Efficient Gauss-Seidel Precoding with Parallel Calculation in Massive MIMO Systems

A number of requirements for 5G mobile communication are satisfied by adopting multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems. The inter user interference (IUI) which is an inevitable problem in MIMO systems becomes controllable when the precoding scheme is used. In this paper, the horizontal Gauss-Seidel (HGS) method is proposed as precoding scheme in massive MIMO systems. In massive MIMO systems, the exact inversion of channel matrix is impractical due to the severe computational complexity. Therefore, the conventional Gauss-Seidel (GS) method is used to approximate the inversion of channel matrix. The GS has good performance by using previous calculation results as feedback. However, the required time for obtaining the precoding symbols is too long due to the sequential process of GS. Therefore, the HGS with parallel calculation is proposed in this paper to reduce the required time. The rows of channel matrix are eliminated for parallel calculation in HGS method. In addition, HGS uses the ordered channel matrix to prevent performance degradation which is occurred by parallel calculation. The HGS with proper number of parallelly computed symbols has better performance and reduced required time compared to the traditional GS.     

单用户毫米波大规模MIMO系统的混合预编码方案设计

对MIMO通信系统的数字预编码方法进行了深入分析,指出单用户毫米波大规模MIMO系统和传统全数字预编码方案所用射频(RF)链路数量过大致使系统实现成本大和能量消耗较高,并针对这种情况,提出了一种在系统收发两端分别采用混合预编码器和混合合成器的混合预编码方案。该方案首先通过迭代算法设计模拟预编码矩阵,并且根据信道矩阵与模拟预编码矩阵作用生成的等效信道矩阵设计数字预编码矩阵,然后根据混合预编码器设计混合合成器,从而使系统频谱效率最大化。该方案与传统全数字预编码及现有混合预编码方案的仿真比较结果表明,该方案有效降低了系统实现成本和能量消耗,且性能优于现有的混合预编码方案,与传统全数字预编码方案相比,性能非常接近。     

An Optimized Algorithm for Resource Allocation for D2D in Heterogeneous Networks

With the emergence of 5G mobile multimedia services, end users’ demand for high-speed, low-latency mobile communication network access is increasing. Among them, the device-to-device (D2D) communication is one of the considerable technology. In D2D communication, the data does not need to be relayed and forwarded by the base station, but under the control of the base station, a direct local link is allowed between two adjacent mobile devices. This flexible communication mode reduces the processing bottlenecks and coverage blind spots of the base station, and can be widely used in dense user communication scenarios such as heterogeneous ultra-dense wireless networks. One of the important factors which affects the quality-of-service (QoS) of D2D communications is co-channel interference. In order to solve this problem of co-channel interference, this paper proposes a graph coloring based algorithm. The main idea is to utilize the weighted priority of spectrum resources and enables multiple D2D users to reuse the single cellular user resource. The proposed algorithm also provides simpler power control. The heterogeneous pattern of interference is determined using different types of interferences and UE and the priority of color is acquired. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm effectively reduced the co-channel interference, power consumption and improved the system throughput as compared with existing algorithms.     

面向电力物联网URLLC业务的智能网络切片管理方法

基于5G通信技术的电力物联网正在如火如荼地建设,随之产生的是用电信息采集、输变电状态监测以及精准负荷控制等新型电力物联网业务。为了满足这些业务对5G网络的超低时延和超高可靠性的需求,提出一种面向电力物联网URLLC(ultra reliable low latency communication)业务的智能网络切片管理方法。该方法综合运用5G切片和移动边缘计算(mobile edge computing,MEC)技术,建立电力业务传输和计算的时延、能耗以及可靠性模型,并通过DQN(deep Q network)算法对切片资源进行优化。仿真实验表明,所提出的智能网络切片管理方法的可靠性高于98%,且优于经典的基于坐标块下降方法和资源平均分配方法。     

