钢渣颗粒对水中Cr(VI)的吸附与还原作用

以钢渣颗粒为水处理剂,分析了其组成和结构,研究了钢渣颗粒直接吸附去除水中Cr(VI)的工艺过程及机理. 结果表明,钢渣颗粒在适当的粒度与用量下,经10 min搅拌处理,水中Cr(VI)浓度由200 mg/L降低到0.5 mg/L,达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)的要求. 钢渣颗粒对水中Cr(VI)的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附过程,对Cr(VI)的饱和吸附量达6.878 mg/g. 化学分析和XPS分析均表明,钢渣颗粒对水中Cr(VI)具有吸附与还原的联合作用,吸附后钢渣颗粒中Cr(III)含量由0.0985%提高到0.39%,而FeO含量由9.20%下降到8.35%. 吸附后钢渣颗粒表面形成了Cr(OH)3,说明钢渣颗粒中FeO充当了还原剂,将水中Cr(VI)吸附于钢渣颗粒表面并还原成了低毒的Cr(OH)3随钢渣颗粒沉降直接从水中去除.     

硅藻土吸附水中Cr(Ⅵ)的试验

利用硅藻土作吸附剂研究处理含铬电镀废水,介绍含铬电镀废水处理的一些常用方法,硅藻土在处理废水方面的基本特征和应用前景。实验以含铬模拟废水代替电镀废水进行研究,通过Cr(Ⅵ)与显色剂的显色反应,利用分光光度法测定硅藻土处理前后模拟废水中Cr(Ⅵ)浓度的变化。通过试验找出了最佳吸附条件,确定了吸附剂的用量,分析了吸附反应时间和废水pH值对铬去除率的影响。结果表明,在pH值为1～2,处理时间为25min时,去除率可达70%以上。     

樱花生物质炭的制备及对废水中六价铬的吸附

选用樱花为原料制备新型生物质炭,应用其吸附含Cr(Ⅵ)的模拟废水,用单因素静态实验对影响吸附的5个主要因素(吸附剂投加量、pH值、Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度、反应温度和吸附时间)进行分析,并结合吸附过程的动力学特征以及特性表征,对吸附机理进行了初步探究。结果表明,樱花生物炭含有较多中孔,表面官能团如酮基、羧基和C=C能作为电子供体将Cr(Ⅵ)还原为Cr(Ⅲ);樱花生物炭的最佳吸附条件为樱花炭投加量为1 g/L,pH=2,Cr(Ⅵ)浓度为50 mg/L,吸附时间为4 h,反应温度为25℃,在此条件下,吸附量为49.52 mg/g;拟合系数表明准二级动力学方程能更好地反映樱花炭的吸附过程,说明以化学吸附为主;樱花炭的吸附过程更符合Langmuir等温线方程,说明其是单层吸附,最大吸附量为49.78 mg/g;可见,樱花炭在吸附Cr(Ⅵ)方面有一定的发展前景。     

生物质基材料吸附水中砷离子的研究进展

砷(As)污染的去除工艺仍然是最主要的挑战之一,已引起全球的广泛关注。吸附法过程简单且具有高效的吸附潜力,生物质基材料具有遍在性、丰富性、可再生性等优点,因此生物质基吸附法在除As方面得到广泛的应用。从As在水溶液中的存在形式,As(Ⅲ)的氧化吸附、生物质基材料改性及吸附机理等多维度介绍了生物质基吸附法对含As废水的处理研究,最后,从研究与应用的角度,对生物质基材料吸附As的未来研究方向做出展望。     

棉秆生物质炭对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附的综合设计实验

设计了物理化学综合实验“棉秆生物质炭对废水中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附”,使学生通过实验了解我国重金属污染现状及危害,提高环保意识,掌握棉秆生物质炭的制备方法,固体吸附过程的影响因素以及吸附动力学相关参数求解。本实验将物理化学理论知识与实际生活问题相结合,既提高了学生对物理化学学习的兴趣,又加强其对知识点的融会贯通,培养了学生的创新思维,提升了综合素质。     

