微米级气溶胶粒子在滤层中的收集效率研究

采用颗粒床过滤系统对含气溶胶气体进行过滤实验,研究微米级气溶胶粒子在滤层中过滤效率的变化规律,并建立滤层模型计算过滤效率理论值.结果表明,在低风速(u0≤0.2m/s)范围内,过滤风速的提高有利于大粒径气溶胶粒子(dP=2.5 μm)的收集,而对中小粒径气溶胶粒子(dp≤1.0μm)的过滤效率没有明显帮助;滤料材质相同时,滤料粒径越小、比表面积越大,过滤效率越高;材质不同时,Hamaker 常数越大,越有利于捕集气溶胶粒子.由颗粒床层模型分析得出,当dp<0.1μm时,扩散效应起主导作用,颗粒粒径越小,扩散效率越高;当dp>1.0μm时,惯性碰撞效应起主导作用,粒径越大,惯性碰撞和拦截效应越显著.     

超薄ePTFE纳米纤维膜用于PM2.5的高效治理

针对中高浓度PM2.5的高效过滤问题,选取颗粒粒径与膜孔径比值(dP/dm)范围为0.86~4.46,厚度小于等于1 μm的三种不同结构的超薄ePTFE纳米纤维膜展开应用性能研究。考察了过滤速度、PM2.5浓度和膜结构对过滤性能的影响以及膜的再生性能。得益于纳米纤维堆叠的网状结构,在过滤速度为1.2~4.8 m/min,进口浓度为200~1000 mg/m3的范围内,三种超薄ePTFE纳米纤维膜均能实现PM2.5的高效截留(>99.5%),其稳定压降和压降增长速度均随过滤风速和进口PM2.5浓度增加而增加,但初始压降和出口浓度仅随过滤风速增加而增加,与进口浓度关系不大。超薄ePTFE纳米纤维膜层数少、过滤阻力低(≤130 Pa)且膜表面光滑(表面粗糙度小于1 μm),降低了滤饼与膜表面附着力,使滤饼易于脱落,在4次循环实验中展现出良好的再生性能。横向对比结果显示,dP/dm为0.86,膜厚度为0.5 μm的超薄ePTFE纳米纤维膜兼具最低的过滤压降(30 Pa)、良好的过滤效率(99.93%)及再生性能好的优势,在中高浓度PM2.5空气净化领域表现出较好的应用前景。     

碰撞恢复系数对单纤维颗粒捕集特性的影响

利用CFD-DEM耦合方法对单纤维过滤介质进行了气-固两相流的数值模拟,研究了颗粒和纤维体间碰撞恢复系数的变化对颗粒在单纤维体上的沉积及捕集特性的影响。结果表明,颗粒的粒径较小时,纤维体捕集颗粒数量较少,且颗粒较为发散,而当颗粒的粒径较大时,颗粒被纤维体捕集的数量明显增加。颗粒的捕集数量随颗粒与纤维体间的恢复系数呈先增加后减少,然后达到平稳状态的趋势,颗粒与纤维体间的恢复系数超过0.3时,颗粒的捕集效率趋向于一个稳定值。     

双出口旋风除尘器压损和分离效率的模拟研究

通过对新型双出口旋风除尘器在不同风量、不同粒径大小等条件下进行数值模拟分析,研究结果表明：双出口旋风除尘器进口风量越大,系统的流速越大,旋风除尘器的压差也越大,压力损失主要集中在旋风除尘器的入口至蜗壳处、除尘器上部以及旋切叶片与出风口连接处,当入口风速为13.21m/s时旋风除尘器压损为375Pa,当入口风速增加至26.42m/s时旋风除尘器压损为1 572Pa,即入口的风速增加一倍,旋风筒的压损增加三倍左右;双出口旋风筒入口流速与收尘效率呈正相关,入口流速越大,内部分离效率越高,收尘效率也越高,但阻力也随之增大,因此入口流速的选择应平衡效率和阻力的关系;粉尘颗粒粒径越大,越容易被捕集,当粉尘粒径<5μm时,很难被双出口旋风除尘器完全捕集下来。     

