Epoxy Resin/Graphite Electrically Conductive Nanosheet Nanocomposite

In this study, graphite nanosheets were prepared by powdering expanded graphite with sonication in aqueous alcoholic solution. Epoxy resin/graphite nanosheet nanocomposites were fabricated and their electrical and mechanical properties were investigated. The results revealed that graphite sheets 30-80 nm in thickness could be effectively dispersed within the epoxy resin. The percolation threshold of epoxy resin/graphite nanoparticles was about 0.015, much lower than that of composites with conventional graphite. However, tensile strength, impact strength, and elongation at break of the composites, with increase in graphite nanosheets content, were all sacrificed.     

爆炸法合成石墨烯

以石墨氧化物为前躯体,采用爆炸法合成石墨烯.利用XRD,SEM,XPS,TEM,SAED和Raman等测试手段对石墨烯的形貌,成份和结构进行表征.结果表明,石墨氧化物在爆炸产生的热量和冲击波的作用下发生完全剥离并被还原成石墨烯.新合成的石墨烯呈透明褶皱状,含有2层～5层石墨层,并具有较好的晶体结构.

Abstract：

Graphene nanosheets were synthesized using graphite oxide as a precursor by detonation. The composition,and structure of graphene nanosheets were characterized by X-ray diffraction,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,scanning and transmission electron microscopy,selected area electron diffraction,and Raman spectroscopy. Results indicated that the as-prepared material was transparent and wrinkled,and comprised 2-5 graphenes with a highly crystalline structrue. The exfoliation and reduction of graphite oxide to graphene nanosheets was induced by the self-generated thermal energy and shockwave of detonation.     

Production of graphene nanosheets by supercritical CO2 process coupled with micro-jet exfoliation

A facile and cost-effective method which combines supercritical CO₂ and micro-jet exfoliation has been developed for producing graphene nanosheets with high-quality. CO₂ molecules can intercalate into the interlayer of graphite because of their high diffusivity and small molecule size in supercritical operation. The tensile stress induced by graphite interfacial reflection of compressive waves exert on the graphite flakes, which lead to further exfoliation of graphite. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman spectrum and X-ray diffraction (XRD) are used to identify morphology and quality of the exfoliated graphene nanosheets, which reveal that the graphite was successfully exfoliated into graphene and more than 88% of graphene nanosheets are less than three layers. The yield of graphene nanosheets is about 28 wt% under optimum conditions, which can be greatly improved by repeated exfoliation of the graphene sediment. The pure graphene film has a high conductivity of 2.1 × 10⁵ S/m.     

超声波频率和作用方式对剥离氧化石墨的影响

化学还原法被认为是实现大规模生产石墨烯的主要途径之一,而剥离氧化石墨为氧化石墨烯是利用该方法获得高品质石墨烯的关键步骤.本文分别利用超声波清洗和超声波粉碎两种方式实现了氧化石墨的剥离,研究了超声波的频率和作用方式对其剥离效率和破坏程度的影响.结果表明,氧化石墨的剥离效率随超声波频率的增大而提高;横向尺寸破坏程度在超声波...     

Surface modified graphite nanosheets used as adsorbent to remove 1,2-dichlorobenzene from water

The surface of graphite nanosheets (GNs) prepared by wet ball milling from expanded graphite (EG) was surface modified during the preparation process. The SEM images shown were employed to analyze the morphology of surface modified graphite nanosheets. The XPS date and Raman spectroscopy show that the milling process gives graphene surface more defects and phenolic groups compared to that of expanded graphite and graphite nanosheets. It was found that after ball milling, the surface modified GNs can be used as an effective adsorbent to remove 1,2-dichlorobenzene from water. Their adsorption capacity reaches 28.3 mg/g, which is comparable to that of carbon nanotubes (CNTs).     

High-quality liquid phase-pulsed laser ablation graphene synthesis by flexible graphite exfoliation

This work reports a one-pot procedure of laser ablation on a graphite target in a liquid medium, based on the variation of different parameters such as target type, laser wavelength, and ablation medium,to obtain high-quality graphene nanosheets. The morphology of derived products was characterized by the field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM). Then, the morphology and structure of the optimized sample were characterized by transmission electron microscopy(TEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD), ultraviolet-visible-near infrared(UV–vis-NIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). By controlling the laser ablation parameters, we were able to prepare micrometer-sized few-layer graphene nanosheets with mainly less than ten layers. Such synthesized graphene nanosheets were grown at the surface of a flexible graphite target, indicating many potential applications in fundamental research, electrochemical and as hydrophobic surfaces.     

