某双阀芯电液比例多路阀主阀进口节流流场及阀口压降特性研究

以某系列双阀芯电液比例多路阀为研究对象,采用CFD流场仿真技术和PIV可视化测速技术对不同阀口开度和流量下的主阀沿进口流道、节流口、阀腔的流场进行了流体仿真和试验可视化研究。应用Fluent软件仿真研究了主阀进口节流流场分布并得出阀口压降特性;采用PIV试验研究的手段对流场分析结果加以验证,应用2D-PIV技术获得主阀腔内部一个截面上的流场分布,并通过相似理论计算得出阀口压降特性。CFD流场仿真和PIV试验结果表明：该双阀芯电液比例多路阀主阀出油环形腔内会形成较大旋涡,且阀口开度和流量对主阀进口节流内部流场结构和阀口压降特性有重要的影响。研究结果对定性分析双阀芯电液比例多路阀主阀内能量损失和噪声、主阀的结构和流道的设计以及优化具有重要实际意义,为CFD技术和PIV技术在双阀芯多路阀领域的应用研究提供了参考。     

绕后台阶与准方腔耦合流道流场的数值计算与试验研究

用Galerkin有限元法对绕后台阶与准方腔耦合流道流场进行数值模拟。数学模型采用的是流函数—涡量形式的N-S方程,分别计算了雷诺数214.2、428.4和642.6三种情况下流场的结构,计算所得瞬态流场和稳态流场以直观速度矢量图和等值线图的形式给出,并绘出了部分纵截面上速度分布剖面图,分析了雷诺数对流场结构的影响。同时应用近年来发展起来的且获得广泛应用的全场瞬时速度测量技术,即粒子图像测速技术PIV)对流场进行了试验研究,所得速度矢量图与数值计算结果吻合较好。计算和试验结果表明:绕后台阶与准方腔流道流场比较复杂,同时具有后台阶流动和方腔流动的结构特征。研究结果对工程实际具有重要意义。     

空调器室外机流场和噪声特性

针对分体空调室外机空气侧流场和声场的特点,采用计算流体动力学(CFD)的方法对该系统的气体流动进行数值模拟。详细分析了轴流风扇流道内部和出口的速度分布,并利用激光微粒图像测速(PIV)手段,验证数值模拟结果,模拟结果与PIV测量值吻合较好。在CFD数值模拟的基础上,运用Lowson模型预估系统的离散频率噪声,预估值与测量值吻合较好。CFD技术能够有效地分析室外机空气侧流场特性,并为进行气动声学分析提供依据。     

TWO-DIMENSIONAL PARTICLE IMAGE VELOCIMETRY（PIV） MEASUREMENTS IN A TRANSPARENT CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

A special transparent centrifugal pump is designed. Detailed optical measurements of the flow inside the rotating passages of a five-bladed shroud centrifugal pump impeller have been performed by using two-dimensional particle image velocimetry (PIV). The flow is surveyed at three load conditions qV/Vd = 0.4, qV/qVd = 1.0, qVlqVd = 1.5, respectively. As a result, phase averaged PIV velocity vector maps on three planes between hub and shroud of the impeller are presented. At design load, the mean field of relative velocity is predominantly vane congruent, showing well-behaved flow without separation. The distributions of the relative velocity on different plane along the pump shaft are very different and there is always a low velocity zone near the pressure-side of the blade at both low and design flow rate, but the low-velocity-zone at the low flow rate is much larger than that at the design one. The study demonstrates that the PIV technique is efficient in providing reliable and detailed velocity data o     

Flow analysis of a switching valve with innovative poppet head geometry by means of CFD method

The article presents an analysis of flow through a differential switching valve installed inside a throttle-check valve block. The valve is mounted in a sandwich type arrangement together with a control valve according to ISO 4401 standard. This type of block arrangement is popular and commonly used in hydraulic drive systems. The development of a typical throttle-check valve using a differential switching valve makes it possible to add a secondary fluid stream and thus increase the inflow rate to an actuator, which is particularly important in fixed-delivery pump systems. Due to the limited range of valve dimensions and the need to adapt flow paths to connection ports, channels of complex geometry are made inside the valve block. Therefore, the main aim of the work was to properly profile geometry of the differential switching valve spool in order to obtain a smooth opening in the entire displacement range. A 3D model of flow paths was built and CFD analysis was carried out. The obtained results of numerical simulations have been confirmed experimentally on a test bench. The CFD analysis allowed values of velocity and pressure profiles as well as axial flow force acting on the spool to be determined. The proposed new shapes of the spool head geometry significantly increase the spool head operating range. Although flow rate in the initial phase of switching valve opening was reduced, the amplitude of fluid flow fluctuations also decreased.     

