几种葡萄砧木生长特性及与"矢富罗莎"绿枝嫁接试验初报

根据12个砧木品种多年的生长表现,结合生根试验,从中筛选出表现优良的砧木品种,与鲜食葡萄品种矢富罗莎进行绿枝嫁接。结果表明:生长表现较好的7个葡萄砧木品种为Flourilush、101-14MG、3309P、贝达、SO4、520A、1103P,其中Flourilush、贝达和101-14MG与矢富罗莎的绿枝嫁接亲和性好于其它组合,嫁接后1年生枝条的生长量大,接穗与砧木粗度较一致。     

‘巨峰’和‘红地球’与9个常见葡萄砧木嫁接成活率研究

我国各地葡萄栽培环境条件多种多样,而葡萄砧木品种众多,性状各异。有针对性的选择葡萄砧木及适宜的嫁接苗可以改善环境条件的制约,达到优质丰产的效果。本文从常用葡萄砧木的特性展开探讨,分析各砧木的主要性状,调查‘巨峰’与‘红地球’在9个葡萄常见砧木上的嫁接成活率、成苗率和生长量。结果表明,巨峰/110R嫁接组合、红地球/3309嫁接组合在嫁接成活率、成苗率以及生长量综合表现最佳,而红地球/5BB嫁接组合成苗率为0%,即‘红地球’不适宜与‘5BB’嫁接,‘110R’适宜作为‘巨峰’和‘红地球’两个品种的砧木。     

酿酒葡萄嫁接育苗过程中砧穗愈合和生根原理探析

本文从葡萄科植物生根特点、嫁接愈合和生根原理以及影响嫁接愈合和生根的因素等几个方面对酿酒葡萄工业化育苗过程中砧穗愈合和生根原理进行了初步探析。发现愈伤组织的形成是嫁接愈合生根的首要条件,其形成主要取决于外界环境条件(温度、湿度、氧气、光暗条件)和内在因素(砧木和接穗枝条质量、营养状况、病虫危害);根的形成主要利用愈伤组织脱分化形成新的植株根原基,根原基在适宜的条件下发育成新的根系;而砧穗愈合则是砧穗的愈伤组织相互连接,并重新形成新的疏导组织。     

不同酿酒葡萄砧穗组合硬枝嫁接性能评价

通过不同砧木与不同酿酒葡萄品种进行硬枝嫁接配置,初步筛选出亲和力强的接穗品种/砧木组合5个:赤霞珠/101-14、美乐/5BB、赤霞珠/5BB、霞多丽/5BB、西拉/5BB,其发芽和生根比率均超过70％,最高达98％.同时发现嫁接苗接穗生长量与嫁接亲和力基本呈正相关,可间接反应砧穗的亲和性.     

砧木对酿酒葡萄生长和结果状况的影响

以SO4、5BB两种砧木与宁夏主栽的赤霞珠、美乐、霞多丽进行绿枝嫁接,研究砧木对酿酒葡萄生长、果实品质的影响。结果表明,对于同一接穗品种,以5BB为砧木越冬保存率高,接穗与砧木增粗的速度接近,亲和性更好。SO4和5BB两种砧木显著增加赤霞珠葡萄的单粒质量,但对3个品种的穗质量没有明显影响。5BB做砧木提高霞多丽、赤霞珠可溶性固形物含量,降低霞多丽、美乐可滴定酸含量;以SO4为砧木显著降低3个品种可溶性固形物含量,提高赤霞珠酸含量。综合来看,以5BB为砧木可提高果实品质,而SO4为砧木降低果实品质或推迟成熟。     

“北冰红”山葡萄新品种适宜砧木的筛选

北冰红枝条作接穗,左山一、双红、公酿一号和贝达葡萄枝条作砧木进行硬枝嫁接试验,筛选出北冰红适宜的砧木为贝达,其嫁接生根率平均76．1％,催根幼苗根系多,移栽苗圃地成活率高,出圃成苗率72．1％。北冰红与公酿一号、双红和左山一嫁接生根率平均37．8％、分别低于北冰红硬枝扦插和贝达嫁接41．5％和38．3％,公酿一号、双红和左山一的枝条不宜作北冰红硬枝嫁接的砧木。     

葡萄砧木SO4绿枝扦插技术初探

SO4(Selection OppenheimNO.4)是德国奥本海姆国立葡萄果树研究所,以冬葡萄×河岸葡萄选育的。19世纪50年代,由于根瘤蚜的危害,世界葡萄产区便开始了葡萄砧木的研究及嫁接技术的推广和应用。抗性砧木的应用,使世界葡萄生产得以稳步发展。利用良种砧木进行嫁接栽培,不仅能扩大葡萄的种植范围,还能提高葡萄的抗病性和改善葡萄品种的某些性状。SO4砧对气候及土壤具有较广泛的适应性,其各类性状优良[1],有望成为葡萄主选的砧木品种。在我国,葡萄嫁接栽培越来越受到重视,SO4砧木的需求量也越来越大,因此,扩大SO4砧的苗木繁殖途径,提高育苗效…     

