超疏水表面研究进展

超疏水表面由于其独特的润湿性,在自清洁等领域具有非常重要的作用。本文阐述了超疏水表面的研究背景、制备超疏水表面的基本方法和含氟及无氟超疏水表面的最新研究进展,总结了当前超疏水表面仍需解决的问题并提出了建议,最后对未来绿色环保的超疏水表面进行了展望。     

高聚物超疏水表面制备技术研究进展

综述了近年来高聚物超疏水表面制备技术的研究进展,重点介绍了模板法、刻蚀法和相分离法,简述了各种制备方法的优势与不足,并对高聚物超疏水表面制备技术的发展进行了展望。     

超疏水表面制备技术的研究进展

对固体表面浸润性的基本理论及超疏水表面制备技术进行了概括,简单介绍了本研究小组最新研制的一种超疏水涂层材料制备技术。     

仿生超疏水表面的制备与应用的研究进展

近些年,受自然界中具有超疏水性表面的动植物的启发,在结合外部环境的影响并充分考虑表面化学组成与表面微观结构的基础上,科学研究工作者们已经探究出超疏水性表面的制备方法,并成功制备出超疏水性能表面。伴随研究者们对超疏水性表面更加深入的研究,众多制备超疏水表面的方法不断出现,本文介绍了影响表面润湿性的因素,归纳超疏水涂层表面的6种常用的制备方法,其中包括等离子体法、刻蚀法、溶胶-凝胶法、沉积法、模板法、层-层自组装法等方法,以及超疏水表面在流体减阻、防积雪防冰冻、防腐蚀、油水分离等方面的应用情况;并对超疏水将来的发展进行了展望。应进一步研究力学性能的稳定性、被损的自修复能力等。     

超疏水表面的研究进展

介绍了固体表面润湿性理论依据的三个发展阶段,举例综述了国内外在制备超疏水表面时常用的材料、粗糙面的制备方法及应用前景.     

超疏水材料制备研究进展

对超疏水材料的表面疏水机理以及近几年超疏水材料制备的研究进展进行了综述,目前超疏水材料制备的方法日益成熟,越来越多简单便捷的方式出现,但还是有很多不足例如有些方式不适宜大规模生产,预计以后会有更多会更贴合实际的方式方法。同时提出了所介绍制备方式的不足之处并且对未来发展进行了展望。     

仿生超疏水表面的研究进展

近些年,超疏水表面因其优秀的疏水性能和广泛的应用前景,使其成为国内外研究的热点之一。从仿生制备超疏水表面到将其功能化应用到多种领域,超疏水表面的研究在近几年飞速的发展。本文综述了近几年超疏水表面的研究进展,如高效吸油材料、外界刺激下粘附性响应、自修复超疏水涂料等方面的应用,并对超疏水表面的研究发展进行了展望。     

耐久性超疏水表面研究进展

虽然超疏水表面因独特的性能而在国防、工农业生产及日常生活中有着广泛的应用前景,但其较差的力学耐久性却限制了其在实际中的使用。本文简要介绍了超疏水表面耐久性较差的原因和提高其耐久性的基本方法,然后从机械稳定性、耐油污性以及可修复性等方面对近年来耐久性超疏水表面制备技术取得的新成果进行了概述,并指出加强理论研究以设计出价格低廉、制备方法简单同时具备耐久的微观结构和耐久的低表面能物质的超疏水表面是超疏水表面研究的一个重要的发展方向。     

聚碳酸酯超疏水表面的构建及其表征

采用丙酮溶剂诱导结晶的方法在聚碳酸酯(PC)基片上构建超疏水表面。通过扫描电子显微镜观察发现PC基片表面由微米级球状结构组成,这些微米球状结构表面又存在纳米级微突起,即仿荷叶表面结构。3D表面形貌分析仪测试结果表明PC基片表面粗糙度明显增加。X射线衍射结果证实,在丙酮的诱导作用下,PC分子链发生了二次结晶。经丙酮处理后PC基片表面水接触角为153°,表现出良好的超疏水效果。这种制备超疏水材料的方法简单易行,成本低,具有广阔的应用前景。     

超疏水表面的研究进展

综述了超疏水的研究进展,在以荷叶和水黾为例介绍湿润现象的基础上,讨论了超疏水结构在自然界中的真实存在。还介绍了接触角的原理和接触角与粗糙表面的联系,探究了湿润的微观现象以及接触角的影响因素。不仅介绍了超亲水表面的主要制备方法及其相关的理论研究,还综述了超疏水材料在耐腐蚀、自清洁、织物中的应用。目前超疏水材料研究如火如荼,超疏水表面具有非常广阔的发展前景。超亲水表面材料目前还是处于大规模工业化应用之前的研究阶段,成本较高、耐久性差都是这种材料的不足之处,因此还有极大的空间有待后人去探究发掘。     

