铜源阴离子对CuY催化剂性能的影响

利用NH_4Y分子筛与铜源间的固相反应制备CuY催化剂,选用5种铜源调控CuY的织构特点及催化剂上铜物种的化学状态,并考察了CuY在甲醇氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯过程中的催化性能。利用XRD、H_2-TPR和NH_3-TPD等表征手段对CuY进行分析。结果表明,以Cu(NO_3)_2为铜源制备得到的CuY-N上,碳酸二甲酯的时空收率(STY_(DMC))为137.4 mg/(g·h);以CuCl_2为铜源制备的CuY-C上无CuO_x物种,其催化活性比CuY-N差;以Cu(COOCH_3)_2为铜源制备得到的CuY-AC催化活性更差;以CuSO_4为铜源制备的CuY-S几乎没有催化活性;而以Cu(acac)2为铜源制备的CuY-acac活性最佳,STY_(DMC)达到267.3 mg/(g·h)。     

介孔构建对CuY甲醇氧化羰基化反应活性的影响

采用H₄EDTA、H₂Na₂EDTA和NaOH溶液对原始NaY分子筛分别进行单独酸碱改性和酸碱连续改性,并采用液相离子交换法制备相应的CuY催化剂。结合N₂物理吸附、TEM、XRD、²⁹Si NMR、²⁷Al NMR、NH₃-TPD、Py-IR、ICP、XPS和CO-FTIR等对载体和催化剂的结构进行表征,研究了NaY分子筛介孔构建对CuY催化甲醇氧化羰基化反应活性的影响。结果表明,NaY分子筛经H₄EDTA单独处理后,部分骨架铝被脱除形成非骨架硅铝物种,得到的E-NaY并未形成明显的介孔;E-NaY经H₂Na₂EDTA酸洗处理后,非骨架铝和部分骨架铝被脱除,得到的EW-NaY具有明显的介孔结构;而E-NaY和EW-NaY经0.2 mol/L NaOH碱处理后,分子筛发生脱硅,同时伴随着非骨架铝重新插回分子筛骨架,得到的E0.2AT-NaY和EW0.2AT-NaY具有丰富的介孔结构。其中,EW0.2AT-NaY的介孔孔容（0.45 cm³/g）最大,且有丰富的Al缺陷结构,能够与反应物接触的Cu⁺交换位利用率最高。然而,由于EW0.2AT-NaY脱铝程度明显高于E0.2AT-NaY,导致能够与反应物接触的Cu⁺交换位数量（66 μmol/g）明显小于E0.2AT-NaY（176 μmol/g）,最终导致EW0.2AT-CuY催化剂中Cu⁺活性位数量及催化活性略低于E0.2AT-CuY,二者的催化活性约为原始CuY催化剂的2.2倍。     

异辛醇胺化合成三异辛胺镍铜基催化剂的研究

采用浸渍法制备了不同镍铜比的镍基催化剂。采用氢气程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)、氨气程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)对催化剂进行表征,并考查其催化异辛醇氨化合成三异辛胺的活性。结果表明,还原态催化剂表面检测出明显的Cu衍射峰,Ni的衍射峰较弱,说明Ni物种更为分散。H₂-TPR表征显示,铜的添加促进了镍的还原,使得催化剂表面还原态Ni和Cu物种增多,增加了催化剂加氢、脱氢能力;NH₃-TPD显示,镍对NH₃有更好的吸附活化作用,铜与镍对NH₃形成了协同吸附。Cu_1.5Ni₁/A300催化剂体现出较好的催化活性,胺化反应4 h,异辛醇转化率达82.69%,三异辛胺选择性达到63.28%。     

铜负载Y分子筛中Cu物种的表征及分析

综述了铜负载Y分子筛(CuY)中Cu物种表征及分析的研究进展, 重点阐述了近年来X射线衍射分析(XRD)、透射电子显微镜分析(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)、H₂程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)、原位红外光谱(CO-IR和NO-IR)、电子顺磁共振(ESR)等表征方法在CuY中Cu物种的微观结构分析方面取得的进展。还对制备方法对CuY中Cu物种落位和性能的影响进行了综述, 指出综合采用这些表征方法, 得到CuY中Cu物种状态、价态、落位及含量等更加全面、准确的信息, 进而选择合适的制备方法调控CuY中Cu物种存在状态、价态及落位, 制备出性能更佳的CuY是今后发展的方向。     

