2219铝合金与不锈钢惯性摩擦焊接接头组织与力学性能

异种金属的连接可实现节能、经济及减重的目标,成为航空航天、造船、铁路运输等领域的研究热点之一;而铝合金与不锈钢物理化学性能差异明显,成为异种金属中最难实现的连接接头之一。采用惯性摩擦焊接技术进行2219铝合金与不锈钢回转体的连接,分析不同焊接工艺参数下铝钢惯性摩擦焊接接头的显微组织与力学性能。结果表明,惯性摩擦焊接使铝钢接头铝合金一侧形成了细晶区和拉长晶区;EDS结果显示焊接界面处发生了Fe、Al等元素扩散。硬度测试结果表明,在连接界面处-0.6~+0.15 mm范围内硬度值发生了明显的阶跃变化,该区域为受焊接热及变形作用的主要区域,硬度值高于母材。合理焊接工艺下获得的2219铝合金与不锈钢接头拉伸强度为235~300 MPa。铝钢惯性摩擦焊接断口以脆性断裂为主。     

Microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties of steel stud to Al alloy by CMT welding-brazing process

Cold metal transfer(CMT) welding of nickel-coated Q235 steel studs with 6061 Al alloy was carried out using ER4043 as filler metal.The welding process was stable,and appearance of weld formed well without surface defect under the parameters of welding current 121 A,welding voltage 15.4 V and welding speed 6 r/min.The microstructure of filler metal was analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy.The filler metal and 6061 Al alloy were fused to form fusion welding interface,the fusion zone had a good bonding without any micro defect.The steel stud did not melt and brazing interface was formed between the filler metal and steel stud.Two different reaction layers existed in the brazing interface,the Fe_2Al_5 layer about 10- 12 μm formed near the steel stud side,and the other layer was mainly composed of FeAl_3.Nickel-rich zone was formed in the root toe area of the fillet weld,which was mainly composed of Al_3Ni_2.The tensile tests showed that the maximum shearing strength of the joints was 129 MPa.The joint was brittle fractured in the intermetallic compound layer where plenty of FeAl_3 were distributed continuously.     

5052与6061异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的组织和力学性能

采用搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)方法对6 mm厚的5052和6061异种铝合金进行了焊接,采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)分析母材和焊接接头的显微组织和断口形貌,利用XRD分析了搅拌区域的物相组成,并测试了室温拉伸性能和显微硬度。结果表明,5052合金置于前进侧时更有利于材料在焊核区域的相互混合,焊接接头的最低硬度在5052合金一侧热影响区(HAZ),并在这个区域发生了断裂,断裂特征为韧性断裂。焊接接头的最大抗拉强度为225 MPa,伸长率为5.77%。     

Effects of welding parameters and tool geometry on properties of 3003-H18 aluminum alloy to mild steel friction stir weld

Defect-free butt joints of 3003 Al alloy to mild steel plates with 3 mm thickness were performed using friction stir welding (FSW). A heat input model reported for similar FSW was simplified and used to investigate the effects of welding speed, rotation speed and tool shoulder diameter on the microstructure and properties of dissimilar welds. The comparison between microstructure, intermetallics and strength of welds shows the good conformity between the results and the calculated heat input factor (HIF) achieved from the model. The joint strength is controlled by Al/Fe interface at HIF of 0.2–0.4, by TMAZ at HIF of 0.4–0.8 and by intermetallics and/or defects at HIF>0.8.     

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊异种焊接头的显微组织和力学性能

对8mm厚6082/5083铝合金进行了搅拌摩擦焊焊接,焊后通过金相分析、拉伸试验和断口形貌观察等方法研究了搅拌摩擦焊异种焊接头的显微组织和力学性能.研究结果表明:在旋转速度800 r/min、焊接速度120 mm/min工艺条件下,接头表面成形良好,内部无明显缺陷.焊核区是由细小的等轴晶组织构成;前进边和回转边的界面形态差异较为明显,前进边的组织形貌呈花纹状,由两种铝合金组织交互融合而成,但回转边组织形貌则呈曲线状,明显将两种组织分开.断口形貌分析显示,接头断裂模式为脆性断裂.     

