南方某供水水库氮磷入库污染分析及消减控制措施

对南方某高度城市化区域L水库各类氮磷入库污染源进行采样监测,对L水库氮磷污染负荷进行核算,结果表明,由于水库主要入库河流已经截排,当前L水库氮磷主要入库来源为外来引水工程,其NH₃-N、TN和TP污染负荷占比分别为98.66%、98.52%和96.53%,其余来自本地散流面源入库。基于L水库氮磷污染负荷核算结果,提出当前水库主要污染来源和入库污染消减控制措施——重点提高外源引水水质、截断不同类型散流面源入库途径、完善流域内污水管网、提高入库前置库面源污染收集净化能力,最终为L水库富营养化控制提供技术支持。     

秸秆生物质炭/碳化ZIF-67复合材料去除水中磷酸盐的试验研究

磷污染是富营养化污染的主要来源,农林秸秆的随地丢弃、就地焚烧造成了环境污染。为实现农林秸秆的综合利用和资源化处理含磷废水,本文主要在玉米秸秆生物质表面采用原位生长的方法合成ZIF-67,再在N₂气氛中500℃高温煅烧4h,制备成秸秆生物质炭/碳化ZIF-67(BC/碳化ZIF-67)复合材料用于水体中磷酸盐的吸附。探究了样品投加量、吸附时间、p H、初始浓度和温度对磷酸盐吸附的影响,得出在样品投加量为4g/L,吸附时间达到60min,p H为9,初始浓度为50mg/L和吸附温度为30℃,对磷酸盐的最大吸附量可达88.8mg/g。     

农村小型水库流域污染特征分析及治理对策-以庐江县金汤水库为例

针对金汤水库水质现状,对流域范围内主要污染来源进行调查分析,计算了污染物入库量以及达到目标水质所需削减的污染负荷量。结果表明,金汤水库的COD、NH3-N、TN和TP的入库总量分别为63.65 t/a、5.47 t/a、14.97 t/a和1.04 t/a;从入库污染负荷的结构组成来看,主要污染源为农业面源污染;基于地表水Ⅲ类水质目标、90%保证率下水库的水环境容量计算结果,需削减的污染负荷量为4.69 t/a和0.53 t/a;根据分析结果,建议利用河道两侧现有水塘、沟渠构建旁路湿地对入库河流进一步处理。     

纤维束-活性炭-沸石联用工艺净化城市污染雨水

为了有效控制道路微污染雨水径流污染,利用纤维束-活性炭-沸石联用法对模拟雨水进行处理,考察该系统对浊度、TOC、氨氮及磷酸盐的去除效果。结果表明,当浊度、TOC、氨氮及磷酸盐浓度分别在（3.85~25.60 NTU）、（4.58~17.80 mg/L）、（0.31~1.42 mg/L）和（0.05~0.36 mg/L）范围内时,该联用工艺对上述污染物去除率分别为（79.2%~96.9%）、（82.7%~87.2%）、（87.5%~94.0%）和（52.9%~65.6%）。活性炭对TOC的吸附能力较强,其吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温线模型,单分子层最大吸附量为41.70 mg/g;沸石对氨氮和磷酸盐的吸附能力明显,其吸附过程同样符合Langmuir吸附等温线模型,单分子层最大吸附量分别为12.31和0.64 mg/g。该组合工艺是一种理想的净化城市污染雨水的方法。     

西安大气中黑碳气溶胶的演化特征

2003年9月～2004年4月在西安站点利用黑碳测量仪(Aethalometer)获得了大气细粒子中每5 min黑碳气溶胶(BC)浓度的演化特征.每5 min浓度变化范围为0.5～101.3 μg/m3.BC浓度月变化以12月最高,为(27.1±11.2)μg/m3,4月最低,为(9.0±3.4)μg/m3,表明机动车尾气、居民燃煤等来源以及不利的气象条件等共同作用,造成了冬季的高浓度BC.冬、春季日变化和周变化模式类似,秋季则明显不同,这主要是由于冬春两季机动车尾气可能是BC的主要贡献源,而秋季可能主要是由于农村生物秸杆燃烧排放的BC而引起其变化模式与冬春季有所差异.选取的3个典型BC高浓度日,其每5 min浓度日变化模式也表明,秋季生物质燃烧对BC有显著贡献.与国内外一些城市、郊区、背景点大气中的BC浓度对比,西安大气中的BC处于高浓度水平,这指示了西安大气中存在碳污染,需要进一步采取措施控制.     