基于微观结构的褶式滤芯拟态化模型及其过滤性能的数值模拟

基于随机多层纤维过滤介质算法建立褶式滤芯三维拟态化结构模型,对褶式滤芯内部气-固两相流动进行数值模拟,计算不同运行参数及结构参数下滤芯的压力损失及过滤效率,并与文献计算值进行比较. 结果表明,压力损失随过滤风速增大呈线性增加;随褶尖角增大,压力损失呈先减小后增加,压力损失计算值与文献计算值吻合较好. 褶尖角和过滤风速一定时,过滤效率随粒径增加先减小后增大,在给出的颗粒直径范围内存在最易穿透颗粒直径(MPPS). 不同过滤风速下,当颗粒粒径小于0.5 mm时,扩散作用使过滤效率随过滤风速增加而减小;大于0.5 mm时,惯性作用使其随过滤风速增加而增加;MPPS随风速增加而减小;本计算值与文献计算值趋势一致. 不同褶尖角下,当颗粒粒径小于1 mm时,扩散作用使过滤效率随褶尖角增大而减小;大于1 mm时,惯性作用使其随褶尖角增大而增加.     

复合聚酰亚胺滤毡的制备及其滤除PM2.5颗粒

以260~350 g/m2的芳纶无纺毡为基底层、40~60 g/m2的耐高温无纺布为保护层,通过静电喷雾将高温粘合剂均匀涂布在基底层上,再采用静电纺丝技术将直径150~400 nm的可溶性聚酰亚胺(P84)纳米纤维均匀纺制其上,附上保护层,热压固化使3层材料紧密结合,得到三明治结构的耐高温纳米纤维复合过滤毡,用其去除模拟气溶胶(粒径0.3~10 ?m的NaCl)颗粒. 结果表明,复合滤毡粘结强度超过1000 kPa,粘合剂对基底性能影响较小,少量纳米纤维可有效提高材料的过滤效率,对粒径2.0 ?m以上和1.0~2.0 ?m NaCl颗粒的过滤效率分别达100%和99.5%以上.     

聚丙烯熔喷非织造材料的空气过滤效果研究

以含粉尘粒径为0.3~10.0μm的空气为尘源,测定了纤维直径为1~5μm,面密度为20.7~54.0g/m2的聚丙烯(PP)熔喷非织造材料对空气的过滤效率,研究了材料的纤维直径、面密度及电晕驻极处理对其过滤效率的影响。结果表明:随着PP非织造材料纤维直径的减小及面密度的增加,材料的过滤效率提高;纤维直径和面密度对过滤效率的影响在一定范围内具有互补性;驻极处理可有效提高PP非织造材料的过滤效率,当粉尘粒径为0.3μm时,经驻极处理后过滤效率从85.6%提高到96.2%。     

静电纺丝复合滤材制备及性能研究

研究了纺丝液浓度对聚丙烯腈(PAN)静电纺丝纤维直径,以及对PAN静电纺丝纳米纤维膜复合滤材过滤性能的影响。测试结果表明,纺丝液浓度增加,静电纺丝纤维直径变粗,孔径增大,其中质量分数为16%的纺丝液具有良好的纺丝性能,静电纺丝所得的纳米纤维直径均匀,复合后滤材在颗粒直径0.3μm,过滤风速5.3 cm/s的测试条件下,过滤效率达到99.98%,阻力为138 Pa,达到H13级别,具有高效低阻特性。     