光热超疏水材料的制备与防、除冰性能研究

户外设备表面结冰给人类生活和生产带来了众多不便,研究具有防结冰性能和除冰性能的新一代防、除冰材料对于户外设备的持久稳定运行具有重要意义。本文利用模板法将三氧化二钛（Ti₂O₃）粉末和聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）混合制备具有规则阵列结构的光热超疏水材料,并研究其防结冰性能与光热除冰性能。得益于Ti₂O₃优异的光热性能,制备的材料在100 mW/cm²光照条件下的光热温升可达55℃,冻结在表面的液滴可在200 s内融化,具有优异的光热转换与光热除冰性能。而PDMS材料固化后本征疏水,加规则阵列微结构后赋予材料优异的超疏水性能,其接触角高达153°,滚动角小于5°。无光照时的结冰延迟时间长达1300 s,是无光热材料表面结冰延迟时间的3倍。而在光照时由于其优异的光热性能,液滴在长达6 h的结冰测试中尚未结冰,表明材料具有优异的光热防结冰性能。研究结果论证了利用自然界丰富太阳能进行除冰的可能性,为户外设备表面除冰技术提供新的方式。     

聚氯乙烯基超疏水材料的制备及应用研究进展

聚氯乙烯（PVC）是世界上应用最广泛的塑料之一,因其具有化学和机械特性优异、廉价易得等优点而广泛应用于医疗器械制造、建筑、食品和电子等行业。PVC对水的接触角为90°,而在生物医学和金属防腐蚀等领域的应用中,需要PVC达到超疏水性能。因此,PVC基超疏水材料的需求也变得愈加迫切。本文综述了聚氯乙烯基超疏水材料的分类、制备方法和应用领域,对比了不同种类、不同制备方法的聚氯乙烯基超疏水材料的疏水性能优劣,总结出目前该领域的一些问题,主要包括制备工艺仅限于实验室操作、材料的耐磨耐久性及机械强度有待考察等,并指出该领域的发展方向：(1)开发简单、环保、低成本的大规模制备工艺;(2)克服PVC材料热、光稳定性差的弱点,发扬其耐腐蚀性好、机械强度高的优点,进一步扩大材料的应用范围。     

Capillary pumping between droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces

The famous two-balloon experiment involves two identical balloons filled up with air and connected via a hollow tube, and upon onsetting the experiment one of the balloons shrinks and the other expands. Here, we present the liquid version of that experiment. We use superhydrophobic (SHP) substrates to form spherical droplets and connect them with a capillary channel. Different droplet sizes, substrates of different hydrophobicities, and various channel pathways are investigated, and morphometric parameters of the droplets are measured through image processing. In the case of SHP substrates, the pumping is from the smaller droplet to the larger one, similar to the two-balloon experiment. However, if one or both of the droplets are positioned on a normal substrate the curvature radius will indicate the direction of pumping. We interpret the results by considering the Laplace pressures and the surface tension applied by the channel at the connecting points.     

Collective behavior of evaporating droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces

We study the evaporation dynamics of multiple water droplets deposited in ordered arrays or randomly distributed (sprayed) on superhydrophobic substrates (SHP) and smooth silicon wafers (SW). The evaluation of mass of the droplets as a function of time shows a power-law behavior with exponent 3/2, and from the prefactor of the power-law an evaporation rate can be determined. We find that the evaporation rate on a SHP surface is slower than a normal surface for both single droplet and collection of droplets. By dividing a large droplet into more smaller ones, the evaporation rate increases and the difference between the evaporation rates on SHP and SW surfaces becomes higher. The evaporation rates depend also on the distance of the droplets which increase with increasing this distance.     

超疏水表面自修复及应用的研究进展

超疏水表面因具有诸多优异特性而展现出良好的应用前景,但在实际应用中容易受到外界机械力损坏或化学侵蚀,赋予超疏水表面自修复性能可以较好地改善表面耐久性,延长其使用寿命。本文针对修复构成超疏水表面的微观结构与低表面能物质展开论述,介绍了在湿度、温度、光等外界因素的引发下超疏水表面对低表面能物质的修复行为与特点,以及以形状记忆聚合物为主制备的超疏水表面对微观结构进行修复的过程。此外,介绍了具有自修复性能的超疏水表面在防腐蚀、油水分离、防覆冰等领域的应用。最后,讨论了通过优化表面结构和化学组成开发自修复超疏水表面的挑战和前景,环保型且无需外界刺激即可迅速对微观结构与低表面能物质进行双重修复的超疏水表面具有重要的研究意义。     