Data service oriented networking analysis of TD LTE system

移动互联网和物联网的发展带来数据业务的蓬勃发展,对移动系统带宽需求激增,促使运营商大力发展面向数据业务的LTE技术,特别是采用非对称频谱的TD-LTE技术。本文分析TD-LTE系统组网应考虑的内容,研究TD-LTE系统本身及与TD-SCDMA系统进行同频组网的可行性,给出面向数据业务的TD-LTE系统组网总体建议。     

A High Gain,Noise Cancelling 2515-4900 MHz CMOS LNA for China Mobile 5G Communication Application

With the development of the times, people’s requirements for communication technology are becoming higher and higher. 4G communication technology has been unable to meet development needs, and 5G communication technology has emerged as the times require. This article proposes the design of a low-noise amplifier (LNA) that will be used in the 5G band of China Mobile Communications. A low noise amplifier for mobile 5G communication is designed based on Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) 0.13 μm Radio Frequency (RF) Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) process. The LNA employs self-cascode devices in currentreuse configuration to enable lower supply voltage operation without compromising the gain. This design uses an active feedback amplifier to achieve input impedance matching, avoiding the introduction of resistive negative feedback to reduce gain. A common source (CS) amplifier is used as the input of the low noise amplifier. In order to achieve the low power consumption of LNA, current reuse technology is used to reduce power consumption. Noise cancellation techniques are used to eliminate noise. The simulation results in a maximum power gain of 22.783, the reverse isolation (S₁₂) less than -48.092 dB, noise figure (NF) less than 1.878 dB, minimum noise figure (NFmin)=1.203 dB, input return loss (S₁₁) and output return loss (S₂₂) are both less than -14.933 dB in the frequency range of 2515-4900 MHz. The proposed Ultra-wideband (UWB) LNA consumed 1.424 mW without buffer from a 1.2 V power supply.     

An Enhanced Jacobi Precoder for Downlink Massive MIMO Systems

Linear precoding methods such as zero-forcing (ZF) are near optimal for downlink massive multi-user multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems due to their asymptotic channel property. However, as the number of users increases, the computational complexity of obtaining the inverse matrix of the gram matrix increases. For solving the computational complexity problem, this paper proposes an improved Jacobi (JC)-based precoder to improve error performance of the conventional JC in the downlink massive MIMO systems. The conventional JC was studied for solving the high computational complexity of the ZF algorithm and was able to achieve parallel implementation. However, the conventional JC has poor error performance when the number of users increases, which means that the diagonal dominance component of the gram matrix is reduced. In this paper, the preconditioning method is proposed to improve the error performance. Before executing the JC, the condition number of the linear equation and spectrum radius of the iteration matrix are reduced by multiplying the preconditioning matrix of the linear equation. To further reduce the condition number of the linear equation, this paper proposes a polynomial expansion precondition matrix that supplements diagonal components. The results show that the proposed method provides better performance than other iterative methods and has similar performance to the ZF.     

毫米波大规模MIMO系统波束选择方案的设计

针对毫米波大规模MIMO系统采用全数字预编码时,所需射频链路数量过多而导致能量消耗高的问题,提出了一种基于透镜的波束选择方案。该方案首先通过分析用户受干扰的可能性,将所有的用户分为干扰用户组和非干扰用户组,然后对于非干扰用户,直接利用最大功率准则进行波束选取,而对于干扰用户,则通过低复杂度增量算法选择合适的波束使系统和速率最大化。仿真结果表明,在有效减少系统所需射频链路数量和降低计算复杂度的基础上,该方案的系统和速率能够达到接近全数字预编码方案的水平,并且能够获得更高的能量效率。     

Precoding in downlink multi-carrier code division multiple access systems using expectation maximisation algorithm

The presence of multiple access interference and hardware complexity of the mobile terminal are two major burdens for multi-carrier code division multiple access schemes. Both burdens can be overcome in downlink by precoding the transmitted signal using the knowledge of the channel state information. In multiuser precoding techniques, the transmitter is optimised to combat channel impairments through the use of new spreading sequences that are obtained by solving an optimisation problem based on some criterion. Among these optimisation problems, the problem based on maximum likelihood is hard and complex to solve. In the proposed precoding scheme, the well-suited expectation maximisation algorithm is used to solve this problem. The proposed precoding technique is simulated and its performance is analysed and compared with some other precoding and detecting techniques. The results show that the proposed scheme considerably outperforms the previous precoding schemes.     

