碳含量对热等静压态FGH96合金碳化物的影响

对不同碳含量的FGH96成型合金中碳化物进行了研究,并对合金原始粉末表面成分偏析进行了测定,以深入探讨碳含量对合金中碳化物的影响。结果表明:FGH96合金中碳含量的增加,提高了原始粉末表面碳含量和富Ti层厚度;HIP(热等静压)态FGH96中碳化物主要为富Ti和Nb的MC,随着碳含量升高,合金中分布在原始粉末颗粒边界(previous particle boundary,PPB)上和PPB以外区域的碳化物含量均逐渐升高,而非PPB碳化物含量上升的幅度相对较大;合金中碳含量越高,PPB碳化物中强碳化物形成元素的含量越低,非PPB碳化物的成分不受合金碳含量的影响;碳的加入促进了PPB碳化物的粗化,并扩展了其尺寸分布的范围;合金中碳含量越高,PPB碳化物的平均自由程越小,合金在室温下的断面收缩率越低。     

The influence of carbon addition on carbide characteristics and mechanical properties of CM-681LC superalloy using fine-grain process

This study investigates how carbon addition affects the carbide characteristics and mechanical properties of CM-681LC nickel-base superalloy with grain size of 80 μm prepared using the fine-grain process. Experimental results indicate that carbon addition from 0.11 wt% to 0.15 wt% greatly increases the amount of carbides, but the shape and size of carbides are similar due to the short solidification time of the fine-grain process, which limits the growth of carbides. The increase of carbides by proper carbon addition effectively improves the tensile strength by about 5% and the tensile elongation by over 30% at room and moderate temperatures (21-760 °C). The fracture analyses reveal that the carbon addition in fine-grain CM-681LC superalloy can changes the fracture modes from typical intergranular fracture modes to transgranular and intergranular mixed modes. The better carbon content of CM-681LC superalloy applied in the fine-grain process is 0.15 wt%, which has better mechanical properties.     

碳和硼对高铼含量的定向凝固镍基高温合金元素偏析行为的影响

研究元素碳和硼对含铼镍基定向柱晶高温合金相转变温度、元素偏析和碳化物析出相的影响。结果表明：随着碳含量的增加,液相线温度逐步降低,而碳化物的析出温度上升。硼的添加造成合金液相线温度、碳化物析出温度和固相线温度均下降。随着碳含量的增加,铼元素的偏析先增大后减小,而其它元素的偏析程度变化并不是很大。铼、钨、钽的偏析随硼的加入而逐渐增大。合金中碳化物的形态主要为汉字体状,碳化物数量随着碳含量的增加逐渐增大。添加硼元素的合金中析出的碳化物较不含硼元素的合金中析出的碳化物更加集中和粗大。     

Effect of carbon on microstructures of Ti-45Al-3Fe-2Mo-xC alloy

The effect of carbon addition on the microstructures of TiAl-based alloy (Ti-45Al-3Fe-2Mo) was studied. The proportion of β/B2 phase reduces with the content of carbon increasing, while the colony size increases. With increasing the carbon content, the lamellar spacing first decreases from 267 nm (Ti-45Al-3Fe-2Mo) to 237 nm (Ti-45Al-3Fe-2Mo-0.3C) and 155 nm (Ti-45Al-3Fe-2Mo-0.5C), but then increases to 230 nm (Ti-45Al-3Fe-2Mo-1.0C) with further increase in C level, which is affected by the inhibition of carbon atom and precipitation of carbides at the lamellar interface. Precipitation of carbides shows a response to aging time at 800 °C. P-type carbides grow up at the boundaries and near the dislocation areas with the prolonging of aging time. And these carbides are projected different morphology in different beam directions (BD). The effects of these microstructural modifications were examined and the observations were discussed.     

