典型炼油企业低硫重质船用燃料油生产方案研究

国际海事组织发布限硫令,要求2020年全球使用硫含量小于0.5%的低硫船用燃料油。面对低硫船用燃料油市场供应缺口,我国炼油企业迎来重要市场机遇。本文应用流程优化模型,选择适用不同生产路线的典型企业,测算低硫船用燃料油生产方案,并定量分析经济效益。结果表明,在70美元/桶价格体系下,不同路线测算方案的低硫船用燃料油生产保本价在3 260～3 410元/吨,均低于市场预测价格,具有较好的经济效益。各个炼油企业应选择适宜的低硫船用燃料油生产路线并进行优化,制定一企一策的生产方案。     

多种原油生产低硫船用燃料油方案的研究

根据国际海事组织规定,自2020年1月1日起,全球所有海域的船舶尾气必须达标排放,船舶或使用硫含量<0.5%的低硫船用燃料油或采用尾气脱硫措施。低硫船用燃料油质量的升级,对原油处理量低、加工路线单一的炼油企业是难得的发展机遇。本文重点研究了不同原油生产硫含量<0.5%的低硫船用燃料油的掺和方案,提出了生产低硫船用燃料油时的物料平衡措施,根据市场需求,稳定生产180#或380#目标产品,实现了企业的高质量转型发展。     

IMO2020给中海油低硫船用燃料油生产带来的发展机遇

随着全球贸易的发展,IMO《国际防止船舶造成污染公约》规定,从2020年1月1日起全球船用油的硫质量分数上限必须从3.5%降低到0.5%,大幅下降86%。介绍了国内外船用燃料油市场情况、船用燃料油标准的发展、低硫船用燃料油生产技术以及实施IMO新规对炼油企业、原油市场和政策带来的影响。分析了中海油低硫船用燃料油的生产现状及发展机遇,提出了建立中海油低硫船用燃料油生产基地的建议。     

380#低硫船用燃料油调和工艺优化研究

船用燃料油作为船舶航行过程中的原料,鉴于船舶在航行过程中排放废气会造成污染海洋环境,为保护海洋环境,减少船舶对海洋环境的污染,根据国际海事组织（IMO）的规定,自2020年1月1日起大力推广硫含量<0.5%低硫船用燃料油[1],另外2020年1月22日,我国也发布了《关于对国际航行船舶加注燃料油实行出口退税政策的公告》[2],大榭石化依托自身所处地理位置优势,同时为响应炼化公司大力推进380#燃料油生产的号召,并结合其公司生产装置工艺特点,计划以1#工业燃料油B、洗涤油、减压渣油等组分调和出质量达标的380#低硫船用燃料油,在实现公司增效的同时也为保护海洋环境作出贡献。     

船用燃料油标准变化背景下的挑战与机遇

随着全球环境污染的不断加剧,国内外对船用燃料油的硫含量做了严格的限制。介绍了国内外船用 燃料油标准中硫含量的变化,国际海事组织（IMO）决定自2020年开始在全球范围内将燃料油硫质量分数控制在 0.5%以下,该标准将会对燃料油市场产生重要影响,用于调合低硫燃料油的中间馏分需求将会大幅增加,燃料油的价格也会随之大幅上涨,对于深加工能力强的炼厂是个机遇,同时替代燃料液化天然气（LNG）的发展也将迎来新机遇。     

塔河渣油深度减粘生产船用燃料油的研究

介绍采用悬浮床加氢工艺进行塔河渣油临氢减粘的方法。通过对反应温度、反应时间以及添加剂的加入量等工艺条件的考察，得到了悬浮床临氢减粘处理塔河常压渣油生产船用燃料油的操作条件，为加工塔河渣油找到一个新途径。     

炼化一体化企业竞争力提升方案比较

通过分析炼化一体化企业面临的挑战,结合市场和政策导向提出了炼化企业竞争力提升的基本思路和方向,即通过提升产业规模、产业链适度延伸、蜡渣油深度转化、深度一体化转型等路线全面实现炼化竞争力的提升.在此基础上,结合典型炼化一体化企业实际,以提升烯烃产业规模、调整渣油加工路线、提升芳烃规模为方向进行了规划发展研究,并借助Asp...     