A Robust Resource Allocation Scheme for Device-to-Device Communications Based on Q-Learning

One of the most effective technology for the 5G mobile communications is Device-to-device (D2D) communication which is also called terminal pass-through technology. It can directly communicate between devices under the control of a base station and does not require a base station to forward it. The advantages of applying D2D communication technology to cellular networks are: It can increase the communication system capacity, improve the system spectrum efficiency, increase the data transmission rate, and reduce the base station load. Aiming at the problem of co-channel interference between the D2D and cellular users, this paper proposes an efficient algorithm for resource allocation based on the idea of Q-learning, which creates multi-agent learners from multiple D2D users, and the system throughput is determined from the corresponding state-learning of the Q value list and the maximum Q action is obtained through dynamic power for control for D2D users. The mutual interference between the D2D users and base stations and exact channel state information is not required during the Q-learning process and symmetric data transmission mechanism is adopted. The proposed algorithm maximizes the system throughput by controlling the power of D2D users while guaranteeing the quality-of-service of the cellular users. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm effectively improves system performance as compared with existing algorithms.     

Fast method for precoding and decoding of distributive multi-input multi-output channels in relay-based decode-and-forward cooperative wireless networks

It is well-known that the performance of the relay-based decode-and-forward (DF) cooperative networks outperforms the performance of the amplify-and-forward cooperative networks. However, this performance improvement is accomplished at the expense of adding more signal processing complexity (precoding/decoding) at each relay node. In this study, the authors tackle this signal processing complexity issue by proposing a Jacket-based fast method for reducing the precoding/decoding complexity in terms of time computation. Jacket transforms have shown to find applications in signal processing and coding theory. Jacket transforms are defined to be n x n matrices A = (a_jk) over a field F with the property AA^† = n/_n, where A^† is the transpose matrix of the element-wise inverse of A, that is, A^† = (a^-1_{kj,/sub>), which generalise Hadamard transforms and centre weighted Hadamard transforms. In particular, exploiting the Jacket transform properties, the authors propose a new eigenvalue decomposition (EVD) method with application in precoding and decoding of distributive multi-input multi-output channels in relay-based DF cooperative wireless networks in which the transmission is based on using single-symbol decodable space-time block codes. The authors show that the proposed Jacket-based method of EVD has significant reduction in its computational time as compared to the conventional-based EVD method. Performance in terms of computational time reduction is evaluated quantitatively through mathematical analysis and numerical results.}     

Analysis of LDPC Code in Hybrid Communication Systems

Free-space optical (FSO) communication is of supreme importance for designing next-generation networks. Over the past decades, the radio frequency (RF) spectrum has been the main topic of interest for wireless technology. The RF spectrum is becoming denser and more employed, making its availability tough for additional channels. Optical communication, exploited for messages or indications in historical times, is now becoming famous and useful in combination with error-correcting codes (ECC) to mitigate the effects of fading caused by atmospheric turbulence. A free-space communication system (FSCS) in which the hybrid technology is based on FSO and RF. FSCS is a capable solution to overcome the downsides of current schemes and enhance the overall link reliability and availability. The proposed FSCS with regular low-density parity-check (LDPC) for coding techniques is deliberated and evaluated in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in this paper. The extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) methodology is an incredible technique employed to investigate the sum-product decoding algorithm of LDPC codes and optimize the EXIT chart by applying curve fitting. In this research work, we also analyze the behavior of the EXIT chart of regular/irregular LDPC for the FSCS. We also investigate the error performance of LDPC code for the proposed FSCS.     