葡萄伤流与抗寒性关系研究

以2个鲜食品种(红地球、藤稔)的自根苗和嫁接苗、4种砧木(雄性变叶葡萄、贝达、101-14以及520A)、3个酿酒品种(贵人香、赤霞珠和黑比诺)为试材,进行不同的越冬处理,对伤流液产生情况及成分进行测定比较。结果表明:以少毛变叶葡萄LDP-294为砧木嫁接的红地球和以少毛变叶葡萄LDP-191为砧木嫁接的藤稔伤流液产生早,产生量多,且可溶性糖含量和脯氨酸含量高于自根苗;砧木品种中,贝达和雄性变叶葡萄伤流液产生时间早,产生量大,可溶性糖含量和脯氨酸含量较高;酿酒品种中,黑比诺伤流液中可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量较高。以LDP-294为砧木嫁接的红地球和以LDP-191为砧木嫁接的藤稔的抗寒性较强;砧木贝达和雄性少毛变叶葡萄表现出较好的抗寒性;3个酿酒品种中黑比诺表现出较强的抗寒性。初步看来在埋土越冬区,葡萄伤流液产生时间、产生量及可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量,与葡萄抗寒性有一定正相关性。     

山葡萄品种硬枝嫁接成苗率与嫁接树生产性能的研究

1996－2001年，采用“贝达”做砧木，山葡萄主栽品种做接穗，硬枝嫁接生根，成苗试验和进行嫁接苗生产建园的“嫁接树”生产性能对比观察试验，结果表明：双优，双红和双丰硬枝嫁接的成苗率比同品种（CK）分别提高65．95％、13．45％和20．75％，出圃嫁接苗木成熟节数多，根系大，树体成型快，早期丰产，双优。双红葡萄的嫁接苗生根率，成苗率和产量较高，酒质好，具有推广价值。     

“北冰红”山葡萄新品种适宜砧木的筛选

北冰红枝条作接穗,左山一、双红、公酿一号和贝达葡萄枝条作砧木进行硬枝嫁接试验,筛选出北冰红适宜的砧木为贝达,其嫁接生根率平均76.1%,催根幼苗根系多,移栽苗圃地成活率高,出圃成苗率72.1%.北冰红与公酿一号、双红和左山一嫁接生根率平均37.8%、分别低于北冰红硬枝扦插和贝达嫁接41.5%和38.3%,公酿一号、双红和左山一的枝条不宜作北冰红硬枝嫁接的砧木.     

不同砧木对马瑟兰葡萄及葡萄酒品质的影响

以自根生长的马瑟兰为对照,3309、101-14、贝达3个砧木嫁接的马瑟兰为试验材料,研究不同砧木对马瑟兰果实外观性状、理化指标及所酿葡萄酒理化指标的影响。不同砧木对马瑟兰果实的影响结果表明,3种砧木显著增加果穗宽度（P＜0.05）;贝达砧木显著降低马瑟兰果实中还原糖含量（P＜0.05）;3309、101-14砧木显著提高马瑟兰果实中总酚和花色苷含量（P＜0.05）,101-14砧木显著提高马瑟兰果实中的单宁含量（P＜0.05）。不同砧木对马瑟兰葡萄酒的影响结果表明,3309砧木显著提高葡萄酒中的总酚含量（P＜0.05）;3种砧木显著提高葡萄酒的pH值,降低葡萄酒色调（P＜0.05）,3309、贝达砧木显著增加葡萄酒色度（P＜0.05）。     

Reduced irrigation and rootstock effects on vegetative growth,yield and its components,and leaf physiological responses of Shiraz

Background and Aims: The study investigated whether rootstocks can modify grapevine responses to reduced irrigation. Methods and Results: Drip-irrigated Shiraz vines on eight rootstocks were subjected to industry standard and 30% reduced irrigation regimes over four seasons. Reducing irrigation decreased pruning weights and yield, but did not consistently affect irrigation water use index (IWUI). It increased leaf Δ¹³C. Reduced irrigation and elevated vapour pressure deficit (VPD) were associated with decreases in leaf water potential (ψ_l), leaf stomatal conductance and assimilation rate. Reducing irrigation raised leaf transpiration efficiency, whereas elevated VPD lowered it. These effects of reduced irrigation were independent of rootstock. Vines grafted to 101-14 had a higher ψ_l and achieved the highest yield and IWUI. The yields of vines grafted to Ramsey, Schwarzmann and 140 Ruggeri were also high. Vines grafted to 101-14, Ramsey and 1103 Paulsen had the higher rates of leaf assimilation. Rootstock did not affect Δ¹³C. Conclusion: The gain in leaf transpiration efficiency caused by reducing irrigation was not associated with a gain in IWUI. Rootstocks 101-14, Ramsey, Schwarzmann and 140 Ruggeri achieved higher yields and IWUI under both standard and reduced irrigation regimes. Significance of the Study: Among grafted vines growing on saline soil but receiving non-saline irrigation water and subject to a 30% reduction in irrigation, the yield responses of vines grafted on rootstocks rated as having good drought tolerance were the same as those of vines grafted on rootstocks rated as having poor drought tolerance.     