Preparation of unsaturated polyester/graphite nanosheet conducting composite under electric field

Unsaturated polyester resin/graphite nanosheet composites were prepared using in situ polymerization under AC electric field which was applied during composite curing to induce orientation of graphite nanosheets. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques have been applied to demonstrate the orientation of graphite nanosheets and results showed that graphite nanosheets were oriented with their flakes parallel to the electric field. As a result, the percolation threshold was decreased to 0.25 wt% due to the orientation of the graphite naosheets.     

超声波和修饰剂及预聚体对石墨层间结构的影响

利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和傅立叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR)研究修饰剂、超声波和双马来酰亚胺(BMI)预聚体对纳米石墨薄片的石墨层间结构的影响,结果表明:超声波对膨胀石墨层间距结构的影响,因石墨层间距大小而不同,且超声波并没有破坏膨胀石墨的层状结构;修饰剂和双马来酰亚胺的预聚体可插入纳米石墨薄片中层间距较大的层间,但此层间距的石墨薄片较少,因此插入量也较少,可认为修饰剂或树脂的"插层"主要是插入纳米石墨薄片的网状孔隙内部.     

Aniline- and N,N-dimethylformamide-assisted processing route for graphite nanoplates: intercalation and exfoliation pathway

Aniline-intercalated graphite nanoplates (AGNPs) were synthesized directly from graphite via an intercalation and exfoliation pathway using aniline as the intercalating agent and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as the exfoliating agent. Thus, the obtained AGNPs were dispersible in various organic solvents like ethanol, isopropanol, chloroform, and benzene. This process is convenient, readily scalable and eco-friendly. We found that π-π interactions and the charge transfer complex formation between aniline and graphite nanoplates (GNPs) are responsible for the dispersion of AGNPs in organic solvents. The formation of AGNPs was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM (HRTEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron (XPS), Raman and UV-Visible spectroscopic measurements.     

Binder derived semi-conductive graphite/alumina composites via novel one-step pulsed electric current sintering

Semi-conductive graphite/Al₂O₃ ceramic composites were successfully fabricated via a novel and facile approach by pulsed electric current sintering of binder embedded Al₂O₃ powders, which were prepared by a simple ball-milling assisted mixing of Al₂O₃ powder with polyvinyl alcohol solution. By altering the sintering conditions with respects to temperature and pressure controlling and concentration of binder, relative density, and microstructure of fabricated graphite/Al₂O₃ ceramic composites, and the electrical properties were schematically investigated in this study. The fabricated graphite/Al₂O₃ ceramic composites exhibit superior semi-conductive properties. Moreover, the carrier type in fabricated semi-conductive graphite/Al₂O₃ composites was successfully modified by adding polycarboxylic acid as a dispersant in binder embedded Al₂O₃ powders. The contents in this work present a new strategy for the design and development of functional ceramic composites.     

High conductivity and low percolation threshold in polyaniline/graphite nanosheets composites

An easy process for the synthesis of polyaniline/graphite nanosheets (PANI/NanoG) composites was developed. NanoG were prepared by treating the expanded graphite with sonication in aqueous alcohol solution. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction techniques (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the structures of NanoG and PANI/NanoG conducting composites. Electrical conductivity measurements indicated that the percolation threshold of PANI/NanoG composites at room temperature was as low as 0.32 vol.% and the conductivity of PANI/NanoG composites was 420 S/cm. The percolation theory, mean-field theory, and excluded volume theory were applied to interpret the conducting properties. Results showed that the low value of percolation threshold may be mainly attributed to nanoscale structure of NanoG forming conducting bridge in PANI matrix and there exists contact resistance in the percolation network formed within PANI/NanoG composites.     

高导电聚苯胺/纳米石墨微片复合材料的结构与性能

以天然可膨胀石墨(GN)为原材料,采用酸及快速热处理制备了膨胀石墨(EG),再将膨胀石墨置于超声波中制得了纳米石墨微片(NanoG),最后采用原位聚合法制备了聚苯胺/纳米石墨微片(PANI/NanoG)导电复合物。扫描电镜(SEM)显示纳米石墨微片长径为0.8μm～20μm,厚度为30nm～90nm。聚苯胺均匀覆盖在纳米石墨微片表面;透射电镜(TEM)揭示了纳米石墨微片的片层分散在复合物中并形成了导电网络;电性能测试表明,当纳米石墨微片含量为0.5%(质量分数,下同)时,复合物电导率达到107.3S/cm,其渗滤阈值达到0.1%,纳米石墨微片独特的结构(宽度/厚度的高比值)及在聚苯胺中的分散造就了复合物良好的导电性能。     

A low-cost method for preliminary separation of reduced graphene oxide nanosheets

Reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanosheets were produced by chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images show that the obtained RGO nanosheets vary greatly in lateral-dimensional sizes, ranging from less than 100  100 nm to more than 2000  2000 nm. In order to separate these nanosheets, one simple and low-cost method mainly based on magnetic-stirring and centrifugation treatments was proposed. Preliminary statistical analysis of RGO nanosheets, based on AFM images, shows that the dot-like RGO nanosheets (with lateral dimensions less than 100  100 nm) and leaf-like RGO nanosheets (with lateral dimensions more than 500  500 nm) were effectively separated by this simple method.     