生物质基金属吸附材料改性的研究进展

通过对生物质吸附材料的改性方法及在金属离子吸附分离方面的应用进行分析,对用于金属离子吸附分离的生物制基吸附材料的改性方法进行分类。总结了生物制基吸附剂固定化、复合改性、化学修饰及生物质炭化四类改性方法的特点及在溶液中金属离子分离中的应用。根据目前生物质基金属吸附材料改性研究中存在的问题和不足,提出提高生物质吸附剂改性机理认识和加快开展实际应用是今后的研究重点。     

O-羧甲基壳聚糖对电镀废水中Cr(Ⅵ)吸附性能的研究

O-羧甲基壳聚糖对六价铬具有吸附作用.本文研究了溶液的pH、吸附时间、温度和O-羧甲基壳聚糖的加入量对其吸附性能的影响.结果表明,在室温下,pH为2,吸附时间2 h,O-羧甲基壳聚糖加入量为5 g时,其吸附性能最好,吸附率可达98%以上.     

吸附条件对几种活性碳纤维氧化还原吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的影响

本文研究了吸附条件对几种基体的活性碳纤维(Activated Carbo n Fibers,简称ACF)氧化还原及吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的影响.结果表明:不同基体的ACF不仅可以吸附Cr(Ⅵ),而且能部分地将其还原至低价态的Cr(Ⅲ).ACF吸附和还原的能力,尤其是还原能力与吸附条件紧密相关.Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量强烈地依赖于溶液的pH值,当pH值低时,可有效增加ACF对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量和还原量;氧化还原量可用能斯特方程来说明.Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度的提高,也可提高ACF对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量;吸附动力学分析表明,ACF对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附可能是先吸附后还原的吸附过程.     

小麦秸秆生物质炭吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的研究

以农业废弃物小麦秸秆制备生物质活性炭,分别用HNO_3、Na OH和KMn O_4进行改性,通过Boehm法对不同改性活性炭进行表征,考察了吸附时间、p H及Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度对吸附效果的影响。结果表明,经硝酸改性的活性炭,官能团总量提高,吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的效果和吸附速率最高,受p H变化的影响更小。Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温线均能反映未改性和硝酸改性活性炭的吸附情况,二者的吸附过程均可用Lagergen二级动力学模型描述。     

CR型吸附剂对蔗糖和还原糖的吸附特性

本文提出液相色谱技术测定吸附相平衡常数和传质系数参数的估值模型，测定蔗糖还原糖在碱土金属型的ＣＲ型吸附剂上的吸附相平衡常数和总传质系数。结果表明：吸附相平衡常数随温度的升高而下降，吸附剂的选择性也随之下降；液固相间的总传质系数随温度的升高而增大，并随流速的增大而增大。在三种ＣＲ型吸附剂中，ＣＲ－２型吸附剂有较好的传质动力学性能和对还原糖吸附有较大的选择性。     

Removal of Cr(VI) from wastewater by adsorption on iron nanoparticles

Due to rapid industrialisation, the presence of heavy metals in water and wastewater is a matter of environmental concern. Though some of the metals are essential for our system but if present beyond their threshold limit value (TLV), they are harmful and their treatment prior to disposal becomes inevitable. The present communication has been addressed to the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions by nanoparticles of iron. Nanoparticles of iron were prepared by sol–gel method. The characterisation of the nanoparticles was carried out by XRD and TEM analysis. Batch experiments were adopted for the adsorption of Cr(VI) from its solutions. The effect of different important parameters such as contact time and initial concentration, pH, adsorbent dose, and temperature on removal of chromium was studied. The removal of chromium increased from 88. 5% to 99.05% by decreasing its initial concentration from 15 to 5 mg L^?1 at optimum conditions. Removal of Cr(VI) was found to be highly pH dependent and a maximum removal (100%) was obtained at pH 2.0. The process of removal was governed by first and pseudo‐second‐order kinetic equations and their rate constants were determined. The process of removal was also governed by intraparticle diffusion. Values of the thermodynamic parameters viz. ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS° at different temperatures were determined. The data generated in this study can be used to design treatment plants for chromium rich industrial effluents. Adsorption results indicate that nanoiron particles can be effective for the removal of chromium from aqueous solutions.     