液压破碎锤内锥阀中流道流场的数值分析

通过对液压破碎锤内锥阀内流道流场进行数值计算和模拟，探讨了不同情况下液压锥阀内流场包括流道速度场、压力场、流线和涡量线等的分布情况，分析了产生涡旋的位置和强度，找出了造成能耗的主要原因。结果表明，通过对锥阀阀座的优化设计，减少了流线的疏密程度和涡旋的大小，降低了能量损失，负压区也随之改变，减少了噪声，提高了能量利用率。     

基于AMESim与Fluent联合仿真的安全阀启溢闭研究

为了揭示安全阀启溢闭过程中压力、流量及内部流场的变化规律,对安全阀启溢闭全过程进行自适应动网格瞬态分析。建立了AMESim与Fluent联合仿真模型,在AMESim中构建边界条件及阀芯动力学模型,在Fluent中构建安全阀自适应动网格模型。联合仿真后得出安全阀阀芯最大位移为28.22 mm,流量为868.5 L/min,安全阀内部最大流速为52 m/s,最大压力为1.07 MPa,同时得到了在安全阀启溢闭不同阶段的压力、速度云图和阀芯附近的速度矢量图。研究结果表明,联合仿真可以观测到开启瞬间阀芯的回弹趋势,还能提供安全阀内部流场信息,是一种可以对安全阀进行瞬态流体分析的新方法。     

非全周开口滑阀稳态液动力研究

非全周开口滑阀是液压阀的基本结构形式之一,其阀口是在阀芯凸肩圆周上均布若干不同形状的节流槽,用于获得不同流量控制特性。随着阀口开度变化,阀口节流面的位置、形状和射流角都会随之变化,因而传统理论计算方法无法准确计算压力流量、液动力特性等。采用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法,针对两种典型节流槽形式的滑阀进行了三维流场仿真分析研究,获得了不同流动方向下阀口全行程压力流量和液动力特性,并与试验测量结果进行了比较,两者吻合良好;分析比较了流场计算和理论公式计算结果。研究发现在特定的阀口开度范围内,液动力会使阀口趋于开大。此项研究对于非全周开口滑阀压力流量、液动力等性能预测以及减小阀驱动力具有重要意义。     

不同结构阀芯的滑阀流场CFD分析

以小通径滑阀为研究对象,针对阀芯凹角处旋涡对滑阀内部流场及性能的影响,提出了将阀芯凹角改进为圆弧型,用CFD软件Fluent对仿真模型进行稳态研究,得到了阀内流场的速度和湍动能分布规律:在开口恒定,入口流量相同的条件下,随着圆弧半径的增大,阀内最大速度和最大湍动能减小,但并不能完全抑制阀芯凹角处旋涡的产生。结合阀内流场流线图,将圆弧型结构进一步改进为斜角加圆弧型。对比分析表明,斜角加圆弧型结构可更有效平缓流场,抑制阀内旋涡的产生和发展,降低阀内湍动能的损失,提高能量利用率。     

Rushton桨搅拌槽内平均流场的二维PIV试验研究

用粒子图像测速技术(Particle image velocimetry,简称PIV)对带有Rushton桨叶的,无挡板搅拌槽内的流场进行研究。在叶轮转速240 r/min下,流动的雷诺数Re=1 527时,获取了桨叶处以及桨叶转过5个不同角度处的粒子图像。在对粒子图像进行处理和计算后,得到了相平均速度场和系综平均速度场,并给出了速度分布剖面图。结果表明,所研究的Rushton桨搅拌槽内径向喷射流动沿桨叶垂直方向是非对称的,而是向下方倾斜。在桨叶附近,径向流动速度高。随着流动远离桨叶,径向速度在降低。因此径向喷射流动作用就相当于自由射流:叶轮桨叶喷射出的流体进入周围大量低速运动的流体中,卷吸周围流体,并沿轴向和径向扩散,从而使更多的流体参与混合和反应。所作研究对于深入了解搅拌槽内流场结构具有实际意义。     