FN-3Y型NH3-SCR脱硝催化剂开发及工业应用

以高比表面TiO₂为载体、V₂O₅为活性组分,通过掺杂分子筛和CeO₂调变酸性和氧化还原性能,采用直接挤出成型方法制备了FN-3Y型脱硝催化剂。通过BET、XRD、NH₃-TPD和H₂-TPR分析了催化剂的物理化学性质,通过NH₃-SCR小型实验装置考察了催化剂的脱硝性能。实验结果表明：通过负载分子筛和CeO₂掺杂,提高了催化剂的表面酸性和氧化还原性能,提高了催化剂的脱硝活性。工业应用表明：采用FN-3Y脱硝催化剂,乙烯裂解炉烟气脱硝反应器出口NO_x低于25 mg·m^-3,优于超低排放要求。     

用于HC-SCR还原NOx的Cu基分子筛催化剂研究进展

烃类化合物选择性催化还原(HC-SCR)是一种有效的脱硝技术，但是在较低温度下Cu基分子筛催化剂用于HC-SCR催化还原NO_x存在催化活性较低、活性温度窗口较窄的问题。本文针对铜/分子筛催化剂选择催化还原NO_x的研究进展，系统介绍了负载型Cu基分子筛催化剂在HC-SCR应用中的反应机理以及载体、负载Cu含量、制备工艺、还原剂、H₂O和SO₂对催化活性的影响。发现掺杂与铜产生协同作用的金属助剂有助于提高低温催化活性。最后提出了制备具有优异低温催化活性的HC-SCR铜基分子筛催化剂的策略和今后开发高效性能催化剂的研究方向，例如适当增加Cu负载量、控制Si/Al比以及进一步提高金属活性组分的分散性。     

混合载体锰基宽温SCR脱硝催化剂的研究

为制备宽温脱硝催化剂，采用机械研磨方法获得了TiO₂和ZSM-5混合载体，并采用浸渍法制备了负载型MnO_x/TiO₂-ZSM-5脱硝催化剂。对制得的催化剂进行了X射线衍射(XRD)、N₂等温吸附-脱附、H₂程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)、NH₃程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)和NO程序升温脱附(NO-TPD)等表征，并考察了其催化脱硝活性。结果表明：MnO_x/TiO₂-ZSM-5催化剂具有较大的比表面积、更多的表面活泼锰物种、较多的酸位点，其对低温NH₃和NO吸附量及高温NH₃吸附量均有所增加，从而表现出更好的脱硝催化活性，在200～350℃时NO转化率达99%以上。     

LaMnO3/生物炭催化剂低温NH3-SCR催化脱硝性能研究

以La-Mn钙钛矿氧化物为活性组分,生物炭为载体,利用浸渍法制备负载型脱硝催化剂LMO/BCNA。利用固定床反应装置考察了催化剂的催化活性以及耐硫耐水性能,100～250℃范围内,NO转化率>80%,N₂选择性>90%,225℃时NO转化率最高,为95.8%,对应的N₂选择性为95.4%。与氧化物相比,负载型催化剂的催化活性大幅提升,同时也扩宽了工作温度区间;生物炭载体的引入,减弱了催化剂对H₂O、SO₂的吸附,增强了耐硫耐水性能。应用稳态动力学方法构建催化反应动力学模型,在实验条件范围且O₂含量为5%时,催化NH₃-SCR反应过程中NO、O₂、NH₃的反应级数分别为0.66、0、0,并得到LMO/BCNA催化的反应活化能为25.52 k J/mol,低于商用钒钨钛催化剂的化学反应活化能(40～94 k J/mol)。     

Zr改性Y分子筛中油型加氢裂化催化剂设计制备

采用等体积浸渍法对Y分子筛进行了Zr修饰改性,系统考察了不同用量Zr对改性Y分子筛的结构、催化剂的理化性质和加氢裂化反应性能的影响规律。通过XRD、NH₃-TPD、H₂-TPR和TEM等方法对改性分子筛和催化剂进行表征分析。结果表明：Zr改性降低了Y分子筛的酸量,随着改性Zr用量的增加,这种变化趋势不断增大。同时,Zr改性有效地削弱了分子筛催化剂中金属活性组分与载体间的作用,提高了W物种在催化剂表面的分散程度。加氢裂化反应结果表明：与Y分子筛催化剂相比,Zr改性Y分子筛催化剂的减压馏分油(VGO)转化率降低,中间馏分油选择性提高约20%,随着改性Zr用量的增加,VGO的转化率不断降低,中间馏分油选择性略有增加。     

Co/RPSA系列催化剂在N2O分解中的应用

采用正交试验设计方法设计和浸渍法制备分子筛RPSA负载Co、K、Ba和Sr催化剂,使用微型反应器评价催化剂用于直接分解N₂O的催化活性,考察活性组分对催化剂活性的影响。采用XRD、H₂-TPR和NH₃-TPD等方法对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,金属Co和K对催化剂活性影响显著,Co对提高催化剂活性有促进作用,Co含量增加,催化剂活性提高,而K对催化剂活性有抑制作用。催化剂表征结果显示,Co物种主要以Co₃O₄形式存在于载体表面,催化剂的组成和配比影响催化剂活性、氧化还原性能和酸性,催化剂强酸的存在有利于催化剂活性的提高。
     