Biological Cr(VI) reduction in a trickling filter under continuous operation with recirculation

BACKGROUND: Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is toxic to humans, animals and plants. Conventional treatment technologies reduce Cr(VI) to the less toxic and mobile Cr(III), but these methods are usually expensive and generate secondary waste. Microbial Cr(VI) reduction has recently gained attention as a detoxification process, since it enables Cr(VI) reduction through relatively cheap and simple methods. The aim of this work was to investigate the mechanism and the performance of biological Cr(VI) reduction using mixed cultures originated from industrial sludge under continuous operation with recirculation in a pilot‐scale trickling filter. RESULTS: Biological Cr(VI) reduction was studied using a pilot‐scale trickling filter filled with plastic media under continuous operation with recirculation and the use of indigenous bacterial population. The effect of the organic carbon (electron donor) concentration was examined for constant Cr(VI) influent concentration at about 5.5 mg L^?1 and volumetric flow rates ranging from 60 to 900 mL min^?1. The highest reduction rate achieved was 1117 g Cr(VI) m^?2 d^?1 for a volumetric flow rate of 900 mL min^?1. The system's reduction capacity was significantly affected by chromate loadings, resulting in frequent backwashing of the filter. The determination of the reduction mechanism was also studied using batch cultures of free suspended cells and culture supernatant. CONCLUSION: The high reduction rates combined with the low operating cost indicate that the above technology can be a viable solution for the treatment of industrial chromate effluents. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and removal of total chromium from wastewater using scrap iron in the form of zerovalent iron(ZVI): Batch and column studies

This work experimentally investigates Cr(VI) reduction to Cr(III) using waste scrap iron in the form of zerovalent iron (ZVI) collected from the mechanical workshop of the Institute, both in batch and continuous operation. The reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) was found to be complete (～100%) depending on the experimental conditions. Lower pH values favour Cr(VI) reduction. Two concurrent reactions take place, that is reduction of Cr(VI) by Fe⁰ (ZVI) and by Fe²⁺ generated due to H⁺ corrosion of iron. Maximum around 22%, 11% and 2% Cr(III) remained dissolved in solution while the experiments were carried out at initial pH of 2, 4.67 and 7. Higher ZVI loading increases Cr(VI) reduction rate, however, consumption of iron is noted to be higher. The results indicate that the bed is exhausted rapidly at higher pH, initial Cr(VI) concentration and flow rate. This is attributable to predominance passivation of ZVI surface forming Cr(III)–Fe(III)‐oxide layer. SEM analysis of ZVI before and after the experiments confirms formation of passive oxide on iron surface is responsible for deterioration of Cr(VI) reduction efficiency due to its blanketing effect.     

