TiCl4／SiO2负载型催化剂用于丁二烯聚合——I.催化剂制备条件对聚合的影响

用球磨法制备的SiO2负载TiCl4催化剂进行丁二烯溶液聚合,考察了催化剂制备条件对催化效率的影响,分析了聚合物的结构。结果表明：球磨48h,负载钛质量分数4%的催化剂具有较好的催化效率;SiO2在负载TiCl4前用适量Al(i-Bu)3处理,或将球磨法制备的TiCl4/SiO2催化剂与适量Al(i-Bu)2Cl在100℃下反应1h,均能大幅度提高催化剂的活性;在40～50℃下,聚合按溶液淤浆聚合形式进行,产物为低顺式聚丁二烯。     

TiCl4/SiO2负载型催化剂用于丁二烯聚合Ⅰ .催化剂制备条件对聚合的影响

用球磨法制备的SiO_2负载TiCl_4催化剂进行丁二烯溶液聚合,考察了催化剂制备条件对催化效率的影响,分析了聚合物的结构。结果表明：球磨48 h,负载钛质量分数4％的催化剂具有较好的催化效率;SiO_2在负载TiCl_4前用适量Al(i－Bu)_3处理,或将球磨法制备的TiCl_4/SiO_2催化剂与适量Al(i－Bu)_2Cl 在100 ℃下反应1 h,均能大幅度提高催化剂的活性;在40～50 ℃下,聚合按溶液淤浆聚合形式进行,产物为低顺式聚丁二烯。     

TiCl4/SiO2负载型催化剂用于丁二烯聚合Ⅱ.聚合条件及聚合动力学

使用以球磨法制备的SiO2负载TiCl4催化剂进行丁二烯溶液聚合,考察了聚合条件对催化效率的影响以及在20～60℃下的聚合动力学.确定了适宜的聚合条件以加氢汽油为溶剂,Al/Ti摩尔比为20,Ti/Bd摩尔比为2×10-4,50℃聚合10h以上.溶液聚合动力学研究结果表明,本体系在低转化率下为稳态聚合,其稳态聚合速率方程为Rp=kpf[Ti]0[Bd],聚合的表观活化能为11.4kJ/mol.     

TiCl4/SiO2负载型催化剂用于丁二烯聚合Ⅱ.聚合条件及聚合动力学

使用以球磨法制备的 SiO2负载 TiCl4催化剂进行丁二烯溶液聚合，考察了聚合条件对催化效率的影响以及在 20～ 60℃下的聚合动力学。确定了适宜的聚合条件：以加氢汽油为溶剂， Al/Ti摩尔比为 20, Ti/Bd摩尔比为 2× 10－ 4, 50℃聚合 10 h以上。溶液聚合动力学研究结果表明，本体系在低转化率下为稳态聚合，其稳态聚合速率方程为 Rp=kpf[Ti]0[Bd],聚合的表观活化能为 11.4 kJ/mol。     

一种乙烯聚合用TiCl_4/MgCl_2催化剂的制备

研究了含Mg载体ClMg(OR)·ROH(R为乙基和正丁基)的制备和反应机理。分别以CH2Cl2,CHCl3,CCl4作为溶剂,在n(C2H5OH)/n(Mg)为2.0的条件下,可以合成ClMg(OC2H5)·C2H5OH载体,并且成本较低。采用ClMg(OR)·ROH为载体与TiCl4反应,制备了乙烯聚合用负载型催化剂,研究了该催化剂的制备规律和催化乙烯聚合的性能。结果表明:以ClMg(OC4H9)·C4H9OH为载体制备TiCl4/MgCl2催化剂,载Ti时间为2 h,载Ti温度为110℃,TiCl4用量为2.0 mL/g,载Ti次数为3次时,制备的负载型催化剂催化乙烯聚合具有较高的活性,可达4.6 kg/(g·h)。     