机床用铝合金/不锈钢的异质搅拌摩擦焊工艺

采用不同工艺参数下的搅拌摩擦焊对接焊方法,进行了机床用6063铝合金/304L不锈钢的异质焊接试验,并进行了接头的X光无损检测以及显微组织和力学性能测试。结果表明,搅拌头旋转速度500~650 r/min、焊接速度155~185 mm/min时可获得良好的焊接接头;接头抗拉强度可达139 MPa,达到6063铝合金母材抗拉强度的67%,达到304L不锈钢母材抗拉强度的17%。搅拌头旋转速度优选550 r/min、焊接速度优选180 mm/min。     

镁合金AZ31搅拌摩擦焊接头的微观组织

采用搅拌摩擦焊接法焊接了镁合金AZ31, 研究了焊接参数对焊接接头微观组织和显微硬度的影响. 结果表明 焊接接头成形良好, 焊缝没有气孔、裂纹和夹渣, 焊缝区的显微硬度比母材稍有降低, 但降低幅度不大.     

Microstructure and microhardness of aluminium alloy friction stir welds with heat treatment

In this study, the Al–Mg–Si aluminium alloy with a T6 temper is self-support friction stir welded, and the effect of post-weld heat treatment on joints is investigated by detailed microstructural investigations and microhardness measurements. The hardness decreases from average 59 to 52?HV with holding time ranging from 10 to 60 minutes at temperature 723?K. With increasing holding temperature, the microhardness becomes more uniform and increases. Microhardness profiles are explained by precipitate distributions and precipitation sequences. The fine grain structure undergoes abnormal grain growth, and the degree of which depends on holding temperature and intense plastic deformation, and the biggest size is more than 1?mm.     

异质TC17线性摩擦焊接头焊后时效处理组织与性能

线性摩擦焊是制造航空发动机整体叶盘的关键技术. 通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜、电子式万能试验机及显微硬度仪对比分析了TC17(α + β)/TC17(β)钛合金线性摩擦焊接头焊态及不同时效温度下接头的组织与性能. 结果表明,焊态下焊合区及附近区域的微观组织为过冷β细晶,硬度最低;经焊后时效处理,析出了细小针状α相,硬度升高. 焊后时效温度为400 ℃时,焊合区及附近区域的硬度值明显提高,焊接区脆化. 焊后时效温度为630 ℃时,接头弯曲角度最高,但强度降低. 综合焊接接头的硬度、弯曲与拉伸性能优化出的焊后时效温度为550 ℃. 接头弯曲角度和抗拉强度分别达到母材的36%和95%. TC17(α + β)侧热力影响区( thermal-mechanical affected zone,TMAZ)受力后微观塑性变形更均匀,其强塑性能均优于TC17(β)侧TMAZ. 接头的弱化区对应于TC17(β)侧TMAZ硬度变化梯度及组织梯度最大的区域. 相比母材,接头的塑性损失比强度损失要大得多.     

Cu-Cr-Zr合金搅拌摩擦焊接接头的组织和力学性能

采用旋转速度为750和1500 r/min,焊接速度为23.5 mm/min的焊接参数分别对时效态和固溶态的3 mm厚的Cu-Cr-Zr合金板进行搅拌摩擦焊接,研究转速及母材区(BM)初始状态对搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)接头的微观组织与力学性能的影响,并对接头的力学性能进行模型化定量分析。结果表明:FSW后,接头晶粒显著细化,沉淀相在搅拌头的高温热作用下固溶在基体中。当BM的初始状态为时效态时,与1500 r/min样品相比,750 r/min样品晶粒尺寸较小且存在沉淀相,750 r/min样品力学性能较高,主要是晶界强化和沉淀强化的作用。当BM的初始状态为固溶态时,与1500 r/min样品相比,750 r/min样品晶粒尺寸较小,力学性能较高,主要是晶界强化的作用。当FSW转速相同时,时效态接头的晶粒尺寸小于固溶态接头,而力学性能高于固溶态接头,主要是由于BM的初始组织状态不同导致的。综合分析表明:FSW过程中选用低转速焊接,可以获得性能较优的接头。     