基于动网格的液压滑阀流固耦合分析

采用基于动网格的流固耦合分析方法,建立了液压滑阀开启过程的三维动态数值分析模型,计算阀芯在驱动力、流体力和弹簧力共同作用下的运动分布、应力变化和形变。结果表明:提供一种分析液压滑阀开启过程的数值仿真方法,阀芯在开启完毕达到稳态后仍有小幅振动;阀芯的径向形变主要发生在阀杆上,且变形量随时间产生小幅波动;阀芯由于油液的冲击在入口处产生较大变形并在台肩与阀杆连接处产生应力集中,采用CFD方法得到的液压滑阀运动分布、应力变化、形变和理论值的误差在可以接受的范围内,证明了仿真的可靠性。     

Structure analysis of bubble driven flow by time-resolved PIV and POD techniques

In this paper, the recirculation flow motion and turbulence characteristics of liquid flow driven by air bubble stream in a rectangular water tank are studied. The time-resolved Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique is adopted for the quantitative visualization and analysis. 532nm Diode CW laser is used for illumination and orange fluorescent (λ_ex = 540nm, λ_em = 584nm) particle images are acquired by a 1280×1024 high-speed camera. To obtain clean particle images, 545nm long pass optical filter and an image intensifier are employed and the flow rate of compressed air is 3ℓ/min at 0.5MPa. The recirculation and mixing flow field is further investigated by time-resolved Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) analysis technique. It is observed that the large scale recirculation resulting from the interaction between rising bubble stream and side wall is the most dominant flow structure and there are small scale vortical structures moving along with the large scale recirculation flow. It is also verified that the sum of 20 modes of velocity field has about 67.4% of total turbulent energy.     

Numerical and experimental investigation of the metering characteristic and pressure losses of the rotary tubular spool valve

This paper presents the results of numerical and experimental performance evaluation of the rotary tubular spool valve. The aim of this work is to develop further the novel design of the tubular spool valve by confirming experimentally the validity of the simulation model and its results, thereby proving the valve's potential to represent a feasible and more efficient alternative to conventionally used translation spool valves avoiding the use of two stage valve configurations. In this research the valve performance is assessed through numerical modelling and experimental studies of its metering characteristic and pressure losses. This paper demonstrates that the used valve model yields the results, which agree well with the conducted experimental study. Therefore, validation of the numerical model and the modelling results in the form of theoretical valve characteristics was accomplished. Firstly, the paper presents details of a numerical approach employed to evaluate valve performance and then analyzes the simulation results. Next, the valve performance is experimentally validated by testing a prototype valve on a hydraulic test rig capable of measuring the volume flow rate, pressure levels in up- and downstream lines of the valve across the entire spool angular stroke. Initially, average discrepancies between modelling and test results were 52.46% for the metering and 82.78% for the pressure loss characteristics. Correcting the model geometry aimed at eliminating differences between the valve model and the practically used prototype-test rig system enabled reduction of the error between experiment and modelling by 47.75% for the pressure loss function. This confirmed validity of the simulated characteristics of the valve. The benchmark comparison of pressure losses confirmed average 71.66% energy dissipation reduction compared to the industry-available analogue valve.     

Fluent平台上滑阀流态切换现象仿真研究

针对某三级电液伺服阀功率级滑阀,在0～3mm的阀开口量范围内,建立不同阀开口量对应的二维几何模型并进行网格划分,通过Fluent软件仿真得到理想滑阀流量特性曲线,发现该滑阀阀口存在流态切换现象.仿真分析了改变阀杆直径、在阀芯壁面挖槽和阀芯根部倒圆角对流态切换现象的影响,为功率级滑阀的设计提供参考.     

煤液化调节阀湍流特性及稳定性研究

针对湍流流动对煤液化调节阀内部流场稳定性影响,基于粒子图像测速技术(Particle Image Velocimetry, PIV)和能量梯度理论对煤液化调节阀的脉动流场信息进行测量和表征。采用数值模拟和实验相结合的方法,探究了1.2,1.4,1.6,1.8 MPa 4种进口压力条件下(出口压力固定为1 MPa、开度固定为60%)脉动速度均方根、湍流动能等湍流特性参数的变化规律,并结合能量梯度理论对调节阀内流动稳定性展开分析。结果表明,脉动速度均方根的分布与湍流动能的分布具有相似性,高速主流区域位于阀芯头部低速流体的交界处,脉动速度均方根及湍动能值随流速增大而升高,并在轴向位置x为29.73 mm处达到峰值;高速主流与周围低速流体自身剪切产生的速度梯度是造成流场失稳的主要因素;整个流场最不稳定的位置分布在节流口下方阀芯和阀座壁面位置以及高速主流核心区外的剪切层内,进一步揭示了煤液化调节阀失稳机理。     

