脉冲筛板萃取塔CFD-PBM模型研究

脉冲筛板萃取塔是核工业等领域中最常用的萃取设备之一，为深入了解脉冲筛板萃取塔中两相流行为规律，使用CFD-PBM模型对脉冲筛板萃取塔中由有机相(30%TBP-正十二烷)、水相(HNO₃水溶液)组成的体系进行两相流过程模拟分析，模拟结果与实验数据吻合较好，分散相存留分数和Sauter平均液滴直径的相对偏差仅为8.28%和5.54%；随脉冲速度增加，Sauter平均液滴直径减小，液滴直径分布更均匀，分散相存留分数增加，特性速度减小；两相表观速度对液滴直径影响较小，分散相表观流速增加有利于提高分散相存留分数，而连续相表观流速影响不大；发生液泛时分散相液泛表观速度随连续相液泛表观速度增大而减小，随脉冲速度增加液泛通量先增后减，存在极值。     

氯盐体系硝酸/盐酸脉冲萃取分离装置水力学研究

硝酸-氯化钾直接法可低成本制备熔盐级硝酸钾,溶剂萃取分离氯盐溶液中的硝酸和盐酸是关键步骤之一。研究了处理H⁺/K⁺/Cl^-/H₂O-磷酸三丁酯/磺化煤油体系脉冲筛板萃取塔的水力学性能,结果表明分散相液滴直径随脉冲强度的增大而减小,与两相表观流速无关;存留分数随脉冲强度的增大呈现先减小后增大的趋势,随两相表观流速的增大而增大。拟合得到了液滴直径与存留分数的Kumar-Hartland关联式,两者计算值和实验值的平均相对偏差（AARD）分别为4.74%与5.60%。     

轻重相交替进料筛板萃取塔中的传质性能研究

针对间歇操作萃取工艺生产能力低,而逆流连续操作萃取工艺返混严重等问题,研究提出了轻重相交替进料操作的萃取工艺,并对轻重相交替进料筛板萃取塔中的传质性能进行了研究。以煤油-苯甲酸-水为萃取体系,采用单个液滴的传质模型来计算萃取塔的分散相总传质系数,并研究了分散相流速、连续相流速、液滴上升速度以及塔板间距对分散相总传质系数的影响。实验得到分散相总传质系数Kod的数值在3.49?10?5~5.47?10?5 m?s?1,总分散相存留分数在1.63%~4.37%。结果表明轻重相交替进料筛板萃取塔的分散相总传质数高于Kühni搅拌萃取塔、脉冲萃取塔和振动挡板塔,并且流量变化对Kod的影响小,返混效应弱,总分散相存留分数小,不易液泛。     

折流板脉冲萃取柱水力学性能研究

以体积分数30%三烷基氧膦(TRPO)煤油溶液和1 mol/L硝酸溶液为体系,在100 mm折流板脉冲萃取柱中考察了折流板脉冲萃取柱的操作参数(脉冲振幅、脉冲频率、流速和流比)和结构参数(板间距)对其水力学性能(液泛通量、液泛存留分数和正常操作时分散相存留分数)的影响。实验研究表明:液泛通量随着脉冲强度的减小而增大,与流比和板间距无关,并给出其关联式;操作参数和柱结构参数对液泛存留分数的影响均可忽略;正常操作时分散相存留分数与连续相的流速、流比成正比关系,而与脉冲频率无关,并随板间距和脉冲振幅的增大而增大,并给出了分散相存留分数的经验关联式。     

φ50折流板脉冲萃取柱水力学性能

以30％TRPO煤油溶液和1 mol·L^-1硝酸溶液为体系,在φ50折流板脉冲萃取柱中考察了折流板脉冲萃取柱的操作参数（脉冲振幅、脉冲频率、流速和流比）和结构参数（开孔率和板间距）对其水力学性能（液泛通量、液泛存留分数和正常操作时分散相存留分数）的影响.结果表明：在乳化操作区,液泛通量随着开孔率增加、脉冲强度和流比的减小而增大,与板间距无关;根据液泛存留分数的结果,给出了最优开孔率为23％;此时正常操作时分散相存留分数与连续相的流速、流比和脉冲振幅呈正比,而与脉冲频率无关,浸润性的影响造成了板间距对以硝酸溶液和30%TRPO煤油溶液为连续相时的分散相存留分数影响规律不同.     

ø50折流板脉冲萃取柱水力学性能

以30%TRPO煤油溶液和1 mol·L-1硝酸溶液为体系,在ø50折流板脉冲萃取柱中考察了折流板脉冲萃取柱的操作参数(脉冲振幅、脉冲频率、流速和流比)和结构参数(开孔率和板间距)对其水力学性能(液泛通量、液泛存留分数和正常操作时分散相存留分数)的影响.结果表明在乳化操作区,液泛通量随着开孔率增加、脉冲强度和流比的减小而增大,与板间距无关;根据液泛存留分数的结果,给出了最优开孔率为23%;此时正常操作时分散相存留分数与连续相的流速、流比和脉冲振幅呈正比,而与脉冲频率无关,浸润性的影响造成了板间距对以硝酸溶液和30%TRPO煤油溶液为连续相时的分散相存留分数影响规律不同.     