2A12/7075异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的组织及性能

对航空用5 mm厚的2A12/7075异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织及性能进行了研究。结果表明：当旋转速度为1000 r/min,焊速80 mm/min,7075铝合金置于前进侧时,接头焊核区出现了洋葱环,该区域为细小均匀分布的等轴晶组织,晶粒平均尺寸为5.7 μm;两侧热影响区晶粒都有所长大,但前进侧热影响区更为明显。整个接头的显微硬度分布呈“W”型,最高硬度值出现在焊核区中心,达146.5 HV0.2,前进侧硬度较回退侧下降明显。接头抗拉强度达到392 MPa,分别是2A12铝合金母材强度的84.5%,是7075母材的71.1%,断裂位置处于前进侧热影响区。     

Effect of post-weld heat treatment on joint properties of dissimilar friction stir welded 2024-T4 and 7075-T6 aluminum alloys

The effect of post-weld heat treatment on dissimilar friction stir welded AA7075 and AA2024 joints was studied. After welding in constant parameters, solution heat treatment and various aging treatments were given to the welded joints. Microstructural and phase characterizations were done using optical microscope, SEM, FE-SEM, XRD and EDS techniques. Finally, mechanical properties of post-weld heat treated joints were evaluated and compared with as-welded joints. Results show that both 2024-T6 and 7075-T6 post-weld heat treatment procedures considerably improve the mechanical strength of the welded joint, with higher strength obtained for the 7075-T6 procedure, in comparison with the as-welded joint. This is explained by the formation of fine precipitates during the aging process, despite the abnormal grain growth. Fracture occurs at the interface between thermo-mechanical affected zone (TMAZ) and heat affected zone (HAZ) on the retreating side (AA7075) of as-welded joint, while by applying post-weld heat treatment fracture location shifts towards the stir zone (SZ) of the welded joint. Also, for post-weld heat treated samples, fracture surface is predominantly inter-granular, while in as-weld joint, fracture surface is mostly trans-granular. This is explained by dissolution and coarsening of precipitates within grains in post-weld heat treated joints.     

铝/钢异质金属搅拌摩擦焊技术研究进展

铝/钢异质金属复合结构具有轻质节能、降低成本、可以满足不同的工作条件等特点,在航空航天、船舶制造等领域的应用日益受到重视。由于铝和钢的物理化学性质存在巨大差异,铝和钢的连接成为焊接领域的难点问题。搅拌摩擦焊作为一种固相连接方法,具有热输入低、高温停留时间短、焊接变形小等特点,对克服铝/钢异质金属性能差异带来的焊接困难具有优势,已成为铝/钢异质金属焊接的研究热点。综述了铝/钢异质金属搅拌摩擦焊国内外研究现状,主要涉及搅拌头材料选择与结构设计、焊缝成形、焊接工艺窗口、力学性能、接头冶金结合、连接机制以及外源辅助搅拌摩擦焊新技术,可以为铝/钢异质金属结构的轻量化设计提供新思路,最后对其发展趋势进行了展望。     

铝合金与钢的搅拌摩擦焊焊缝成形及接头性能

用搅拌摩擦焊方法焊接了异种材料铝合金与低碳钢,分析了接头的截面形貌及力学性能.结果表明,当焊接工艺参数合适时,可以获得表面成形良好、无变形的铝合金与钢的对接接头和搭接接头.对于对接接头,金相分析表明,在焊缝横截面,低碳钢与铝合金呈较好的混合状态,在平行焊缝表面的平面内,两种材料呈交叠分布.力学性能试验表明,焊核内局部区域具有较高的显微硬度,可能是形成了钢与铝的金属间化合物,拉伸试样断裂在焊核区边缘偏低碳钢一侧.对于搭接接头,接合面处的钢呈形似"钳子"或弯钩状的分布,钢铆进了铝合金焊缝中,两种材料能有效地达到塑性结合,接头的抗剪切性能较好.     