不同葡萄砧木对矢富罗莎果肉酚类化合物含量的影响

矢富罗莎嫁接在7种不同的葡萄砧木上,检测其果肉中酚类化合物含量并与矢富罗莎自根苗果实中的酚类化合物含量进行比较。结果表明：矢富罗莎／520a和矢富罗莎／101—14MG组合可明显提高矢富罗莎果肉中的酚类化合物的含量,同时对砧木影响的复杂性及砧木选择和栽培的原则进行了讨论。     

霞多丽葡萄不同砧穗组合对硝态氮和铵态氮的吸收、分配及利用特性

通过对霞多丽5种砧穗组合植株施用15N标记的硝酸钙和硫酸铵,研究其对硝态氮和铵态氮的吸收、分配和利用特性.结果表明,所有砧穗组合植株对铵态氮的吸收均显著大于硝态氮.不同砧穗组合对氮形态的敏感性存在差异,SO4组合根系供铵处理的Ndff是供硝处理的3.22倍,而3309C和101-14M组合的两种处理差异仅为1.74倍和2.07倍.供氮形态也影响了不同砧木器官对氮的竞争吸收能力,供硝有利于其地上部新生器官的吸收.不同砧穗组合对两种形态氮的吸收利用也有明显不同,以101-14M和3309C组合对两种形态氮的利用率均较高,而SO4组合则更喜好铵态氮,对硝态氮的利用率为最低.两氮形态处理不同砧穗组合各器官的15N分配率均有着相同的趋势,大体为叶＞根＞当年生枝＞砧木茎＞品种茎,多数组合叶的15N分配率达到50％以上.     

Profiles of free amino acids in grapes of grafted Chardonnay grapevines

Chardonnay grapes from a rootstock trial in the Murray Valley region of South Australia were sampled for two seasons and concentrations of free amino acids in grape extract ('juice') were determined. The lowest concentrations of free assimilable amino-N were measured in Chardonnay grapes from vines on 140 Ruggeri and 101–14 rootstocks, and the highest concentrations were in grapes from vines on their own roots, Schwarzmann and K51–40. Free assimilable amino-N concentrations were sufficient to sustain fermentation through to completion. Arginine concentrations were generally too low to expect significant concentrations of urea in the wine. Amino-S concentrations were much lower and varied less than amino-N concentrations. The effect of any particular rootstock on the concentration of total free amino acids in Chardonnay grape 'juice' did not appear to be related to the known effects of those rootstocks on the NO₃-N status of petioles at flowering. The concentrations of leucine, iso-leucine, valine, threonine, tyrosine and phenylalanine were generally higher in Chardonnay grapes grafted onto K51–40 in comparison to grapes from Chardonnay vines grafted on the other rootstocks. Any of these amino acids may be associated with the presence of specific higher alcohols in wine.     

Oxygen isotope composition of must-water in grapevine: effects of water deficit and rootstock

The influence of soil moisture and different rootstock genotypes on the ¹⁸O/¹⁶O ratio of must-water in grapes was investigated. Grapevines ( Vitis vinifera L.) with cv. Cabernet Sauvignon as scion grafted on rootstocks 101–14, 420A and 41B were subjected to three levels of plant-available soil-water from veraison to harvest. Significant differences were observed in the ¹⁸O level of must-water, the differences being related to water regime and rootstock genotype, with ¹⁸O increasing as soil-water became less available. The higher the canopy-air vapour pressure gradient (VPG), the larger was the oxygen isotope content of must-water, indicating that VPG is an important factor in determining the degree of must-water enrichment under water deficit conditions. In all water regimes of soil, 41B induced the highest degree of ¹⁸O enrichment in must-water. The differences between rootstocks in must-water ¹⁸O could not fully be explained either by the rootstock effect on VPG or on root distribution.     