磷基生物炭对含Pb2+废水的吸附特性研究

以污泥与含磷试剂(磷酸二氢钾、磷酸二氢钙)为原料制备磷基生物炭(BC600、BC650)并用于废水中Pb2+的去除.通过单因素静态吸附实验分别研究了吸附剂添加量、含Pb2+废水初始pH、浓度和吸附时间等对BC600和BC650吸附水中Pb2+的影响.结果表明,含Pb2+废水初始pH显著影响BC600和BC650的吸附效率,在pH=5时,BC600和BC650的吸附量分别为37 mg/g和10 mg/g.吸附动力学和吸附等温模型拟合结果表明BC600符合二级动力学模型和Langmuir吸附等温模型,BC650符合一级动力学模型和Freundlich吸附等温模型.结合XRD与SEM分析,BC600和BC650对Pb2+的吸附过程包含物理-化学吸附协同作用,其中BC600以化学吸附为主,BC650以物理吸附为主.     

生物炭负载铁锰氧化物吸附去除Cr(Ⅵ)的试验研究

采用热解法制备负载铁锰氧化物的改性生物炭,并用于去除水中的Cr（Ⅵ）。通过SEM, XRD, FTIR等表征手段对材料进行分析,同时探究材料投加量、 Cr（Ⅵ）初始浓度、初始pH值对Cr（Ⅵ）去除的影响。在铁锰物质的量比为1∶3,香蒲质量为5 g的条件下,经600℃热解2 h制得改性生物炭F1M3BC5。改性后的香蒲草生物炭孔隙丰富,比表面积显著增大,更有利于材料对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附。批量吸附试验结果表明,对于100 mL初始质量浓度为20 mg/L的含Cr（Ⅵ）废水,F1M3BC5的最佳吸附条件为pH值为3、投加量为0.15 g、温度为25℃、吸附时间为5 h。吸附过程与准二级动力学模型拟合,最大吸附量可达18.24 mg/g。     

含炭量对增强PP/BC复合材料的导电性能影响

以竹炭（BC）为填料,聚丙烯（PP）树脂为基体,采用熔融共混法制备了PP/BC复合材料,通过扫描电子显微镜、吸水率、显气孔率、力学性能和热稳定性进行综合分析,研究了BC含量对其导电性能的影响。结果表明,BC的引入可以显著降低PP/BC复合材料的体积电阻率,当BC含量大于30 %（质量分数,下同）时,增长效果尤为明显。     

绿色生物合成细菌纤维素及其在面膜基材上的应用

利用木糖驹形氏杆菌发酵生产细菌纤维素（Bacterial Cellulose，BC），利用红外光谱仪、X-射线衍射分析仪、扫描电镜等对BC膜进行表征，并对BC膜作为面膜基材方面的各项性能进行全面评价。结果表明，BC膜具有超细的三维网状结构，平均直径小于100 nm，结晶度83.46%，属于典型的Ⅰ型纤维素。相较于无纺布与蚕丝面膜，BC膜具有更优越的持水性能、水蒸气透过性能（2263.54 g/m2?24 h）以及力学性能。相同面积的BC膜在24 h内对负载维生素C（Vc）Pickering乳液中Vc的吸收量（42.36 ?g/cm2）约为无纺布面膜（19.13 ?g/cm2）的2.21倍，为蚕丝面膜（27.36 ?g/cm2）的1.54倍；在90 min内能向皮肤输送10.96 ?g/cm2的营养物质，约为无纺布面膜（6.08 ?g/cm2）的1.8倍，为蚕丝面膜（5.35 ?g/cm2）的2倍。     

生物炭/凹凸棒土的制备及对磺胺嘧啶的吸附

利用凹凸棒土（ATP）和碱性木质素（AL）慢速限氧热解制备生物炭/凹凸棒土（BC/ATP）吸附水中的磺胺嘧啶（SDZ）,研究原料比例和热解温度对产品组分含量和吸附效果的影响,并探讨初始pH、BC/ATP投加量、吸附时间和SDZ初始浓度等因素对去除率的影响。分别采用拟一级、拟二级和颗粒内扩散方程拟合吸附过程动力学,用Langmuir和Freundlich方程拟合等温吸附线。通过扫描电镜、傅里叶红外光谱、X射线衍射、拉曼光谱和比表面积测定分析BC/ATP的表面形貌、孔结构和官能团。结果表明ATP能有效促进热解过程中挥发性中间产物二次热解,提高BC得率,改善BC/ATP吸附性能,并通过ATP的金属离子作用扩宽BC/ATP的pH敏感度。吸附动力学均符合拟二级动力学模型,且由颗粒内扩散模型拟合说明该扩散行为不是限制吸附速率的唯一因素,等温吸附线更符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,0＜R_L＜1,为优惠吸附,说明吸附过程易于进行,最大吸附量为109.53mg/g。不同pH条件下吸附机理可分为两部分：①在酸性和中性条件下,主要依靠BC/ATP的上BC表面负电荷与SDZ静电作用;②碱性条件下主要依靠ATP表面金属离子与SDZ氢键的金属阳离子桥接作用。     