低硫清洁燃料油生产技术的研究进展

介绍了世界范围内燃料油的硫含量标准概况，重点分析和归纳了目前低硫燃料油清洁生产技术的类型、原理和研究进展，分析了吸附脱硫技术、催化裂化脱硫技术和加氢脱硫芳构化技术存在的优缺点，对未来清洁燃料油生产技术的发展方向提出建议。     

炼化一体化项目整体供气供热方案比较

减少三废排放、提高项目能效,从而降低对环境的影响是目前大型炼化一体化项目追求的目标之一。对炼化一体化项目配套的整体煤气化联合循环多联产方案、循环流化床锅炉与煤制气联合供热供气方案进行综合比较,结果表明:整体煤气化联合循环多联产方案具有较低环境影响、较高的能效,但由于投资高昂,导致其经济性相对较差。同时对整体煤气化联合循环多联产方案的可靠性进行了客观分析,并指出其在工程实施时的难点和注意事项。     

中、低温煤焦油加氢生产清洁燃料油技术

介绍了中、低温煤焦油的性质及特点,阐述了国内外中、低温煤焦油加氢技术研发现状和发展趋势,煤焦油加氢技术研究结果说明,中、低温煤焦油通过沸腾床加氢工艺饱和了含氧化合物和单、双烯烃等杂质,简化了后续固定床加氢流程,沸腾床-固定床组合加氢技术为中、低温煤焦油加氢合理选择。中、低温煤焦油采用适宜的加氢技术可以生产清洁石脑油和清洁车用燃料油或调和组分,是改善环境、综合利用煤炭资源,提高企业经济效益的有效途径之一。     

我国重质原油典型加工工艺及其发展趋势

本文综述了国内重质油典型加工工艺和发展趋势,着重介绍了几种重质油加工组合工艺的特点和应用,与其单一工艺相比,组合工艺的生产灵活性高,产品品种多,品质好,市场适应能力强     

重油生产低碳烯烃等化工品技术研究进展

当前国内炼油产能过剩,化工品如低碳烯烃及苯-甲苯-二甲苯混合物（BTX）等存在缺口,因此应推动炼油向石化的生产转变,化解过剩产能同时提高化工品供给。我国原油馏分偏重且原油重质化劣质化趋势不可逆转,因此利用重油生产低碳烯烃等化工品成为技术关键。本文介绍了重油生产低碳烯烃的催化裂解单项技术典型工艺,包括重油深度催化裂解（DCC）、催化热裂解（CPP）及重油裂解制烯烃（HCC）工艺,认为催化裂解技术的发展在于催化剂的改性与反应器型式的革新优化,下行床反应器前景更为广阔。同时,本文也介绍了从重油或原油通过加氢裂化联合催化裂解、蒸汽裂解及芳烃装置一体化生产化工品的几种国内外工艺技术及工程项目。在单项技术无法取得明显突破之前,炼化一体化生产化工品具有集约化、高效化、灵活性高及经济效益好等优势。一体化技术的重点在于重油（渣油）的深度转化,可通过渣油的加氢裂化工艺来实现。     

全加氢型炼厂重油加工延迟焦化装置的设计

以按照100%俄罗斯原油设计的某炼厂为例,在设计工况的基础上测算了掺炼不同比例沙中油时,渣油加氢脱硫和催化裂化装置进料性质的变化情况。经测算,建设1套100万t/a的延迟焦化装置,当掺炼沙中油达到60%时,有利于关键装置长周期稳定运行,且使净利润由256.66元/t提高到282.26元/t。     