焙烧温度对CuMgAl催化剂催化糠醇加氢制戊二醇的影响

采用共沉淀法制得物质的量比为n(Cu²⁺)∶n(Mg²⁺)∶n(Al³⁺)=10∶65∶25的CuMgAl类水滑石前体（CMA-HT），经过不同温度焙烧制得CuMgAl水滑石催化剂。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、热重分析（TG）、X射线粉末衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、N₂-物理吸附、程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）、H₂-程序升温脱附（H₂-TPD）、CO₂-程序升温脱附（CO₂-TPD）和NH₃-程序升温脱附（NH₃-TPD）等对催化剂的结构进行表征，在高压反应釜中考察了CuMgAl水滑石催化剂催化糠醇（FFA）加氢制1,2-戊二醇（1,2-PeD）和1,5-戊二醇（1,5-PeD）的催化性能。研究结果表明，焙烧温度对催化剂的结构及其催化性能具有显著的影响，金属活性中心和碱性位随焙烧温度的升高先增加后减少。经600℃焙烧的CMA催化剂表面存在适宜的金属中心和碱性位，在金属位和碱性中心的协同催化下，表现出了优异的催化性能。在140℃，H₂压力为4 MPa的条件下，反应8 h，糠醇的转化率和戊二醇的收率分别达74.13%和58.36%。     

Coke study on MgO-promoted Ni/Al2O3 catalyst in combined H2O and CO2 reforming of methane for gas to liquid (GTL) process

MgO-promoted Ni/Al₂O₃ catalysts have been investigated with respect to catalytic activity and coke formation in combined steam and carbon dioxide reforming of methane (CSCRM) to develop a highly active and stable catalyst for gas to liquid (GTL) processes. Ni/Al₂O₃ catalysts were promoted through varying the MgO content by the incipient wetness method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET surface area, H₂-temperature programmed reduction (TPR), H₂-chemisorption and CO₂-temperature programmed desorption (TPD) were used to observe the characteristics of the prepared catalysts. The coke formation and amount in used catalysts were examined by SEM and TGA, respectively. H₂/CO ratio of 2 was achieved in CSCRM by controlling the feed H₂O/CO₂ ratio. The catalysts prepared with 20 wt.% MgO exhibit the highest catalytic performance and have high coke resistance in CSCRM. MgO promotion forms MgAl₂O₄ spinel phase, which is stable at high temperatures and effectively prevents coke formation by increasing the CO₂ adsorption due to the increase in base strength on the surface of catalyst.     

钇掺杂三氧化二铁催化剂的脱硝性能研究

为提升三氧化二铁(Fe₂O₃)催化剂的脱硝性能,扩展催化剂的活性温度窗口,采用共沉淀法引入助剂钇(Y)元素对Fe₂O₃催化剂进行改性。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、氮气等温吸-脱附(N₂-BET)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、氨气程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)、氢气程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)等表征方法对样品进行了表征分析。XRD和N₂-BET结果表明,Y的掺杂使催化剂结构发生变化,比表面积增加、孔径减小。XPS和NH₃-TPD结果证明,Y掺杂Fe₂O₃具有更多的表面吸附氧(O_Ⅰ)、Fe²⁺以及更多的酸量。H₂-TPR结果表明,Y的掺杂使催化剂的氧化还原能力略有下降。测试了不同含量Y掺杂的Fe₂O₃催化剂在150～400℃的脱硝性能,其中Fe<...     

Potential of zeolite supported rhodium catalysts for the CO2 reforming of CH4

Zeolite Y supported rhodium catalysts were prepared by ion-exchange starting from an aqueous solution of [Rh[(NH₃)₅Cl]Cl₂·6H₂0]. Previous work in this laboratory had shown that this procedure results in a Rh dispersion of near 100%. The catalysts were tested for their activity in the CO₂ reforming of CH₄. They were found to combine extraordinary stability with high activity and selectivity. At 923 K, 90 mol-% of the CH₄ was converted giving a H₂/CO ratio near unity. A weight loading of 0.5 to 0.93% Rh gives the highest turnover frequencies. Thermodynamic equilibrium is reached near 873 K. With a given Rh loading, the zeolite supports are superior to amorphous supports and NaY is superior to the HY. No deactivation was observed in tests of 30 h time on stream at atmospheric pressure or after repeated thermal cycles. No coke deposition was detected by temperature programmed oxidation of used catalysts. Temperature programmed reduction indicates the presence of three discernible Rh species.     