同向环流萃取装置的存留分数和液泛研究

在直径0.1 m,孔径3 mm的一种同向环流萃取装置中,针对煤油-水和30%磷酸三丁酯(TBP)/煤油-水两种体系,采用体积置换法和观察法分别对分散相存留分数和液泛速度进行了研究。实验结果表明了分散相存留分数随两相表观速度的增大而增大,且分散相速度的影响大于连续相速度。得出了在这两种体系下,连续相的流量范围分别为0～29和0～34 L×h~(-1),分散相的流量范围分别为10～166和16～125 L×h~(-1)。同时,采用无因次数群法拟合出存留分数和液泛速度的经验关联式。两个经验关联式都能在实验范围内很好地对存留分数和液泛速度进行预测,为工业过程放大和工程设计提供了重要的计算依据。     

板波纹填料用于低界面张力萃取体系的操作特性研究

在内径为100 mm的玻璃萃取塔中,以具有较低界面张力的30%煤油(TBP)-醋酸-水为萃取体系,系统研究了板波纹规整填料的流体力学性能和传质性能。结果表明,随两相流量增加,存留分数皆增加;随流速比减小,液泛通量增大;理论级当量高度随连续相流速变化不大,但随分散相流速增加而降低。板波纹填料具有较高的液泛通量和传质效率,在实验范围内,液泛通量高达98～153 m3/(m2·h),理论级当量高度在0. 68～1. 05 m之间,对低界面张力萃取体系具有较好的效果。     

《分散—聚合》型脉冲萃取柱中分散相轴向混合的研究

在内径40mm的《分散-聚合》型脉冲萃取柱中,利用“扰动-响应”技术研究了30％TBP(煤油溶液)一0.5N HNO_3水溶液体系的分散相的轴向混合。30％TBP(煤油)为分散相,0.5N HNO_3水溶液为连续相。用实测的分散相停留时间分布曲线,依照扩散模型用时间域最小二乘法求取轴向混合系数。研究范围为:脉冲强度Af,0.9～3.75cm/s,连续相表观流速0.1～0.5cm/s,分散相表观流速0.28-0.84cm/s。结果表明,随着脉沖强度的增大,分散相轴向混合系数E_d通过一个最小值。分散相轴向混合系数E_d随两相流速增大而单调上升。     

脉冲填料萃取塔性能强化的研究

针对己内酰胺等工业装置脉冲填料萃取塔扩能改造的迫切要求,在(φ)100mm的实验塔中用四种体系研究了填料类型、脉冲强度、体系物性和操作条件等对脉冲填料萃取塔流体力学和传质性能的影响.实验结果表明,QH-1型扁环填料的处理能力和传质效率明显高于拉西环填料.脉冲强度对塔内分散相的液滴平均直径、存留分数和塔性能具有重要影响.因此,填料的选型和脉冲强度的调优是脉冲填料萃取塔强化的关键因素.     

Droplet velocity,size, and local holdup measurements in an extraction column by tri‐sensor optical probe

The tri‐sensor optical probe was applied to study the hydrodynamic characteristic in a pulsed sieve plate extraction column. Two immiscible liquids consisting of the dispersed phase (kerosene) and continuous phase (water) were introduced in countercurrent operation. Local parameters such as droplet velocity, drop size, and holdup of the dispersed phase were obtained. It was found that the tri‐sensor optical probe could be used as an efficient and convenient technique for measuring local hydrodynamic parameters inside the pulsed sieve plate extraction column. Furthermore, the results indicated that pulsation intensity imposed more influence on these hydrodynamic parameters than two‐phase superficial flow rates in the investigated ranges. Experimental results were found to be in good agreement with the empirical correlations reported in literature. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 3958–3963, 2015     

“FORWARD MIXING” MODEL: APPLICATION TO PULSED PLATE EXTRACTION COLUMN OPERATION IN THE EMULSION REGION

The “Forward Mixing” model has been applied to data obtained from a 22 cm diameter pulsed plate extraction column. Measurements of drop size distributions, dispersed phase hold-up and concentration profiles for two systems (toluene-acetone-water and n-butanol-succinic acid-water) of quite different properties were made with the column operating in the emulsion region. Generated drop size distribution function parameters, size-dependent slip velocities and mass transfer coefficients, and continuous phase axial dispersion coefficients were accurate in predicting dispersed phase hold-up and extraction efficiencies (or the related plug flow number of transfer units). These parameters were correlated with phase superficial velocities and pulse velocities. The influence of continuous phase axial dispersion was much greater than the influence of drop size variation, and was not accurately predicted by most previous tracer-based correlations. An inlet dispersed phase distributor was beneficial to the performance with the high interfacial tension system.     