基于Android系统3G技术实验平台设计

本文介绍了嵌入式3G技术实验平台设计与实现方法,该平台基于Android系统,用程序实现了3G通信中的部分关键技术,可对其进行技术实验操作,并且可方便移植到使用Android系统的手机中,该平台有助于学生对3G通信技术的学习和理解。     

一种全新的激光自动跟踪方法在激光移动通信中的应用

介绍了传统激光移动通信的特点及其不足，提出一种基于MOEMS(微光机电系统)技术的全新的激光自动跟踪方法。给出一个基于这种方法的激光移动通信系统实例，这种系统结构简单、体积小、重量轻、功耗低、控制简便，在一定的角度范围内能够自动跟踪目标实现移动通信。实验研究结果表明，这种系统能够很好地满足激光移动通信所要求的功能。     

Where learners' and teachers' perceptions on mobile learning meet: A case of Namibian secondary schools in the Khomas region

Globally, most governments have devoted resources to information and communication technology (ICT) development. Their goal is to improve teaching and learning using innovative technology in institutions of learning. This has brought about the formulation of educational ICT policies. These policies are aimed at guiding the implementation processes in schools. Namibia adopted the National ICT policy for Education in 2005 and the National ICT Policy Implementation Plan in 2006. Based on information, since the adoption of the policy, no study has been done to evaluate the implementation process, thereby making it difficult to ascertain the readiness of teachers and learners towards the adoption of these technologies of which mobile learning technology is one of them. This study analyses the perception of teachers and learners towards the adoption of mobile learning in Namibian high schools. The research is a mixed method study, undertaking surveys and interviews with learners and teachers from three schools in the Khomas region. The study uses the UTAUT as a guiding model to analyse teacher and learner perceptions towards mobile learning. Data collected after survey were analyzed using SPSS and excel tools, and then percentage analysis was done to find the key contributors towards to adoption of mobile learning in Namibian high schools. The findings were that the majority of teachers and learners in Namibian high schools are mobile ICT literate. Most of teachers and learners own handheld mobile devices, can access the internet, download education material and applications from the internet using mobile devices, use mobile devices as calculators, access social networking sites, search for definitions of words on mobile, send emails, conduct searches for material, read assignments and post comments on blogs. Both teachers and learners were positive that mobile technology would enhance their teaching and learning capabilities, assist in improving learner grades and accomplish teaching and learning activities quickly. Although learners were positive that mobile education should be made compulsory in schools, they feel that the decision lies with policy makers on whether schools should adopt it. Both learners and teachers feel that Namibia has the resources in place to introduce mobile learning without any glitches. These resources are in the form of infrastructure and human resources.     

Improved Hybrid Beamforming for mmWave Multi-User Massive MIMO

Massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) has become essential for the increase of capacity as the millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication is considered. Also, hybrid beamforming systems have been studied since full-digital beamforming is impractical due to high cost and power consumption of the radio frequency (RF) chains. This paper proposes a hybrid beamforming scheme to improve the spectral efficiency for multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) systems. In a frequency selective fading environment, hybrid beamforming schemes suffer from performance degradation since the analog precoder performs the same precoding for all subcarriers. To mitigate performance degradation, this paper uses the average channel covariance matrix for all subcarriers and considers an iterative algorithm to design analog precoder using approximation techniques. The analog precoder is iteratively updated for each column until it converges. The proposed scheme can reduce errors in the approximating process of the overall spectral efficiency. This scheme can be applied to fully-connected and partially-connected structures. The simulation results show that spectral efficiency performance for the proposed scheme is better than the conventional schemes. The proposed scheme can achieve similar performance with full-digital beamforming by using a sufficiently large number of RF chains. Also, this paper shows that the proposed scheme outperforms other schemes in the frequency selective fading environment. This performance improvement can be achieved in both structures.     