并列和错列纤维过滤器稳态除尘过程的 格子Boltzmann模拟

大部分纤维捕集效率和压降的理论模型认为纤维性能仅取决于来流速度、颗粒粒径、纤维体积分数、过滤层厚度、纤维直径等因素。实际上,布袋除尘器的性能还与纤维配置方式直接相关。利用LB(lattice Boltzmann)两相流模型对多层纤维捕集颗粒物过程进行了数值模拟,研究了不同纤维配置方式下系统压降与捕集效率的变化。结果表明,错列纤维的性能参数优于并列纤维;纤维排列间距增大,压降增幅大于捕集效率,导致性能参数下降。通过比较不同位置纤维的捕集能力发现,在布朗扩散和拦截捕集机制主导下,前方纤维捕集能力略强于后方纤维;而在惯性碰撞捕集机制主导时,对捕集贡献最大的主要是前两排纤维,后方纤维对捕集效率的贡献非常小,可以忽略。这些研究结果可以对布袋除尘器的多层纤维配置方式的优化提供理论依据和工程建议。     

均匀设计法在滤料过滤性能研究中的应用

以滑石粉作为试验粉尘,以1#、3#中空纤维滤料作为过滤介质,对高效纤维过滤器的性能进行了研究。采用均匀设计法考察了气体含尘浓度、过滤风速、滤料压缩率和过滤时间四个因素对过滤器阻力降和过滤效率的影响。利用DPS数据回归处理方法建立数学模型,确定出试验范围内的优化工艺条件:对于1#滤料,在气体含尘浓度0.68 g/m3,过滤风速0.5 m/s,滤料压缩率16.7%,过滤时间10.3 min时,阻力降为172 Pa,过滤效率为99.993%;对于3#滤料,在气体含尘浓度0.5 g/m3,过滤风速0.5 m/s,滤料压缩率15.4%,过滤时间3 min时,阻力降为493 Pa,过滤效率为99.992%。     

不同排列结构的纤维层对捕集PM2.5性能影响的数值模拟

基于离散颗粒模型(Discrete Phase Model,DPM)研究了三种纤维排列结构捕集颗粒物规律.模拟了不同排列结构的纤维层在拦截和惯性碰撞两种捕集机制下捕集颗粒物的性能,考察了颗粒物粒径、入口风速和纤维层填充率对平行排列、单层垂直排列和双层垂直排列纤维层捕集颗粒物性能的影响.结果表明,当颗粒物粒径为0.5～2...     

Wind Tunnel Evaluation of a Rotating-Element Large-Particle Sampler

A large-particle sampler was tested in an environmental wind tunnel to characterize the efficiency as a function of particle size and type (solid or liquid). The sampler, which had been developed by another organization, has two slotted-cylinder collection elements which are rotated through air at a tangential speed of 39 m/s. Data from wind tunnel tests show the efficiency of liquid droplet collection to increase with particle size to approximately 50% at 25 μm and then decrease with a further increase in particle size. It is suggested that the air flow patterns created by the sampler produce this anomalous behavior. Results of tests with solid particles show higher efficiencies than are obtained with liquid droplets of the same size. It appears that solid particles, which rebound from collection sites other than a slot, can subsequently enter the slots. Supporting data were obtained on the performance of a single slotted cylinder that was fixed in the discharge region of a small free-jet tunnel. Those results show the impaction efficiency of all sizes of liquid droplets in the slotted cylinder follow the type of trend expected for a circular cylinder, i.e., a curve in which efficiency monotonically increases with size. However, 41-μ m diameter solid particles are re-entrained in the air stream and show reduced efficiency in comparison with liquid aerosol particles.     

纳米碳酸钙改性纤维的制备

用间歇鼓泡碳化法制备纳米碳酸钙,并通过细胞壁加填的方式包覆于纤维上。通过扫描电镜分析纳米碳酸钙改性纤维的形貌和结构,利用动态滤水仪测定纳米碳酸钙与纤维之间的结合强度,并测定游离碳酸钙的粒径。结果表明,改性纤维表面均匀包覆一层碳酸钙,而碳酸钙尺寸达到纳米级;改性纤维经动态滤水仪在不同转速下强剪切,纤维表面仍有59%的碳酸钙颗粒包覆在纤维表面。分析了随着改性反应一同生成的游离碳酸钙的粒径特征,其特征径Dn达到了1μm,并且90%的碳酸钙的粒径在2.5μm以内,达到了微粉碳酸钙(1～5μm)的水平,部分粒径已经达到了微细碳酸钙(0.1～1μm)的水平。     