Independent prediction of slip velocity and hold-up in liquid/liquid extraction columns

The correlation of slip velocity using a large bank of published data for pulsed perforated-plate, Karr reciprocating-plate, rotating disc and spray extraction columns is presented. Based on more than 3,700 data points with and without mass transfer, empirical equations not including hold-up for each of the columns are suggested which reproduce the slip velocity data over a wide range of variables. Explicit correlations for hold-up in both the loose and dense-packed regions of operation in spray columns are also presented which do not involve slip velocity. The equations presented are more exact and simpler to use than previous empirical correlations; these often involve the characteristic velocity which is difficult to accurately predict.     

Comparison of the Axial Dispersion Performance of Pulsed Solvent Extraction Columns with Tenova Pulsed Column–Kinetics Internals and Standard Disc and Doughnut Internals

Axial dispersion performance of a 2-m high 76-mm diameter pilot-scale pulsed solvent extraction column has been studied using two liquid–liquid systems, Alamine 336/isodecanol/Shellsol 2046 (continuous)–tap water (dispersed) and LIX 84/Shellsol 2046 (continuous)–tap water (dispersed). The pulsed column was operated with standard disc and doughnut internals and Tenova pulsed column–kinetics internals using pulsation intensities from 0.005 m/s to 0.025 m/s with polyvinylidene fluoride internal plates of 22.4% open area. The effect of pulsation intensity, dispersed phase velocity, and continuous phase velocity on axial dispersion coefficient have been investigated and compared with the two different column internals, and the experimental data has been correlated with empirical relationships.     

脉冲筛板萃取柱中两相流体力学的研究

汪家鼎、沈忠耀等曾在1963年提出了脉冲筛板萃取柱中两相流体流动特性的基本关联式:V_d/x+V_c/（1-x）=V_o（1-x）~n。在内径为25mm标准板结构的玻璃柱中测得煤油～水体系的方程指数n=2.2±0.2。并推断n应为两相体系物性的函数。本文是以上工作的继续和深入。研究中采用了四种体系。在各种操作条件下对式中的参数n、V_o与体系物性及分散相液滴平均直径D（3,2）之间的关系进行了探讨。得到了按体系物性和操作参数计算D（3,2）、n和V_o的半经验关联式。利用这些关联式计算的液泛流速与实测值相比,绝大多数误差在±15％以内。     

Hydrodynamic investigations of gas–liquid contacting in a reciprocating plate column

The maximum pressure variation at the bottom of a reciprocating plate column of the Karr type was investigated in single phase liquid and two phase gas–liquid systems. In the gas–liquid system the gas hold-up was also measured. The power consumption was calculated on the basis of the pressure variation at the bottom of the column. It was shown that the power consumption depends on the vibration intensity, liquid density and geometrical characteristics of the column in a non-gassed single phase liquid system and on the same factors, as well as gas hold-up, in gas–liquid systems. Semiempirical correlations were derived for the purpose of predicting power consumption in both single and two phase systems in a reciprocating plate column.     

Dispersed Phase Holdup in a Tall and Low Plate Free Area Liquid Pulsed Sieve-Plate Extraction Column

Dispersed phase holdup is studied in a tall and low plate free area pulsed sieve-plate extraction column. The 5.0 cm internal diameter column consists of 80 number of plates with percent free area of 13.5. The effects of pulse velocity (product of amplitude and frequency), superficial phase velocities, and solute addition are studied for five liquid-liquid systems with a wide range of interfacial tensions. The experimental holdup data is tested against the most widely recommended correlations and a new correlation has been developed that best fits the data.     

Experimentelle Untersuchungen der Hydrodynamik einer pulsierten Siebbodenextraktionskolonne zur Trennung von Fettalkohol und Propandiol-1, 2 mittels Wasser

Experimental Studies of the Hydrodynamics of a Pulsed Sieve-Plate Extraction Column for Separation of Fatty Alcohol and Propandiol-1.2 Using Water Experimental results of the hydrodynamics of a pulsed sieve-plate extraction column in the pilot-scale will be presented. The column is used to separate the fatty alcohol/propandiol-1,2 using water. The studies concern the estimation of flooding conditions, hold-up and droplet size distribution. The emphasis is placed on a system with very high mass transfer. The experimental results were compared with published empirical correlations. It was possible to estimate the operating region of the pulsed sieve-plate extraction column and the obtainable product concentrations. The results form the basis for a safe scale up of the extractor.     

STUDIES ON FLOODING POINT AND HOLD-UP IN A SOLVENT EXTRACTION COLUMN WITH RECIPROCATING SIEVE PLATES

The flooding point and hold-up of the dispersed phase in an extraction column with reciprocating-sieve plates of 32 mm inside diameter and 1960 mm effective column height have been investigated under thefollowing conditions:Percent perforation of the plates 40%,53.5% and 63.7%,diameters of perforatedholes 7.8,9.0 and 9.8 mm,and distances between plates 20 and 40 mm respectively.Experiments werecarried out with three different liquid-liquid systems covering a rather wide range of physical properties.The relative velocity of the two phases passing through the perforations of the plates is consideredin the present work to be related to the work done by the oscillating plates in the column on unit massof liquid in unit time.Therefore the flooding velocity and hold-up in extraction column with reci-procating sieve plates should be related to A~2F~3 instead of AF as reported before.Equations weredeveloped to correlate the experimental data of flooding point and hold-up respectively.