水性超疏水涂层的制备、调控与应用的研究进展

基于可持续发展和绿色环保的要求,以水替代有机挥发性溶剂的新型水性超疏水涂层逐渐成为研究热点,但是水性涂料的分散性及涂层的疏水稳定性、涂层性能等相关问题也随之而来。本文介绍了水性超疏水涂层制备方法的发展现状,针对水性超疏水涂层力学耐久性能差的问题提出可行性方案,例如制备内外一致的一体化复合结构,加强涂层内界面相互作用,交联作用或设计自修复水性超疏水涂层等。此外,还对水性超疏水涂层在油水分离、防结冰、自清洁等领域的进展进行阐述,并探讨了水性超疏水涂层的规模化制备、涂层力学性能的强化和耐久性研究将成为主要探索方向,只有夯实水性超疏水涂层的基础研究,工业应用才能突破。     

铜基超疏水表面防覆冰/抗霜冻特性分析

超疏水表面具有良好的防覆冰性能,有望改善低温条件下设备和设施的可靠性。本文采用氨气腐蚀法,制备具有微纳结构的铜表面,通过低表面能氟硅烷修饰后,金属铜表面表现出超疏水特性,其水接触角可达152.1°。利用电镜扫描、接触角测量、结冰和结霜实验分别对超疏水铜表面的表面结构、湿润性能和防覆冰性能进行研究。结果表明,超疏水表面的防覆冰/抗霜冻性能不仅与表面的粗糙度有关,还受液滴在固体表面的湿润状态的影响。当液滴在具有微-纳米结构的超疏水表面处于Cassie状态时,液滴与金属表面的接触面积小,液滴结冰速率较慢,金属表面同时具有较好的防覆冰和抗结霜性;而当液滴在金属疏水表面处于Wenzel状态时,霜晶与固体表面的接触面积增加,加快霜层的生长,金属表面的抗结霜性明显降低。     

Preparation and characterization of superhydrophobic surfaces based on hexamethyldisilazane-modified nanoporous alumina

Superhydrophobic nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (alumina) surfaces were prepared using treatment with vapor-phase hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS). Nanoporous alumina substrates were first made using a two-step anodization process. Subsequently, a repeated modification procedure was employed for efficient incorporation of the terminal methyl groups of HMDS to the alumina surface. Morphology of the surfaces was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, showing hexagonally ordered circular nanopores with approximately 250 nm in diameter and 300 nm of interpore distances. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance analysis showed the presence of chemically bound methyl groups on the HMDS-modified nanoporous alumina surfaces. Wetting properties of these surfaces were characterized by measurements of the water contact angle which was found to reach 153.2 ± 2°. The contact angle values on HMDS-modified nanoporous alumina surfaces were found to be significantly larger than the average water contact angle of 82.9 ± 3° on smooth thin film alumina surfaces that underwent the same HMDS modification steps. The difference between the two cases was explained by the Cassie-Baxter theory of rough surface wetting.     

Fabrication of superhydrophobic titanium surfaces by anodization and surface mechanical attrition treatment

A superhydrophobic surface of titanium was fabricated by anodization in sodium chloride solution followed by immersion in perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane. The surface characteristics of the anodic film (morphology, composition, microstructure, and adhesion) were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scratch testing. The anodic film was comprised of TiO₂ and TiCl₃ with a thickness of 50 nm. The anodized titanium surface exhibited a hierarchical structure, which consisted of a microscale horn structure with a nanoscale strip-overlay. This structure provided superhydrophobicity (water contact angle: 151.9° and sliding angle: 3°) following the immersion process. Furthermore, coverage of the hierarchical structure on the anodized titanium surface was improved by performing surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) to grain-refine titanium surface which was then anodized and it enhanced a slightly increased water contact angle. The thickness (200 nm) of the anodic film on the SMAT-pretreated titanium surface was much higher than that on the titanium surface (50 nm). This resulted from a large number of grain boundaries on the surface serving as a fast diffusion path during anodization. However, the adhesion of the SMAT-and-anodized film was worse than that formed by anodization only. This is due to a large number of pores within the SMAT-and-anodized film.     

Cell interactions with superhydrophilic and superhydrophobic surfaces

Interactions of cells with biomaterials dictate their biocompatibility and biofunctionality, and are strongly influenced by surface properties. Moreover, it is important to control cell adhesion to surfaces for biological studies and diagnosis. Surface properties influence protein adsorption in terms of conformation and quantity adsorbed that further affects cell adhesion and proliferation. Several works have demonstrated that wettability influences cell attachment and proliferation. However, most studies have reported the influence of the surface energy of smooth substrates within a limited range of wettabilities. By controlling the roughness and the hydrophilicity of the surface, one can obtain biomimetic substrates with a wettability ranging from superhydrophobic to superhydrophilic. This review intends to summarize recent works, where the interaction of cells with surfaces with extreme wettabilities was investigated. Such information may be relevant in different biomedical and biological applications including diagnosis, cell biology, or tissue engineering.