Efficient Computation Offloading in Mobile Cloud Computing for Video Streaming Over 5G

In this paper, we investigate video quality enhancement using computation offloading to the mobile cloud computing (MCC) environment. Our objective is to reduce the computational complexity required to covert a low-resolution video to high-resolution video while minimizing computation at the mobile client and additional communication costs. To do so, we propose an energy-efficient computation offloading framework for video streaming services in a MCC over the fifth generation (5G) cellular networks. In the proposed framework, the mobile client offloads the computational burden for the video enhancement to the cloud, which renders the side information needed to enhance video without requiring much computation by the client. The cloud detects edges from the upsampled ultra-high-resolution video (UHD) and then compresses and transmits them as side information with the original low-resolution video (e.g., full HD). Finally, the mobile client decodes the received content and integrates the SI and original content, which produces a high-quality video. In our extensive simulation experiments, we observed that the amount of computation needed to construct a UHD video in the client is 50%-60% lower than that required to decode UHD video compressed by legacy video encoding algorithms. Moreover, the bandwidth required to transmit a full HD video and its side information is around 70% lower than that required for a normal UHD video. The subjective quality of the enhanced UHD is similar to that of the original UHD video even though the client pays lower communication costs with reduced computing power.     

RZF预编码与MMSE-SIC检测联合的大规模MIMO系统预编码设计算法

研究了大规模多输入多输出(MIMO)系统的预编码设计算法。针对大规模MIMO系统通常利用增加用户天线数来提高系统频谱效率的方法会导致用户间干扰增大,从而对系统性能产生负面影响的问题,提出了一种将正则化迫零(RZF)预编码与最小均方误差-串行干扰消除(MMSE-SIC)检测相结合的改进算法。该算法通过在基站端采用RZF预编码对信号进行预处理以平衡用户间干扰和噪声干扰的影响,继而在接收端运用检测性能优异的MMSE-SIC算法来进一步减轻信号中的干扰,从而达到提升系统容量的目的。实验结果表明,这种将RZF预编码与MMSE-SIC检测相结合的改进算法,在用户间干扰较大时具有较好的适用性,且在完全已知和未完全已知信道状态信息情况下的频谱效率均优于传统RZF算法。     

全相位频谱校正技术在水声通信中的应用研究

多普勒效应是影响水下移动通信性能的主要因素,准确估计多普勒频移对提高通信系统可靠性具有重要意义。在进行离散频谱分析时,时域非整周期截断会造成频域能量的泄漏,导致频谱估计精度降低。全相位频谱分析具有良好的抑制频谱泄漏特性及相位不变性。仿真验证了全相位频谱校正技术相对于传统频谱校正技术在估计性能上的优势,并在此基础上探讨了全相位频谱校正技术在水声通信中的应用。采用全相位频谱校正技术进行多普勒频移估计,进而进行多普勒补偿以降低通信系统误码率。仿真结果表明,全相位频谱校正技术能够实现高精度多普勒频移估计,从而提高水下移动通信系统的可靠性。     

基于BLE和Wi-Fi的建筑能耗监测系统设计

针对传统建筑能耗监测系统存在采集单元功耗高和布线复杂的问题,设计了一种低功耗的无线监测系统。所设计的监测系统包括采集单元、集中器、监测中心和通信网络四部分。其中：采集单元主要由计量电路和BLE（Bluetooth low energy,低功耗蓝牙）通信电路组成,其通过计量电路采集用电设备的能耗数据,并通过BLE通信电路将处理好的能耗数据发送至集中器;集中器主要由BLE通信电路和Wi-Fi通信电路组成,其通过BLE通信电路接收采集单元计量的能耗数据并进行整合、处理,然后通过Wi-Fi通信电路将能耗数据转发至监测中心;监测中心采用B/S（browser/server,浏览器/服务器）架构进行设计,其通过监测界面显示能耗数据并将数据保存在数据库中。所设计的监测系统通过采用BLE和Wi-Fi的通信方式降低了采集单元的运行功耗和布线复杂度,并延长了通信距离;基于B/S架构设计的监测中心可实现跨平台运行,提高了系统的灵活性。测试结果表明,所设计的监测系统的计量偏差率低于5%,通信成功率高于98%,且能够及时监测用电设备的耗能状况,具有较高的实用价值。