炼厂制氢技术路线选择和成本分析

初步讨论炼厂制氢的必要性,对规模化的制氢技术进行了简要介绍。通过有代表性的天然气、渣油、水煤浆、干粉煤为制氢原料,分析讨论各原料制氢流程的最佳技术路线配置和典型物料平衡,并对4类原料选定的技术路线制氢成本进行技术经济分析,从成本角度初步探讨适宜炼厂制氢的原料和技术路线选择,结果表明,煤作为原料制氢不仅在技术上具有可行性,在经济性上也表现出越来越强的优势,以煤为原料的制氢装置在炼厂特别是重质油炼厂中将会得到广泛应用。     

A genetic‐algorithm‐based optimal scheduling system for full‐filled tanks in the processing of starting materials for alumina production

Due to the instability of mine sources and the uncertainty of the composition of returned lye and waste liquid, there exists a significant fluctuation of raw slurry quality in the blending process of starting materials for sintering. The expected slurry was obtained through the mixing of starting materials in full‐filled tanks. In this article, an optimal scheduling model of full‐filled tanks is developed based on material balance principle and expert experiences subject to technological requirements. To solve such optimization problem, an improved genetic algorithm (IGA) is proposed, in which the intervention strategy is introduced into the random process of population initialization to obtain the well‐proportioned initial population and the probabilities of crossover and mutation are changed according to the difference between the fitness value of the best solution and the average fitness value of the better solutions as well as the difference between the fitness value of the best solution and the average fitness value of the current population to prevent premature convergence. The IGA‐based optimization system was applied to the processing of raw slurry for alumina production and the actual running results show that the composition fluctuation in mixed raw slurry decreased significantly, effectively improving the eligibility rate of the mixed raw slurry and contributing to the stabilization of the subsequent process of alumina production.     

Hydrotreated-LCO oxidation in a transported slurry reactor-hydrocyclon system reactor for a low emission fuel oil production: I Kinetic of reactions

Tetralin, indane, and fluorene molecules in a hydrogenated diesel were selectively oxidized with air to determine their kinetic behavior during the reaction. The oxidation of model molecules was performed in a continuous stirred tank reactor to obtain data to simulate diesel oxidation in a slurry (three-phase) reactor. The products of reactions were analyzed by elution in a silica column followed by GC-MS analysis of the fractions to determine the amount of product converted. The analytical procedure was calibrated using the model molecules. A lump model of 11 main reactions is considered here to evaluate the conversion of tetralin, indane, and fluorene into oxygenated compounds. The kinetic study was performed at different temperatures, space velocities, and reactant concentrations. A program using a genetic algorithm optimization tool was developed to calculate the values of the kinetics rate constants. The results indicated that the reaction can be modeled by a simple apparent first order of reaction with respect to hydrocarbon and around 0.3 orders of reaction respects to oxygen. The reactivity followed the order tetralin, indane, and then fluorene. The heterogeneous kinetic rate expressions of one active site represent the experimental results in the range of operating conditions studied. Under the experimental conditions, the ketones and ketols formed are strongly adsorbed in the active sites. Production of alcohols generates some poly-oxygenated compounds that reduce the storage stability of the fuel.     

Effect of methane concentration on reaction behavior in direct-methane solid oxide fuel cells with (Ce,Gd)O2−x-impregnated FeCr layer for fuel processing

A solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) with a Ni-yttria-stabilized zirconia anode of 1 cm² area was set up with a porous disk of gadolinia-doped ceria-impregnated FeCr as a gas diffusion layer (GDL) under direct-methane feeding. In this setup of SOFC plus GDL, the tests at 800 °C and ambient pressure show that the current density, the methane conversion rate, the product formation rates, and the CO₂ selectivity increased with increasing methane concentration. The major reaction in the GDL is CO₂ reforming of methane to produce the syngas (CO plus H₂). The anodic electrochemical oxidation of CO from GDL results in an overall rate of CO₂ formation being much larger than that of CO formation. There is a synergy between the rate of reaction in the GDL and that over the anode.