电镀废水中铬(VI)分析的研究进展

综述了近5年来电镀废水中铬(VI)的分析测定方法,主要包括分光光度法、催化光度法、荧光光度法、原子吸收法、电化学法、化学传感器法、化学发光法及共振光散射法等。     

Cr (VI) adsorption from aqueous solutions on grafted chitosan

Chitosan was grafted on the surface of a cotton gauze (20, 50, and 100 mg chitosan g⁻¹ cotton) to improve its stability in aqueous solutions. The adsorption of hexavalent chromium ions from water on the grafted chitosan was evaluated to determine, by means of linear and nonlinear models, the kinetic and isotherm adsorption of the process. The kinetics of pseudo second-order, pseudo first-order, and adsorption isotherms type II were obtained, that is, a monolayer adsorption on nonporous adsorbents with physical adsorption was present. The most probable energy of adsorption corresponded to a physisorption with hydrogen bond interactions between chromium ions and ammonium groups. Moreover, three different cross-sectional areas of hexavalent chromium ions were calculated and used to estimate the specific surface area employed by active sites to adsorb metal ions in terms of chitosan or cotton mass. Finally, the percentage of the area occupied by chromium ions on the surface was estimated by dividing the resulting specific surface area in terms of cotton mass by the specific surface area of cotton reported in literature. As a result, it was determined that the occupied area is between 6% (for 20 mg chitosan g⁻¹ cotton)-24% (for 100 mg chitosan g⁻¹ cotton) from the total area of cotton.     

Multiwalled CNTs for Cr(VI) removal from industrial wastewater: An advanced study on adsorption,kinetics, thermodynamics for the comparison between the embedded and non‐embedded carboxyl group

The adsorption capabilities of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with and without the embedded carboxyl group for the removal of parts per million levels of hexavalent chromium were examined as a function of several parameters, namely contact time, pH of initial solution, initial concentration of Cr(VI), adsorbent dosage as well as temperature of solution. Adsorption isotherms have been utilized to explain the adsorption mechanism. Ion exchange, intra‐particle diffusion, and electrostatic interactions are found to be the fundamental mechanisms describing the adsorption of Cr(VI). The maximum adsorption capacities of Cr(VI) ion by raw MWCNTs and functionalized MWCNTs were found to be 84.75 and 78.13 mg · g^?1, respectively, as calculated by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. This is with regard to the electron‐rich atoms inside the functional group which repels the negatively charged dichromate ions. Kinetic studies were performed, and the data was found in good agreement with the pseudo‐second‐order.     

Mechanisms of Cr(VI) removal from water by various types of activated carbons

The removal mechanisms of Cr(VI) from water using different types of activated carbons, produced from coconut shell, wood and dust coal, were investigated in this project. Different types of activated carbons have different surface characteristics. The coconut shell and dust coal activated carbons have protonated hydroxyl groups on the surface (H‐type carbons), while the surface of the wood‐based activated carbon has ionised hydroxyl groups (L‐type carbons). The adsorption kinetics of chromium onto the activated carbons at pH values ranging from 2 to 6 were investigated. It was found that the optimum pH to remove total chromium was 2 for wood‐based activated carbon, while for coconut shell and dust coal activated carbons, the optimum pH was around 3–4. The difference in the optimum pH for different activated carbons to remove Cr(VI) from water can be explained by the different surface characteristics and capacity of the activated carbons to reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III). © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

A simple sulfuric acid pretreatment method to improve the adsorption of Cr(VI) by chitosan

An optimum pH of 5.0 for the adsorption of Cr⁶⁺ by chitosan was determined by using a stirred‐batch reactor method at constant pH. When a column containing chitosan was used to bind Cr⁶⁺ in a situation where pH could not be held constant because of pH changes caused by the chitosan itself, significant binding occurred only at solution pH 1 and 2. When chitosan was pretreated with sulfuric acid in a range of 7–70 mol % sulfuric acid : moles glucosamine residue, maximum binding occurred at pH 6.0. Under these conditions, a column containing 0.500 g acid‐treated chitosan (35% mole ratio) reduced the concentration of Cr⁶⁺ in 713 bed volumes of 25 ppm Cr⁶⁺ solution to ≤5 ppm in the effluent. A similar column of pretreated chitosan reduced Cr⁶⁺ concentration in 1042 bed volumes of industrial chromium plating rinse water initially containing 18 ppm Cr⁶⁺ to ≤5 ppm. Capacity experiment results indicated 60 mg chromium bound per gram of treated chitosan at pH 6.0. Commercial resin IRA‐67 was also investigated as a Cr⁶⁺ binding agent. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2808–2814, 2004