Cu2O/TiO2催化甲醛乙炔化反应的载体效应

以不同温度焙烧的TiO₂为载体,CuCl₂·2H₂O为铜源,NaOH为沉淀剂,L-抗坏血酸钠为还原剂,采用液相还原-沉积沉淀法制备了Cu₂O/TiO₂,借助X射线粉末衍射（XRD）、H₂程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）、N₂-物理吸附、透射电镜（TEM）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等手段,研究了TiO₂载体焙烧温度对Cu₂O/TiO₂甲醛乙炔化反应性能的影响。结果表明,低温焙烧得到的TiO₂载体以锐钛矿相存在,与Cu₂O物种间具有弱的相互作用,使得Cu₂O被过度还原为金属Cu,催化活性较低。随着载体焙烧温度的升高,TiO₂中出现金红石相,Cu₂O与载体间相互作用增强,Cu₂O高效转变为乙炔亚铜活性物种,使催化剂表现出最佳的催化性能。     

甲醇热制备四方相ZrO2及其负载镍催化剂的顺酐加氢性能

通过改变甲醇热时间制备了一系列不同晶粒尺寸的四方相 ZrO₂,采用过体积浸渍法制备了Ni 含量（质量分数）为10%的Ni/ZrO₂催化剂,并考察了其催化顺酐液相加氢性能。采用氮气吸附-脱附（BET）、X射线衍射（XRD）、氢气程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、原位红外光谱（in situ FTIR）等手段对催化剂进行了表征。研究结果表明,分散性好、晶粒尺寸小的Ni物种有利于C=C键加氢生成丁二酸酐;而金属-载体强相互作用的形成则有利于C=O加氢生成 γ-丁内酯。当甲醇热时间为2 h时,制备的Ni/ZrO₂催化剂的C=O加氢活性最高,在反应温度为210℃,反应压力为5 MPa,反应时间为3 h时,其顺酐转化率达100%,γ-丁内酯选择性为44.7%。     

Synthesis and properties of PdO/CeO2-Al2O3 catalysts for methane combustion

This study focuses on the loading of catalytic materials, e.g., palladium on the surface of supporting materials, with the aim to obtain catalysts with high activity for methane combustion. The catalyst PdO/CeO₂-Al₂O₃ was prepared by impregnation under ultrasonic condition. The effect of different activation methods on the activity of catalysts for methane catalytic combustion was tested. The properties of reaction and adsorption of oxygen species on catalyst surface were characterized by H₂-temperature programmed reduction (H₂-TPR), and O₂-temperature programmed desorption (O₂-TPD). Furthermore, the sulfur tolerance and sulfur poisoning mode were investigated. The results indicate that the catalyst PdO/CeO₂-Al₂O₃ activated with rapid activation shows higher activity for methane combustion and better sulfur tolerance. The result of sulfur content analysis shows that there is a large number of sulfur species on the catalyst’s surface after reactivation at high temperature. It proves that the activity of catalysts cannot be fully restored by high-temperature reactivation.     

Oxidative gas phase carbonylation of methanol to dimethyl carbonate over chloride-free Cu-impregnated zeolite Y catalysts at elevated pressure

Incipient wetness impregnation of zeolite Y with copper(II) nitrate solution and inert activation at 650 °C led to active catalysts for the oxidative carbonylation of methanol to dimethyl carbonate in the gas phase. Activities were measured under elevated pressure (0.4–1.6 MPa) with feed compositions of CO/MeOH/O₂ = 40/20/6–1.5 vol.% (balanced by N₂) over zeolite Y loaded with 10–17 wt.% copper. It could be shown that inert activation at 650 °C enhanced the activity, and that Cu loading of 14–17 wt.% gave the best performance. By combined XRD, TEM, TPR and DRIFT characterization it was found that the inert activation initiated dispersion of crystalline CuO, auto-reduction of Cu²⁺ to Cu⁺ and redistribution of copper ions with enrichment inside the supercages of the zeolite. The O₂ content of the feed was found to control the selectivity to dimethyl carbonate. Dimethyl carbonate selectivities of 70–75% were achieved within the temperature range of 140–170 °C at an O₂ content of 1.5 vol.%. This allowed space-time yields of dimethyl carbonate up to 632 g l_cat⁻¹ h⁻¹ at methanol conversions of 5–12%. Formation of the main side product, dimethoxymethane, was surprisingly affected by CO, which is not in line with suggested reaction pathways. A mechanism is proposed including formation of surface carbonate structures as common intermediate.