索氏萃取-GC-ECD法测定电子产品中多溴二苯醚

对电子产品中多溴二苯醚(PBDEs)的测定方法进行了研究.样品采用甲苯作为提取溶剂进行索氏萃取,提取液经过净化、硅胶柱分离、浓缩处理.再用带电子捕获检测器的气相色谱仪(GC-ECD)进行测定.对GC-ECD的精确度和回收率进行了测定,基质加标空白回收率在87.3%～116.3%.并测得相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.95%...     

DBPs formation and toxicity monitoring in different origin water treated by ozone and alum/PAC coagulation

In this study, aluminium sulphate (alum) and polyaluminum chloride (PAC) coagulation were used for coagulation of different origin water (Buyukcekmece, BC and Omerli, OM in Istanbul, Turkey and Carmine, CR in Salerno, Italy) treatment. The effect of pre-ozonation alone and combined with coagulation on NOM removal which was characterized by TOC, UV254 was investigated. DBPs formation and acute toxicity on Daphnia magna of chlorinated raw and treated samples were defined in parallel. Moreover, bromide spiking was evaluated for DBPs speciation. Optimum alum dose for TOC removal was found to be 40 mg/L for OM while 80 mg/L of alum exhibited the lowest total trihalomethane formation potential (TTHMFP). Pre-ozonation enhanced the removal of TOC and reduction of TTHMFP when it was used in combination with both coagulants. In contrast, total haloacetic acid formation potential (THAAFP) increased after each coagulation, ozonation and their combination. 300 µg/L bromide spiking (around the same level with BC) in raw sample collected from CR increased the formation of brominated disinfection byproducts. Raw and treated samples displayed acute toxicity on Daphnia magna in different pattern and practically “no dose-response behavior” was observed.     

铁炭活化过硫酸盐降解碱性高浓度有机废液

采用零价铁与活性炭协同活化过硫酸盐处理碱性高浓度电镀槽有机废液。在原水COD≥10000 mg/L,pH为碱性的条件下,考察了过硫酸钠、零价铁与活性炭投加量以及反应时间、初始pH等因素对COD去除效果的影响,并通过正交实验确定了降解最优条件。结果表明:在过硫酸钠投加量为22 g/L,零价铁投加量为4.8 g/L,活性炭投加量为1.2 g/L,初始pH为11,反应时间为3 h的最优条件下,COD去除率达86.40%,TOC、TP去除率分别为66.95%、96.50%。对COD的降解过程符合一级反应动力学方程。     

Continuous and efficient removal of THMs from river water using MF membrane combined with high dose of PAC

A combination of microfiltration (MF) membrane with a high concentration (40 g/L of the reactor) of powdered activated carbon (PAC) efficiently and continuously removed trihalomethanes (THMs) and total organic carbon (TOC) from river water for a period of two months. Without PAC, the membrane reactor was able to remove less than 18% of THMs and less than 5% of TOC; with PAC, 65 to 95% of THMs and TOC were removed. Even though the THMs concentration in the influent was steadily increasing (reaching 50 μg/L), THMs concentration in the effluents from the reactors with PAC were consistently below 15 μg/L. While the MF membranes alone could not remove organics, PAC and microbial activity in the biofilm deposited on the PAC particles assured long term and continuous removal of THMs. No additional PAC was added into or removed from the reactors during the filtration period. Operational parameters such as the backwashing of the membrane, interval of the filtration cycle and biological pretreatment of the river water had a small effect on the extent of THMs removal, but they increased the filtration time prior to membrane cleaning and improved the overall performance of the reactors.     