原位合成TiC/Cr19Al3钢结硬质合金组织与性能

以钛铁粉、铬铁粉、铁粉、胶体石墨等为原料,原位反应合成了TiC/Cr19Al3钢结硬质合金,并用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪和洛氏硬度计等对所制备的试样进行了组织结构分析.结果表明,所反应合成的钢结硬质合金主要相组成为TiC Fe-Cr固溶体,合成的硬质相TiC颗粒细小,随烧结温度升高TiC颗粒略有长大.当加入一定量的钼与硼后,钢结硬质合金致密度和硬度提高,TiC颗粒尺寸减小,分布更均匀.     

VC和碳含量对超细晶硬质合金室温和高温性能的影响

以原位还原碳化技术制备的WC-8Co复合粉和VC粉末为原料,采用低压烧结技术制备出超细晶硬质合金。系统研究了VC添加量和复合粉中碳含量对硬质合金的相组成、显微组织、室温和高温力学性能的影响。结果表明:硬质合金的晶粒尺寸、硬度和断裂韧性主要受VC添加量的影响,且随VC添加量的增加呈单调变化;抗弯强度随VC添加量的变化趋势与碳含量有关;压缩强度随温度的变化呈现先降低后升高的趋势;当WC-Co复合粉的碳含量为5.60%～5.68%(质量分数)、VC添加量不超过0.5%时,可分别制备出室温抗弯强度为4482MPa和600℃下抗压缩强度为4914MPa的高综合性能的超细晶硬质合金。基于微观组织特征的分析,结合弹-塑性有限元模型对应力分布的模拟,对超细晶硬质合金力学性能的变化规律及影响机理进行了分析。     

W+Co+C(碳黑)制备板状晶硬质合金及其性能研究

采用经球磨扁平化处理的W粉末为原料,添加适量Co、C(碳黑)、成型剂及纳米W粉制备板状晶硬质合金,研究了烧结温度、时间和添加纳米W粉,对板状晶硬质合金显微组织结构和性能的影响。结果表明,球磨预处理中颗粒W粉末可获得扁平化程度高的薄片状W粉末,以其为原料制备的WC-12%Co(质量分数)板状晶合金相对密度达97%,合金硬度呈现出明显的各向异性;添加纳米W粉或提高烧结温度、延长烧结时间,均有利于压坯烧结收缩致密化,生成更多的板状WC晶粒。     

碳量变化对高铬铸铁初生奥氏体稳定性的影响

通过改变高铬铸铁(Cr15)的含碳量,研究了高铬铸铁凝固过程中初生奥氏体中C、Cr量变化对初生奥氏体稳定性的影响。结果表明,较快的冷速条件下自液体中析出的初生奥氏体固溶的C、Cr量远高于平衡条件;在本试验冷却条件下,随着碳含量的增加,初生奥氏体中固溶的C量增加、Cr量减少,这使C原子的扩散增强,并且奥氏体过饱和程度增大,二次碳化物析出趋势增强;当二次碳化物未析出时,碳量的增加使奥氏体稳定性增加,而一旦二次碳化物析出,碳量的增加使奥氏体的稳定性变差;碳量2.63%为奥氏体能否析出二次碳化物的临界值。     

合金元素对铁基激光熔覆涂层显微组织和相结构形态的影响

利用CO2激光在45钢表面熔覆制备铁基合金涂层,研究4种合金元素对改变涂层组织形态以及枝晶间碳化物形状的影响规律.结果表明,随着V,Nb,Ti元素和稀土氧化物CeO的依次加入,熔覆涂层原柱状晶形态逐渐改变为柱状树枝晶,最后转变为无明显柱状晶方向性的树枝晶;在激光熔覆涂层中,同时添加V,Nb元素,涂层枝晶间的连续长条状碳化物被打断成块状;同时添加V,Nb,Ti元素和稀土氧化物CeO,涂层枝晶间的碳化物被球化.通过改善涂层树枝晶组织形态以及球化枝晶间碳化物,涂层的抗拉强度和断后伸长率明显提高,涂层的强韧性显著增加.     