新型MgCl2/SiO2复合载体丙烯聚合催化剂的研究

采用喷雾干燥法制备了MgCl2/SiO2球形复合载体,经载钛处理后得到丙烯聚合催化剂。利用SEM、XRD、XPS、EDX等分析了催化剂的形态和物性,并进行了丙烯本体聚合研究。结果表明:负载TiCl4后制备出的球形丙烯聚合催化剂中,Ti/Mg活性组分均匀负载于SiO2堆成的微球中,催化剂保持了良好的颗粒形态。该催化剂用于丙烯聚合,具有催化活性高、立体定向性好、氢调敏感性好等特点。     

SiO2负载二亚胺镍/TiCl4催化乙烯聚合

合成了配合物N,N'-二[4-(4-氨基-3,5-二乙基苄基)-2,6-二乙基苯基]苊二亚胺二氯化镍(NiLCl2),将其与TiCl4复合负载在SiO2/MgCl2上制得负载催化剂.研究了该负载催化剂对乙烯聚合的催化活性, 考察了聚合条件对聚合反应及产物结构的影响.结果表明,负载的NiLCl2/TiCl4较之未负载的NiLCl2催化活性高,最高催化活性达到552 kg/(mol·h),而聚合需要的n(Al)/n(Ni)也较相应的NiLCl2低.     

同双核钛茂金属催化甲基丙烯酸甲酯本体和溶液聚合

合成了一种新的同双核钛茂金属催化剂[(CH3C5H4)TiCl2]2[C5H4CH2CH2OCH2CH2C5H4](A),用元素分析和1H-NMR进行了表征.在助催化剂的作用下,该催化剂体系可有效催化甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)本体和溶液聚合.考察了助催化剂、反应温度和时间对聚合的影响.结果表明,Al(i-Bu)3催化性能优于Al(Et)3和甲基铝氧烷(MAO).以Al(i-Bu)3为助催化剂,本体聚合在MMA和A的摩尔比为1 500,Al(i-Bu)3和A的摩尔比为20,60 ℃,反应时间20 h条件下,单体转化率达98.6%,PMMA的粘均分子量为 7.87×105;溶液聚合在MMA和A的摩尔比为1 500,Al(i-Bu)3和A的摩尔比为20,80 ℃,反应时间15 h条件下,单体转化率77.3%,PMMA的粘均分子量3.24×105.聚合所得PMMA分子量分布为5.0～7.0.     

MgCl2-BuOH/TiCl4催化剂催化乙烯聚合动力学

研究了MgCl2-正丁醇/TiCl4催化剂常压下催化乙烯聚合的性能和动力学行为.考察了n(Al)/n(Ti)、聚合温度、共聚单体浓度、氢气分压对催化剂性能的影响.研究表明:三乙基铝为助催化剂,n(Al)/n(Ti)为200,聚合压力为0.1 MPa,温度为50℃,聚合时间为2 h时,该催化剂具有较高的活性:聚合动力学行为平稳,活性衰减较慢,活性可达1 550.2 g/g;该催化剂具有良好的乙烯均聚合和共聚合性能以及氢调性能.     

钨系催化合成1,2-聚丁二烯的研究——Ⅱ.助催化剂对聚合活性的影响

在WCl_6-C_4H_(?)OH催化体系中各种助催化剂对聚合活性的影响表明,以Al(i-Bu)_(?)为助催化剂体系的聚合活性最高,AlEt_2Cl和AlEt_3体系的聚合活性相近;CH_3PhOH/Al(i-Bu)_3=1(mol比)的助催化剂体系和Al(i-Bu)_3体系的聚合活性相近,但适宜Al/W(mol比)的范围增宽,醇类作助催化剂的配位体时,体系的聚合活性降低;在实验条件下,Al(i-Bu)_2H体系无聚合活性;以AlEt_3、Al(i-Bu)_3、Al(i-Bu)_2OPhCH_3和Al(i-Bu)_2OC_4H_(?)分别作助催化剂时,对产物分子量影响较小,并均能得到1,2-结构含量大于85％的1,2-聚丁二烯。     

Photocatalytic activity of Cu2O/TiO2, Bi2O3/TiO2 and ZnMn2O4/TiO2 heterojunctions