Removal of ampicillin sodium in solution using activated carbon adsorption integrated with H2O2 oxidation

BACKGROUND: The removal of antibiotic ampicillin sodium using H₂O₂ and modified granular activated carbon (GAC) is discussed. Two types of modified activated carbons were used in experiment to catalyze ·OH production from H₂O₂. One was modified with base (NaOH; called B‐GAC), the other was modified with Fe(NO₃)₃ (Fe‐GAC) and the nominal Fe metal loading was 5 wt%. In the experiment, pH, contact time, dosage of activated carbon and H₂O₂ and initial concentration of ampicillin sodium were investigated to determine their influence on the removal efficiency. The stability of Fe‐GAC was also evaluated. RESULTS: With an initial ampicillin sodium concentration of 200 mg L^?1, 85.2% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 76.4% of total organic carbon (TOC) can be removed with 8.0 g L^?1 of B‐GAC and 80 mg L^?1 of H₂O₂ (at pH 5.0). For the Fe‐GAC/H₂O₂ process, with 5.0 g L^?1 of activated carbon and 80 mg L^?1 of H₂O₂, COD and TOC removal can be elevated to 91.2% and 79.5% (at pH 3.0), respectively. CONCLUSION: The integration of activated carbon and H₂O₂ treatment was more effective for the removal of ampicillin from aqueous solution than using activated carbon alone. In the process, adsorption played a dominant role and the addition of a small amount of H₂O₂ accelerated the reaction rate and improved the removal efficiency. pH also greatly affected removal efficiency. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of phenol with a Fe/active carbon catalyst

A Fe on activated carbon catalyst has been prepared and tested for phenol oxidation with H₂O₂ in aqueous solution at low concentration (100 mg/L). Working at 50 °C, initial pH 3 and a dose of H₂O₂ corresponding to the stoichiometric amount (500 mg/L) complete removal of phenol and a high TOC reduction (around 85%) has been reached. Oxidation of phenol gives rise to highly toxic aromatic intermediates which finally disappear completely evolving to short-chain organic acids. Some of these last showed to be fairly resistant to oxidation being responsible for the residual TOC. In long-term continuous experiments the catalyst undergoes a significant loss of activity in a relatively short term (20–25 h) due to Fe leaching, this being related with the amount of oxalic acid produced. Deactivation may also be caused by active sites blockage due to polymeric deposits on whose formation some evidences were found. Washing with 1N NaOH solution allows to recover the activity although complete restoration was not achieved.     

Application of microfiltration systems coupled with powdered activated carbon to river water treatment

A bench scale submerged microfiltration system coupled with high concentration of PAC (powdered activated carbon) was applied in order to purify a river water containing secondary effluent. The system was operated with four different modes: Run-1, -2, -3 and -4. The PAC concentration was set at 0, 4 and 40 g/L with same filtration rate of 1.0 m/d (42 L/m²/h) which correspond to Run-1, -2 and -3. In Run-4, the filtration rate was set at 0.5 m/d (21 L/m²/h) with PAC concentration of 40 g/L. The effluent turbidity showed below 0.1 NTU for all runs, and the removal rates more than 90% were observed. As for TOC removal, almost no removal of TOC was observed in Run-1 while the higher removal rates were obtained with the higher dosage of powdered activated carbon. Run-3 and 4 with PAC dose of 40 g/L showed the removal of 85% regardless of the filtration rates. Removal of UV254 was similar to that of TOC: removal of 13% at Run-1 and 90% at Run-3 and -4. As for the filtration efficiency, an average filtration time for TMP to reach 60 kPa was checked for each runs. The filtration time of around 5 days was observed in Run-1 and Run-2, 2 days in Run-3 and 60 days in Run-4. According to the results, the effluent water quality got better with higher dose of PAC and the filtration efficiency was enhanced with higher dose of PAC and lower filtration time.     

Characteristics of PAHs,PCDD/Fs,PCBs and PBDEs in the Sediment of Lake Baikal,Russia

The levels of PAHs, PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PBDEs in Lake Baikal were monitored for the first time using deep water sediment. The sediment samples were collected from 15 stations in four regions of Lake Baikal: Ol’khon Island (n = 8), the Angara River estuary (n = 2), the Selenga River delta (n = 2), and the Baikal pulp and paper mill (BPPM) (n = 3). The highest average concentrations of PCDD/Fs (20.24 pg/g d.w.) and PCBs (68.72 ng/g d.w.) were found at Ol’khon Island. The highest total PBDE concentrations were found at BPPM, with a mean concentration of 575.76 pg/g d.w. For PCBs, PCB-52, and PCB-69 were dominant, making up 11% of the total 209 PCB congeners. BDE-209 contributed 60% of PBDEs in Lake Baikal. According to the TPEQ concentration of PAHs, PAHs contributed the most to Lake Baikal contamination. The sources of contamination of PAHs, PCDDs, and PCBs in Lake Baikal are identified as combustion, runoff from the use of the pesticides (PCP) and insulating oil, specifically for PCBs. The source of PBDEs is assumed to be production, use and disposal of products containing PBDEs, in addition to atmospheric long-range transport and deposition.