高铬铸铁型堆焊自保护药芯焊丝的研制

研制了一种自保护高铬铸铁型药芯焊丝,对其组织性能进行了分析,结果表明:堆焊金属显微组织主要为马氏体+残余奥氏体+M7C3型碳化物,堆焊金属硬度随石墨加入量的增加而增加,当加入w(石墨)15％时,堆焊金属硬度开始下降;药芯中加入w(钼铁)2％,堆焊金属硬度从HRC62.7提高到HRC63.5;初生碳化物主要沿堆焊层向母材...     

C含量对铸造TiAl合金组织和力学性能的影响

在Ti-47.5Al-3.7(Cr,V,Zr)合金中添加0.05%~0.2%C(原子分数,下同),采用冷坩埚悬浮熔炼方法制备出了层片组织TiAl合金铸棒,通过组织观察、室温拉伸和蠕变性能测试研究了C含量对TiAl合金组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,添加0.05%~0.2%C后,合金仍可获得择优取向层片组织。随C含量增加α2层片体积分数略有增加,层片间距呈细化趋势。当C含量超过0.1%时,在α2和γ层片内和层片界面上有细小的Ti2AlC型碳化物析出,碳化物析出相的尺寸和数量随C含量增加有所增加。添加0.05%~0.2%C后提高了合金室温的抗拉强度和屈服强度,且随C含量增加提升幅度逐渐增大,当C含量为0.2%时,分别将抗拉强度和屈服强度提升了101和123 MPa。添加C元素后显著改善了合金的蠕变性能,当C含量为0.1%时蠕变性能最佳,与不含C的合金相比,其塑性蠕变应变降低了一半、相同应变时的蠕变速率降低了1个数量级以上。添加0.1%C提升合金蠕变抗力的机制主要是通过抑制合金在蠕变初期的位错萌生和增殖过程;在γ层片中形成割阶和位错碎片阻碍位错继续运动,使得合金在蠕变第一阶段的应变硬化程度迅速增加;此外,析出的Ti2AlC型碳化物进一步强化层片界面和基体,与层片间距细化共同提高了穿层片滑移位错的运动阻力。     

过渡族金属氮化物颗粒复合氮化硅氮化硅陶瓷刀具的特性

针对碳化物颗粒复合会导致氮化硅复合物材料相组成发生变化的缺点,对过渡族金属氮化物颗粒（主要是ＴｉＮ）增强氮化硅陶瓷刀具的优点进行了全面分析,分析表明,氮化物颗粒不仅比碳化物颗粒与氮化硅有更好的相容性,而且可以固溶烧结过程中气相里的碳和氧,因此会有效降低氮化硅基体的碳化,这为无惰性气氛保护烧结提供了可能,另外,氮化物颗粒的引入对提高复合材料火花放电加工性及耐磨性能亦有很大帮助。     

超高碳钢球化组织与性能研究

对一种含碳量为1.41%的超高碳钢分别采用离异共析（DET）和淬火＋高温回火工艺球化后进行组织和力学性能研究。结果表明：球化处理后锻造组织中的碳化物得到充分球化,获得了铁素体基体上弥散分布超细球状碳化物的组织;其屈服强度和抗拉强度都有明显提高,伸长率达到17.5%,是一种优良的结构钢材料;超高碳钢拉伸过程中裂纹容易在大颗粒碳化物处萌生并扩展。     

深冷处理对H13钢组织和热疲劳性能的影响

采用OM、SEM、TEM、XRD、显微硬度计以及热疲劳试验机等方法研究了深冷处理对H13型热作模具钢的组织和性能的影响,并与常规淬回火工艺进行了对比分析。结果表明,在常规的淬回火工艺的基础上增加深冷处理有利于细化试验钢的晶粒组织并促进残留奥氏体向马氏体转变。此外,在深冷处理的条件下马氏体晶格由于在极低温易发生收缩而促使碳原子在位错等缺陷处偏聚,回火过程中以碳化物的形式析出。这些析出的大量细小弥散分布的碳化物可钉扎位错,对热循环引起的应力集中起到一定的缓解作用,减缓降低热疲劳裂纹扩展速率。且深冷处理后细小弥散分布的碳化物析出降低了H13钢热疲劳过程中碳化物长大速率,减少了热疲劳裂纹的数量,从而提高热疲劳性能。     