An assessment of rootstocks for Sunmuscat (Vitis vinifera L.): a new drying variety

Sunmuscat scions, either grafted onto one of seven rootstock, or as own-rooted vines, were grown under irrigation according to the practices of warm-climate viticulture in north-western Victoria. The trial was located within a commercial vineyard on a sandy loam soil, and represented a typical replant situation. Grapevine performance was assessed over five seasons, viz. 1999–2004 inclusive, in terms of yield per vine, berry weight, juice composition and vigour (based on trunk girth). The highest yielding rootstock over the trial period was 1103 Paulsen (28.9 kg /vine) followed by 140 Ruggeri and Ramsey (26.1 and 25.8 kg /vine respectively), S04 (22.5 kg /vine), Schwarzmann, 101-14 and Teleki 5A (19.9, 18.7 and 18.4 kg /vine respectively). Scions on their own roots returned lowest yield (15.5 kg /vine). Berry weights were largest for the three high yielding rootstocks (2.3 g) and smallest with own roots (2.0 g). Total soluble sugars in harvested fruit were largely unaffected by rootstock in most seasons, although taken over all seasons, fruit from scions grafted onto Ramsey rootstock had the lowest levels, while Teleki 5A had the highest levels (viz. 23.4^oBrix and 24.7^oBrix respectively). Comparative vigour for all seven graft combinations was inferred from trunk circumference. There was a 2-fold difference in rootstock girth below the graft union (viz. 265 mm for 1103 Paulsen, compared to 135 mm for S04), whereas differences in the scion girth above the graft union were minor (only 16%). Relative compatibility of scion and stock was inferred from 'girth ratio' of trunk circumference above compared with below the graft union. Girth ratio was highest for Sunmuscat scions grafted onto SO4 rootstock, and lowest for scions on 1103 Paulsen. Scion girth and vine yield were broadly correlated.     

Interaction of rootstock and applied water amounts at various fractions of estimated evapotranspiration (ETc) on productivity of Cabernet Sauvignon

Background and Aims: It is commonly thought that grapevine rootstocks vary in their tolerance to drought. This study examined the interaction between various applied water amounts and productivity of Cabernet Sauvignon grafted onto five rootstocks. Methods and Results: The commercial vineyard used in this study was located along the central coast of California. The rootstocks used were Teleki 5C, 110 Ricter, 140 Ruggeri, 1103 Paulson and Freedom. Irrigation amounts ranged from 0.25 up to 1.25 of estimated vineyard evapotranspiration. Midday leaf water potential (Ψ_l), was significantly affected by irrigation treatment but not by rootstock. There was a significant effect of irrigation treatment and rootstock on berry weight, number of bunches per vine and yield but no interaction between those two factors. The rootstock 5C had the lowest yield compared with the other rootstocks. Yield at the 0.25 irrigation level was approximately 62% of the yield at the 1.25 irrigation level across rootstocks. Irrigation treatment was the only factor that significantly affected soluble solids in the fruit. There was a significant interaction between rootstock and irrigation amount on pruning weights. Berry weight, yield and pruning weights were linearly correlated with midday Ψ_l across rootstock and year. Conclusions: The results indicate that the rootstocks producing greater yields at the highest applied water amounts also produced greater yields when deficit irrigated. Significance of the Study: Under both stressed and non-stressed conditions, the rootstocks with the highest yield were those with the greatest number of bunches.     

Effect of reduced irrigation on growth,yield, ripening rates and water relations of Chardonnay vines grafted to five rootstocks

Background and Aims: In the first decade of the 21st century, drought within the Murray–Darling Basin has reduced the amount of water available for irrigation. We investigated whether the response of vines to reduced irrigation was modified by rootstock. Methods and Results: Reduced irrigation (5 versus 8 ML/(ha·year)) was applied to Chardonnay vines grafted to five rootstocks (Ramsey, 140 Ruggeri, 1103 Paulsen, 110 Richter and K51‐40) for four seasons. It decreased the yield from 29.3 to 26.7 kg/vine, and increased the irrigation water use index (IWUI) from 4.7 to 6.6 t/(ha·ML), but gains in this index declined as the trial progressed. The values of mid‐afternoon leaf water potential were not affected by reduced irrigation, but leaf CO₂ assimilation declined from 13.1 to 11.7 µmol/(m²·s). These effects were independent of rootstock. Reduced irrigation did not increase soil salinity (ECe) or vine tissue Na and Cl concentrations. Vines on Ramsey and 1103 Paulsen rootstocks had higher yields, 32.2 and 30.0 kg/vine, respectively, and the highest IWUIs, 5.9 and 5.5 t/(ha·ML). In two of the three seasons, reducing irrigation did not affect the rates of ripening (°Brix/growing degree days) excepting vines on 1103 Paulsen. Ripening rates varied by 1.5‐fold between seasons. Conclusion: The yield and growth responses of Chardonnay vines to a 35% reduction in irrigation were not modified by rootstock. Significance of the Study: Reducing irrigation did not lead to a build‐up of soil salts. The response of vines to reduced irrigation on rootstocks rated as having good drought tolerance was the same as that for vines on a rootstock rated as having poor drought tolerance.