多效旋风分离器性能的实验研究

多效旋风分离器通过采用2级螺旋管预分离含尘气体、螺旋形顶盖板导流、筒体中心稳流锥稳流和吸气回流系统防止粉尘返混等措施,解决了在旋风流场中分离微米及亚微米级颗粒的难题。文中通过实验研究了直径为0.25 m的多效旋风分离器的压降、分离效率和进口风速的关系,实验物料粒径范围为0.1—23μm,平均粒径为7.59μm。结果表明:在10—14 m/s入口风速时,对0.1—3μm颗粒的分离效率大于90%,对大于5μm颗粒的分离效率接近100%,压降在500—1 000 Pa。风速大于16 m/s时,对0.1—2μm颗粒的分离效率大于75%。     

熔体静电纺丝制备高通量微滤膜

为研制出低成本高效过滤微滤膜,对熔体静电纺丝制备的聚丙烯(PP)纤维过滤膜进行了探究,通过改变电压、风速及温度等参数对单、双电极熔体静电纺丝进行试验,得出熔体静电纺丝双电极电纺膜性能优于单电极电纺膜的结论。采用熔体静电纺丝双电极装置制备出平均纤维直径2μm的过滤膜,验证了采用熔体静电纺丝制备高通量过滤膜的可行性,通过对比得出熔体电纺过滤膜的纯水通量是市售孔径0.45μm PP过滤膜的5倍之多,且对大于其纤维直径的微粒的截留率高达95%以上,力学性能好,可用作预过滤膜对污水进行预处理。     

Retracted: Effects of the Operating Conditions and Geometry Parameter on the Filtration Performance of the Fibrous Filter

The gas‐solid two‐phase flows in fibrous filters were simulated by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technology. The pressure drops and filter efficiencies with different operating conditions and geometry parameter, including face velocity, particle size, and solid volume fraction (SVF) were calculated. The effects of the operating conditions and geometry parameter on the filter performance of the fibrous filter were obtained. The results indicate that the pressure drop increases linearly with the face velocity and the predicted values of the pressure drops are in excellent agreement with the experimental correlation. Filtration efficiency decreases with the face velocity for submicrometer particles (0.1 μm) and, for larger particles (1 μm) the tendency is just the opposite. The filtration mechanism is different for different particle sizes. For the filter in this paper, when the particle size is smaller than 0.2 μm, Brownian diffusion plays a significant role in the filtration process. When the particle size is greater than 0.5 μm, inertial impaction becomes an important capture mechanism. For particle sizes in the range of 0.2–0.5 μm, the Brownian diffusion and inertial impaction are both relatively weak and, therefore, the filtration efficiency has the least value in this range. Additionally, the SVF distribution is an important geometry parameter in the filter. The filtration efficiency of the filter with a decreased SVF (geometry B) along the thickness of the filter is higher than that of the filter with the even SVF (geometry A), while maintaining a low pressure drop.     

Figure of Merit of Composite Filters with Micrometer and Nanometer Fibers

We investigate the filtration performance of composite filters composed of micrometer and nanometer fibers. The filter quality is evaluated using the figure of merit, also known as the quality factor. We use analytical expressions for the pressure drop and filtration efficiency to compute the figure of merit. The effects on the figure of merit by fiber diameter, solidity, and thickness of nanometer and micrometer fibers and face velocity are investigated. Experimental data obtained using conventional filter media and nanofiber composite filters are then used to verify the calculated results. We find that for large particles (approximately 0.1 μm and above), nanofibers can improve the figure of merit compared to conventional filters. Smaller fiber size, larger solidity, and thickness of the nanofiber layer lead to better filtration performance in this size range. For small particles (approximately below 0.1 μm), nanofibers do not improve the figure of merit compared to conventional filter media. Larger fiber size, smaller solidity, and thickness of the nanofiber layer are preferred in this size range. We demonstrate that our procedure using analytical expression is a fast and effective tool for filter media design.     