Effect of strong carbide forming elements in hardfacing weld metal

To achieve high carbon hard-facing weld metals with both high hardness and crack resistance, strong carbide forming elements Ti, Nb and V were alloyed into the weld metals, and their effect on the formation of carbides and the matrix microstructure were studied. Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy(EDS) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were adopted to investigate the microstructure, then thermodynamics of the formation of carbides was calculated and their effect on the matrix was further discussed. It is revealed that Nb, Ti and V influence strongly the distribution and existing state of carbon, inducing precipitation of carbides accompanying with the depletion of carbon in matrix. But when only V are alloyed as carbide forming element, the carbides are scarce and distributed along grain boundaries, and the hard-facing alloy is too hard, while the using of only Nb or Ti could not reinforce the weld metals effectively. The hard-facing alloy reinforced with Nb, V a     

Effect of Ti-V-Nb-Mo addition on microstructure of high chromium cast iron

The effects of trace additions of multi-alloying elements (Ti,Nb,V,Mo) on carbides precipitation and ascast microstructure of eutectic high chromium cast iron containing 2.85wt.％C and 31.0wt.％Cr were i...     

Characterisation of creep-weak zones (white bands) in grade 91 weld metal

Abstract

A microstructural study of creep failure in grade 91 weld metal has revealed two primary modes of creep failure. In addition to creep fractures along columnar grain boundaries (typical of weld metal creep failure), creep fractures were also found along creep-weak 'white bands' which had formed at the inter-bead boundaries. The white-band regions consisted of material where the M₂₃C₆ carbides had dissolved during creep testing; the loss of carbides had allowed recrystallisation of the martensitic structure to ferrite and consequently this material was much softer than the bulk weld metal. The element mapping over the weld metal by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy demonstrated that there was significant inhomogeneity in the distribution of certain elements, most significantly, chromium. This inhomogeneity resulted in strong activity gradients in carbon (even though the carbon concentration was homogeneous following welding) resulting in carbon loss from the alloy-depleted regions, the associated dissolution of carbides and the recrystallisation that accompanied this, and thus the poor mechanical properties which resulted in creep failure.     

Nucleation and thermal stability of carbide precipitates in high Nb containing TiAl alloys

This work monitors the nucleation, growth and coarsening of carbides in powder metallurgically processed, high Nb containing TiAl alloys. The effects of carbon content, annealing conditions and internal defects on the precipitation and stability of carbides were systematically investigated by high energy X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. In general, at 800 °C the carbide microstructure can still change significantly up to 1000 h of annealing. It is found that a higher carbon concentration promotes the carbide precipitation process and increases the thermal stability of carbides. Internal interfaces and other crystallographic defects act not only as heterogeneous nucleation sites for perovskite Ti₃AlC carbides but also as carbon sinks. This retards the carbide nucleation in the interior of γ-TiAl grains. By homogenising the carbon distribution through solution heat treatment the nucleation of carbides in the γ-TiAl matrix is significantly accelerated as an effect of higher matrix carbon content.     

碳对镍基单晶高温合金AM3凝固组织的影响

研究了碳(C)对第一代镍基单晶高温合金AM3显微组织的影响。结果表明,随着碳含量的增加,枝晶形貌和间距无明显变化,合金中共晶的数量明显减少,一次碳化物逐渐增多。该合金中一次碳化物形貌通常为块状、骨架状和汉字状。当含碳量较高时,碳化物形貌为由骨架状连接形成的网状碳化物(汉字状碳化物)。