,滤饼盐酸精制后得到DADHBP·2HCl,收率67.16%,HPLC纯度（质量分数）98.20%。中间体和产物结构经红外光谱、核磁氢谱和电喷雾质谱表征确认。     

Catalytic effect of platinum on the kinetics of carbon oxidation by NO2 and O2

The effect of a commercial Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst on the oxidation by NO₂ and O₂ of a model soot (carbon black) in conditions close to automotive exhaust gas aftertreatment is investigated. Isothermal oxidations of a physical mixture of carbon black and catalyst in a fixed bed reactor were performed in the temperature range 300–450 °C. The experimental results indicate that no significant effect of the Pt catalyst on the direct oxidation of carbon by O₂ and NO₂ is observed. However, in presence of NO₂–O₂ mixture, it is found that besides the well established catalytic reoxidation of NO into NO₂, Pt also exerts a catalytic effect on the cooperative carbon–NO₂–O₂ oxidation reaction. An overall mechanism involving the formation of atomic oxygen over Pt sites followed by its transfer to the carbon surface is established. Thus, the presence of Pt catalyst increases the surface concentration of –C(O) complexes which then react with NO₂ leading to an enhanced carbon consumption. The resulting kinetic equation allows to model more precisely the catalytic regeneration of soot traps for automotive applications.     

The size effect and high activity of nanosized platinum supported catalysts for low temperature oxidation of volatile organic compounds

Pt/Al₂O₃ catalysts with smaller size of Pt nanoparticles were prepared by ethylene glycol reduction method in two different way and their oxidation activities for three typical VOCs (volatile organic compounds) were evaluated. The catalyst prepared by first adsorption and then reduction procedure is denoted as L-Pt/Al₂O₃ while the catalyst prepared by first reduction and then loading procedure is defined as R-Pt/Al₂O₃. The results show that L-Pt/Al₂O₃ with the stronger interaction between Pt species and Al₂O₃ exhibit smaller size of Pt nanoparticles and favorable thermal stability compared with R-Pt/Al₂O₃. L-Pt/Al₂O₃ is favor of the formation of more adsorbed oxygen species and more Pt²⁺ species, resulting in high catalytic activity for benzene and ethyl acetate oxidation. However, R-Pt/Al₂O₃ catalysts with higher proportion of Pt⁰/Pt²⁺ and bigger size of Pt particles exhibits higher catalytic activity for n-hexane oxidation. Pt particles in R-Pt/Al₂O₃ were aggregated much more serious than that in L-Pt/Al₂O₃ at the same calcination temperature. The Pt particles supported on Al₂O₃ with~10 nm show the best catalytic activity for n-hexane oxidation.