基于COMSOL的滑阀流固耦合共轭传热仿真研究

液压滑阀在工作过程中常常因黏性加热而出现阀芯热卡紧现象,基于流固耦合共轭传热方法,运用COMSOL软件对滑阀内的热-流-固多物理耦合场进行数值计算。结果表明:高温主要集中在速度梯度较大的区域以及受高速油液冲刷的节流槽壁面,由此产生的阀芯节流槽区域径向不均匀环状凸起变形可能直接导致阀芯卡紧;阀芯最大径向热变形量可达1.31 μm,位于节流槽矩形工作边处;黏温特性对滑阀内的黏性加热效应具有消极的影响,含气泡油液却与此相反,导热率与温度的线性关系对滑阀阀芯径向热变形也具有消极的影响;考虑以上因素并不改变滑阀内的温度场分布与热变形特征,而是使计算结果更加符合实际工况。     

基于电流调制的电磁开关阀开关特性研究

电磁开关阀是阀控液压系统中重要的基础流控原件，其开关特性决定系统整体性能。传统驱动方式下，阀芯位移响应滞后于励磁驱动电流，阻碍频响的提高。提出通过建立位移反馈提升阀芯在阶跃励磁电流作用下的电磁力的响应特性，进而提升电磁阀位移频响的方法。对二位二通电磁开关阀建立了动力学与电磁学方程，搭建了阀芯电磁-动力学关键参数测量装置。试验验证了试验装置可行性并获得了阀芯位移响应的开环传递函数。结合试验数据，在Simulink中搭建了反馈对电磁开关阀开关特性影响的验证系统。仿真结果表明，通过利用电磁阀位移反馈，阀芯位移对励磁线圈的阶跃响应改善显著，响应时间相比开环阀芯驱动缩短了近53%。     

喷嘴挡板先导式燃气阀阀芯气动力分析研究

小型燃气开关阀用于控制射流燃气的通断,是飞行器姿态调整机构的关键部件。基于国内外燃气阀的研究,设计了一种喷嘴挡板先导式燃气阀。为研究燃气阀阀芯受力特性,通过动量定理分析得出阀芯所受气动力的主要影响因素为阀口和阀芯直径。实验验证了流场数值模拟的准确性;通过流场数值模拟得出了阀口开度越大阀芯所受气动力越大的结论,同时分析得出了结构尺寸对阀芯气动力具体影响规律为:阀芯直径越大阀芯所受气动力越小,阀口直径越小阀芯所受气动力越大。     

非全周矩形开口滑阀小开口度时流量及液动力特性研究

电液伺服阀作为液压控制系统的核心元件,其性能的好坏直接关系到控制系统的特性。采用计算流体动力学软件Fluent中动网格技术,对伺服阀滑阀阀口在0.5mm开度内的流动状态进行静、动态仿真,研究其流量与液动力特性。从计算结果可以看出,阀口流量特性仿真曲线与理论曲线在趋势上基本相同。阀芯所受稳态液动力仿真值与理论值增长趋势基本相同。仿真时,阀口开度按给定速度连续增大,阀口打开瞬时,瞬态液动力变化大;阀口打开后,瞬态液动力变化不大,且瞬态液动力数值较稳态液动力小得多。     

Estimation of spray flow characteristics using ensemble Kalman filter

Spray flows are widely used in several industrial applications, such as combustion engines. Accurate measurement of spray flow characteristics requires sophisticated equipment and techniques. In recent years, the discrete droplet method (DDM), which analyses droplet scattering, has become a mature technique and has been applied to various analyses. We propose an estimation system based on particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements and an ensemble Kalman filter, together with DDM, to efficiently investigate spray flow characteristics. The proposed method performs data assimilation on the velocity distribution in a two-dimensional cross-section obtained by PIV to estimate the characteristics of the spray flow in three dimensions. In this study, the system was constructed so that droplet particle is ensembled during data assimilation to estimate the droplet diameter distribution indirectly. The proposed method can be used to estimate the spray velocity and droplet size distribution. The numerical solution obtained using DDM was used as a criterion for assimilation and validated by conducting twin experiments. The results showed that, in terms of spray velocity, the estimation error for the velocity component parallel to the main flow was 2% and that for the velocity component perpendicular to the main flow was around 10%. Finally, the velocity and particle size distributions of the spray stream and the three-dimensional droplet distribution were estimated by assimilating the velocity distributions measured by PIV. This technique predicts the spray angle and droplet size distribution from the two-dimensional velocity field of the PIV only and is expected to contribute to the development of injectors and atomizers.