热处理对45钢摩擦焊接头组织性能的影响

针对某公司的45钢摩擦焊杆,采用材料结构分析技术研究了热处理对接头组织性能的影响。结果表明,热处理前焊接接头为先共析铁素体+珠光体+魏氏体的粗大组织,母材为珠光体和沿晶界铁素体组织,焊缝的显微硬度最大,热影响区其次,母材最小,拉伸试样断裂位置在母材;经过正火、淬火和回火的热处理后,焊接接头组织变得细小而均匀,为回火索氏体+贝氏体+少量沿晶界铁素体混合组织,焊缝和母材的显微硬度基本接近,拉伸试样断裂位置在正火区与不完全正火区的交界处,冲击断裂面平直,呈现脆性断裂特征,为准解理+二次裂纹+撕裂状韧窝+夹杂物条带状。     

纯铜/1350铝合金异种板材搅拌摩擦焊接头的组织与性能(英文)

研究3mm厚的纯铜/1350铝合金异种合金板材的搅拌摩擦焊工艺。通过搅拌头偏置技术,将搅拌头的大部分插入铝合金一侧,在旋转速度和焊接速度分别为1000r/min和80mm/min的条件下,获得无缺陷的接头。在焊核区形成复杂的微观组织中,可以观察到旋涡状花样和层状组织。焊核区没有金属间化合物生成。硬度分布曲线表明,焊核区纯铜一侧的硬度高于1350铝合金一侧的硬度,且焊核区底部的硬度高于其它部分的。接头的抗拉强度和伸长率分别为152MPa和6.3%。断口观察表明,接头断口既存在韧性断裂区域,也存在脆性断裂区域,为混合型断裂。     

Q235钢搅拌摩擦焊接头微观组织与力学性能分析

在焊接速度为100 mm/min和搅拌头转速为450 r/min的工艺参数下,采用钨铼合金搅拌头对3 mm厚Q235钢进行了搅拌摩擦焊试验,并对接头的微观组织及力学性能进行了研究. 结果表明,在该工艺参数下可以获得表面无缺陷、成形良好的焊缝. 焊后搅拌头表现出一定程度的磨损及氧化. 接头截面各区域承受不同的热力联合作用,经历了不同的组织转变过程,但均保持铁素体和珠光体组织. 接头显微硬度最大值位于焊核区. 接头拉伸断裂位置处于热影响区,拉伸断口呈韧性断裂特征.     

Fatigue behaviour of dissimilar friction stir welds between wrought and cast aluminium alloys

Wrought aluminium alloy, A6016-T4, was welded to cast one ADC12 by a friction stir welding technique. A6016 was set on the advancing side, while ADC12 was on the retreating side based on the pre-tensile test results. The dissimilar welds exhibited lower fatigue strengths than A6016 but higher than that of ADC12. Fatigue strengths increased when the tool was offset into ADC12, which could be explained based on the risk volume concept. When ADC12 was set on the advancing side, the fatigue strengths decreased. Microstructural observation revealed that the macroscopic structure in the stir zone drastically changed by putting ADC12 on the advancing side, and insufficient mixing of dissimilar alloys resulted in the lower fatigue strengths.     

7A04铝合金/304不锈钢连续驱动摩擦焊及焊后热处理

对7A04铝合金与304不锈钢异种材料进行了摩擦焊接试验,并对接头进行了不同温度、不同时间的退火处理.对接头飞边形貌、抗拉强度、断口形貌、金相组织、显微硬度等进行对比分析.结果表明,采用合适的工艺参数能获得形貌良好的飞边和更好的抗拉强度,焊合区的铝合金组织发生动态再结晶,晶粒细化,组织比基材更加致密,结合面两边互有元素扩散,焊合区显微硬度高于基材.经400℃×3 h退火处理的接头其抗拉强度提升明显,界面形成了不同的金属间化合物,扩散层厚度略有增加,显微硬度值有所下降.