Numerical Modeling of Particle Dynamics in a Cylindrical Chamber Containing a Rotating Disk

Numerical modeling was performed to study the submicron particle dynamics in a confined flow field containing a rotating disk, temperature gradient, and various inlet gas flow rates. The Lagrangian model was employed to compute particle trajectories under the temperature gradient, disk rotation speed, and inlet gas flow rate effects. The trajectories of particles with diameters of 1 μm, 0.1 μm, and 0.01 μm were examined in this study. When the inlet gas temperature was lower than that of the disk, particle-free zones were created due to upward thermophoretic force for 1 μm and 0.1 μm particles. Disk rotation was found to depress the size of the particle-free zone. Particle deposition onto the disk for 0.01 μm particles was possible because of the Brownian motion effect. A detailed evaluation of the particle-free zone size as a function of the temperature gradient, disk rotation speed, and inlet gas flow rate was performed. When the inlet gas temperature was higher than the disk temperature, particle deposition onto the disk was enhanced due to the downward thermophoretic force for 1 μm and 0.1 μm particles. Disk rotation was found to increase the deposition rate. For 0.01 μm particles, Brownian motion was more important than thermophoretic force in controlling particle behavior. The particle deposition rates as a function of the temperature gradient, disk rotation speed, and inlet gas flow rate were performed.     

Aggregation mechanism of fine fly ash particles in uniform magnetic field

Aggregation of fly ash particles with size range of 0.023-9.314 μm in a uniform magnetic field was investigated for removing them. A binary collision-aggregation model evaluating particle aggregation coefficient was developed. Based on the model, particle removal efficiency was calculated by solving the General Dynamic Equation. The comparison was done between the calculated and experimental data. The modeling aggregation coefficient shows that the aggregation coefficient increases with particle size, and the bigger the size difference between two particles is, the more strongly the gravity difference promotes aggregation. For the mid-sized particles, their removal efficiencies are higher than those of the smaller and bigger ones. The effect of the magnetic flux density on total particle removal efficiency is similar to that on aggregation coefficient. Before particles are saturatedly magnetized, their total removal efficiency increases with an increase in the magnetic flux density. Higher removal efficiency can also be caused by prolonging the particle residence time in the magnetic field or increasing their mass concentration. The particle number median diameter decreases with an increase in the total removal efficiency. Calculation results are found to coincide essentially with the experimental data.     

Investigation of Ultrafine Particle Deposition to Vegetation Branches in a Wind Tunnel

Vegetation is an important sink for atmospheric ultrafine particles (UFP). Prediction of UFP deposition to vegetation, however, is still problematic. In this study, we have investigated size-dependent removal of UFP by two conifer species: pine and juniper. The experiments were performed by placing freshly cut branches into a wind tunnel and measuring UFP size distributions upstream and downstream of the branches. Five air velocities ranging from 0.3 to 1.5 m/s, two packing densities (volume fraction occupied by the branches) and two branch orientations were tested to assess their effect on particle removal. The UFP removal efficiency was found to decrease with increasing particle size, increasing wind speed, and decreasing packing density. The branch orientation did not affect the removal efficiency within the uncertainty of the measurements. To facilitate extrapolation of the measurement results to real-life conditions, we have tested the applicability of filtration theory to particle removal by vegetation branches. The filtration theory predictions agreed well with the experimental data. The representative effective fiber diameter derived from the experimental data was found to be 0.054 (±0.001) cm and 0.065 (±0.001) cm for pine and juniper, respectively. For pine, the derived effective diameters were very close to the physical diameter of pine needles. In accordance with the filtration theory, the removal efficiency was found to be correlated with the pressure drop across the vegetation branches. This finding suggests that the UFP removal can be linked to aerodynamic properties of vegetative barriers, such as their drag coefficient. This could potentially facilitate modeling of UFP removal and dispersion by vegetative barriers using fluid dynamics models. The applicability of these results to broadleaf species remains to be verified.