Cu₂O/TiO₂, Bi₂O₃/TiO₂ and ZnMn₂O₄/TiO₂ heterojunctions were studied for potential applications in water decontamination technology and their capacity to induce an oxidation process under VIS light. UV–vis spectroscopy analysis showed that the junctions-based Cu₂O, Bi₂O₃ and ZnMn₂O₄ are able to absorb a large part of visible light (respectively, up to 650, 460 and 1000 nm). This fact was confirmed in the case of Cu₂O/TiO₂ and Bi₂O₃/TiO₂ by photocatalytic experiments performed under visible light. A part of the charge recombination that can take place when both semiconductors are excited was observed when a photocatalytic experiment was performed under UV–vis illumination. Orange II, 4-hydroxybenzoic and benzamide were used as pollutants in the experiment. Photoactivity of the junctions was found to be strongly dependent on the substrate. The different phenomena that were observed in each case are discussed.     

ZrO2/SiO2- and La2O3/Al2O3-supported platinum catalysts for CH4/CO2 reforming

Surface-phase ZrO₂ on SiO₂ (SZrOs) and surface-phase La₂O₃ on Al₂O₃ (SLaOs) were prepared with various loadings of ZrO₂ and La₂O₃, characterized and used as supports for preparing Pt/SZrOs and Pt/SLaOs catalysts. CH₄/CO₂ reforming over the Pt/SZrOs and Pt/SLaOs catalysts was examined and compared with Pt/Al₂O₃ and Pt/SiO₂ catalysts. CO₂ or CH₄ pulse reaction/adsorption analysis was employed to elucidate the effects of these surface-phase oxides.

The zirconia can be homogeneously dispersed on SiO₂ to form a stable surface-phase oxide. The lanthana cannot be spread well on Al₂O₃, but it forms a stable amorphous oxide with Al₂O₃. The Pt/SZrOs and Pt/SLaOs catalysts showed higher steady activity than did Pt/SiO₂ and Pt/Al₂O₃ by a factor of three to four. The Pt/SZrOs and Pt/SLaOs catalysts were also much more stable than the Pt/SiO₂ and Pt/Al₂O₃ catalysts for long stream time and for reforming temperatures above 700 °C. These findings were attributed to the activation of CO₂ adsorbed on the basic sites of SZrOs and SLaOs.     

Al_2(SO_4)_3/FeCl_3催化合成乙酸异戊酯

以冰乙酸和异戊醇为原料,Al_2(SO_4)_3/FeCl_3为催化剂,对催化合成乙酸异戊酯的条件进行研究。考察催化剂用量、乙酸与异戊醇物质的量比以及反应时间对乙酸酯化率的影响。结果表明,Al_2(SO_4)_3/FeCl_3具有良好的催化活性,在乙酸物质的量为0.1 mol、乙酸与异戊醇物质的量比为1∶4、催化剂用量1.0 g、反应时间2.0 h和带水剂环己烷用量10 m L反应条件下,重复实验3次,平均乙酸酯化率为93.50%。     

稀土固体超强酸SO2-4/TiO2/La3+催化合成醋酸丁酯

研究了以固体超强酸SO24-/TiO2/La3+催化剂,醋酸和正丁醇为原料合成醋酸丁酯,并考察了影响反应的因素.结果表明醇酸物质的摩尔比为1.61、催化剂用量0.6 g、带水剂甲苯7 mL、反应时间2.5 h是最适宜的反应条件,其酯化率可达96.2%.     

K_2SO_4对V_2O_5/TiO_2脱硝催化剂表面形态的影响

采用XRD和XPS对新鲜的和K2SO4掺杂的V2O5/TiO2脱硝催化剂的表面形态进行了分析。结果表明,K2SO4的掺杂未对V与Ti之间的相互作用造成显著的影响,但是引起催化剂表面V和Ti的浓度降低,V5+在催化剂表面消失。K与钒氧物种上的晶格氧发生了强烈的相互作用。     

Electrocatalyst materials for fuel cells based on the polyoxometalates—K7 or H7[(P2W17O61)Fe(H2O)] and Na12 or H12[(P2W15O56)2Fe4(H2O)2]

