教师实践自由的张力及其限度

教师实践自由的张力是指教师作为主动的施力者,其实践自由张开程度、趋势的大小.从教育自身的规律看教师实践自由张力应体现在教师的实践是审美的、智慧的、创新的、愉悦的、实用的、主体的、生命的、开放的、个性的、人文的、生态的、责任的.但教师实践自由不是无边界地肆意驰骋,相反,教师实践自由的张力是有限度的、被约束的,这既体现于教育内在机制对它的约束和牵制,也体现于人类社会发展实践的内在逻辑建构.     

期货的价格不是未来的现货价格

今天的期货价格、就是今天的期货价格，未来的期货价格就是未来的期货价格；今天的现货价格就是今天的现货价格，未来的现货价格就是未来的现货价格。今天的期货价格与未来的现货价格并没有直接的关系。[编者按]     

试制的超声波脉冲穿透法砂轮硬度试验机

用超声波脉冲穿透法测定的动弹性系数与砂轮的组成有密切的关系,砂轮的组成与动弹性系数的关系用松野的公式.大体上是可以说明的。动弹性系数与砂轮的抗折强度有密切的关系,而抗折强度与实际采用的方法测定出的硬度是互相关联着的。动弹性系数与锥头的压入深度也是有关系的。因此,动弹性系数与用普通方法测定出的硬度是容易对应的,用于实     

改进SLP和遗传算法结合的车间设备布局优化

针对加工多种类产品,且具有固定入口和出口的生产车间,运用改进的SLP和遗传算法相结合的方法进行车间设备布局的优化,从而减少人员、物料的移动成本,提高车间利用率和企业的核心竞争力。首先,在对生产车间的物流进行详细分析的基础上,利用改进的SLP理论确定生产车间设备布局的初步方案。然后,把SLP形成的初步方案作为遗传算法的初始种群的部分染色体,利用改进的遗传算法实现对案例车间设备布局的优化。运用改进的SLP和遗传算法相结合的方法进行车间设备布局的优化,弥补了SLP过于依赖经验、约束过多的缺点,同时,提高了遗传算法的选优能力,减少了随机性所引起的误差,在选出最好个体的同时保证了种群的多样性,使最终的布局方案更具实用价值。     

铍的粉末冶金工艺及焊接研究进展

铍的性能与制作它的工艺过程和其中的杂质含量密切相关,由于铍的铸造制品的显微组织粗大,且随着铸锭尺寸的增加,这一现象更趋严重,因此,粉末冶金技术就成为研究铍材料的主要工艺,在铍的粉末冶金过程中,引入并发现了许多先进的工艺,如先进的制粉工艺和固结工艺,这些工艺对提高铍产品质量和综合性能起到了很重要的作用,铍的性脆而难焊接,焊接的成功是否与采用的焊接方法和工艺有关,在漫长的铍的焊接研究中,有许多新技术,新方法、新填充材料被挖掘出来,这从一个侧面反映了人们在研究铍的焊接中所走过的艰难而曲折的道路和付出的辛勤劳动。本文主要叙述了铍的粉末冶金工艺进展和铍的焊接与连接两个方面的内容。     

柔性制造系统控制系统的测试

控制系统是柔性制造系统的最重要的组成部分，ＦＭＳ控制系统的测试一般应包括系统的功能测试和性能测试。由于系统功能的评价与系统的设计密切相关，故系统的功能测试与评价就必须考虑到系统的功能设计，对系统的设计的考察是系统功能测试的主要内容之一。本文讨论ＦＭＳ控制系统的一般性测试内容和测试方法，以及性能测试的指标和确定要点。     

毛泽东思想万岁——纪念中国共产党成立四十五周年

今天,在我国无产阶级文化大革命的高潮中,在世界人民革命斗争波澜壮阔的大好形势下,我们来纪念中国共产党成立四十五周年。我们的党,是伟大的、光荣的、正确的党。我们的党,是毛泽东同志亲手缔造和培育的党,是用马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想式装起来的党,是理论同实际相结合的、和人民群众紧密地联系在一起的、有认真的自我批评精神的无产价级革命党,是经历了革命历史上最激烈、最艰苦、最长期、最复杂的斗争的无产阶级革命党。我们党的四十五年的历史,是毛泽东同志把马克思列宁主义的普遍真理同中国革命和世界革命的具体实践密切结合起来的历史。我们党四十五年来所取得的伟大胜利,是毛泽东思想的伟大胜利。     

引文中废弃的单位和量符号在科技论文中的著录形式

首先论述了引文在科技论文中的重要性。针对引文中经常出现的废弃的单位以及废弃的或非规范化的量符号的情况,论述了引文中出现的废弃的单位以及废弃的或非规范化的量符号在论文中著录的3种形式。     

用三种不同粘结剂制作的粘结磁体的强度和磁性能

本文研究了用两种不同粘结剂制作的粘结磁体在不同的固化温度下的强度和磁性能，并与美国进口粘结剂制作的粘结磁体的强度和磁性能进行了对比。实验结果表明，由于这两种粘结剂的固化温度较低，因此在粘结剂含量相同的情况下，由它们制作的粘结磁体的磁性能比用美国进口粘结剂制作的粘结磁体的要高，而且它们的使用温度范围也较宽，达１８０℃。粘结剂Ａ制作的粘结磁体的强度也略高于用美国进口粘结剂制作的粘结磁体的强度，是一种很理想的制作粘结磁体的粘结剂。     

纯石墨和铜-石墨的阴极斑点与截流值研究

研究了纯石墨和铜-石墨材料的阴极斑点的特性及真空电弧截流现象.发现纯石墨的阴极斑点呈现随机运动的特点,斑点的直径小于3μm,阴极斑点每次运动的距离约为阴极斑点的半径.而铜-石墨的阴极斑点的运动与Cu相息息相关,它选择性的发生在Cu相上,阴极斑点的大小取决于Cu相的大小,阴极斑点的运动距离为Cu相之间的距离.同时,铜-石墨的真空电弧截流值1.18 A,远远大于纯石墨的截流值,这主要是由于两种材料不同的阴极斑点运动特性引起的.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.