Free acids of the iron substituted heteropoly acids (HPA), H₇[(P₂W₁₇O₆₁)Fe^III(H₂O)] (HFe1) and H₁₈[(P₂W₁₅O₅₆)₂Fe^III₂(H₂O)₂] (HFe2) were prepared from the salts K₇[(P₂W₁₇O₆₁)Fe^III(H₂O)] (KFe1) and Na₁₂[(P₂W₁₅O₅₆)₂Fe^III₄(H₂O)₂] (NaFe4), respectively. The iron-substituted HPA were adsorbed on to XC-72 carbon based GDLs to form HPA doped GDEs after water washing with HPA loadings of ca. 1 μmol. The HPA was detected throughout the GDL by EDX. Solution electrochemistry of the free acids are reported for the first time in sulfate buffer, pH 1-3. The hydrogen oxidation reaction was catalyzed by KFe1 at 0.33 V, with an exchange current density of 38 mA/cm². Moderate activity for the oxygen reduction reaction was observed for the iron substituted HPA, which was dramatically improved by selectively removing oxygen atoms from the HPA by cycling the fuel cell cathode under N₂ followed by reoxidation to give a restructured oxide catalyst. The nanostructured oxide achieved an OCV of 0.7 V with a Tafel slope of 115 mV/decade. Cycling the same catalysts in oxygen resulted in an improved catalyst/ionomer/carbon configuration with a slightly higher Tafel slope, 128 mV/decade but a respectable current density of 100 mA/cm² at 0.2 V.     

Properties of char particles obtained under O2/N2 and O2/CO2 combustion environments

Pulverized coal combustion in O₂/N₂ and O₂/CO₂ environments was investigated with a drop tube furnace. Results present that the reaction rate and burn-out degree of O₂/CO₂ chars (obtained in O₂/CO₂ environments) are lower than that of O₂/N₂ chars (obtained in O₂/N₂ environments) under the same experimental condition. It indicates that a higher O₂ concentration in O₂/CO₂ environment is needed to achieve the similar combustion characteristic to that in O₂/N₂ environment. The main differences between O₂/N₂ and O₂/CO₂ chars rely on the pore structure determined by N₂ adsorption and chemical structure measured by FT-IR. For O₂/CO₂ char, the surface is thick and the pores are compact which contribute to the fragmentation reduction of particles burning in O₂/CO₂ environment. The organic functional group elimination rate from the surface of O₂/CO₂ chars is slower or delayed. The present research results might have important implications for further understanding the intrinsic kinetics of pulverized coal combustion in O₂/CO₂ environment.     

New acrylic monolithic carbon molecular sieves for O2/N2 and CO2/CH4 separations

The modification of activated carbon fibres prepared from a commercial textile acrylic fibre into materials with monolithic shape using phenolic resin as binder was studied. The molecular sieving properties for the gas separations CO₂/CH₄ and O₂/N₂ were evaluated from the gas uptake volume and selectivity at 100 s contact time taken from the kinetic adsorption curves of the individual gases. The pseudo-first order rate constant was also determined by the application of the LDF model. The samples produced show high CO₂ and O₂ rates of adsorption, in the range 3-35 × 10⁻³ s⁻¹, and in most cases null or very low adsorption of CH₄ and N₂ which make them very promising samples to use in PSA systems, or similar. Although the selectivity was very high, the adsorption capacity was low in certain cases. However, the gas uptake in two samples reached 23 cm³ g⁻¹ for CO₂ and 5 cm³ g⁻¹ for O₂, which can be considered very good. The materials were heat-treated using a microwave furnace, which is a novel and more economic method, when compared with conventional furnaces, to improve the molecular sieves properties.     

Solid state metathesis synthesis of BaTiO3, PbTiO3, K0.5Bi0.5TiO3 and Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3

A solid state metathesis approach has been applied to synthesize perovskite oxides such as BaTiO₃, PbTiO₃, K_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃ and Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃, these were characterized by powder XRD, IR and energy dispersive spectra (EDS). Potassium titanium oxalate and metal chlorides are used as the starting materials. X-ray analysis shows the formation of a single phase with tetragonal structure for BaTiO₃, PbTiO₃, K_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃ and a monoclinic structure for Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃. The Infrared spectra of these compounds show the characteristic band due to Ti–O octahedron for all the compounds. The EDS spectra show the relative ratio of the metal ions. The morphology of synthesized compounds was obtained from SEM measurements.