膨胀石墨/酚醛树脂-聚乙烯醇缩丁醛复合双极板的制备与性能

采用聚乙烯醇缩丁醛（PVB）对酚醛树脂（PF）进行改性,并以膨胀石墨为第一导电填料,用模压成型法制备了新型质子交换膜燃料电池用膨胀石墨/PF-PVB复合材料双极板。研究了PVB与PF质量比、改性树脂含量及炭黑的添加对膨胀石墨/PF-PVB复合材料双极板电导率、抗弯强度等性能的影响。结果表明,当改性树脂质量分数固定为30wt%时,膨胀石墨/PF-PVB复合材料双极板在PVB：PF=0.5时表现出最佳的电导率及抗弯强度,分别为192.3 S/cm、47.25 MPa,与不添加PVB的膨胀石墨/PF复合材料双极板相比,平面内电导率和抗弯强度分别提高了12.3%、14.2%。在PVB含量固定的条件下（PVB：PF=0.5）,当改性树脂的质量分数由25wt%增加至45wt%时,膨胀石墨/PF-PVB复合材料双极板的电导率下降,而抗弯强度增加。进一步添加炭黑提高膨胀石墨/PF-PVB复合材料双极板的导电性能,当改性树脂质量分数固定为45wt%时,炭黑添加量为4wt%的试样表现出最佳的平面电导率和面比电阻,分别为137 S/cm、14.4 mΩ·cm²。     

纳米石墨薄片的修饰及对双马来酰亚胺树脂性能影响

通过扫描电镜（SEM）和差示扫描量热（DSC）对纳米石墨薄片修饰前后的微观结构和对双马来酰亚胺树脂固化性能影响进行分析,实验得出纳米石墨薄片的修饰有利于其在树脂中的分散性能,并且纳米石墨薄片具有50～100nm厚度,仍保持着网状多孔结构;另还发现纳米石墨薄片改变了双马来酰亚胺树脂的玻璃转化温度和固化性能,还发现纳米石墨薄片与修饰的纳米石墨薄片对树脂性能影响不同。     

用于超级电容器的纳米氧化镍/石墨薄片/银复合电极材料的超声法合成及性能

通过简单超声法制备了球状NiO纳米颗粒、NiO/石墨薄片(NiO/GNS)和NiO/GNS/Ag纳米复合材料。在NiO/GNS和NiO/GNS/Ag复合材料中,GNS作为NiO和Ag纳米颗粒分散的模板,不仅有效避免了NiO和Ag纳米颗粒的团聚,还改善了复合材料的电化学性能。采用场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和X射线衍射对样品的成分、形貌和结构进行了表征。NiO/GNS/Ag复合材料(GNS质量分数为0.5%,Ag质量分数为3%)电极表现出优异的电化学性能。在1A/g时,其初始比电容为501.66F/g,2000次循环后其比电容衰减为440.45F/g。这表明所制备的复合材料是一种有应用价值的超级电容器电极材料。     

丁腈基聚氨酯／石墨复合材料的结构与性能研究

以端羟基聚丁二烯丙烯腈（HTBN）和甲苯二异氰酸酯为原料,采用本体聚合的方法,制备了石墨改性型聚氨酯弹性体（PUE）。研究了石墨的加入量对聚氨酯弹性体的物理机械性能的影响,并对复合材料进行热性能分析,结果表明：随着石墨含量的增加,PUE的拉伸强度和撕裂强度先增加后降低,当石墨加入量为6％时,复合材料的强度出现峰值;石墨／PUE复合材料的耐热性能明显提高。     

Structural and Optical Properties of Graphene Oxide Prepared by Modified Hummers’ Method

Graphene oxide was synthesized from graphite flakes using modified Hummers’ method. The interlayer spacings of graphite, graphite oxide and graphene oxide were measured using X-ray diffraction technique. The C/O atomic ratios of graphite oxide and graphene oxide were calculated from XPS measurements. The transformation of graphite to graphite oxide and finally to graphene oxide was clearly observed from the micro-Raman spectroscopy data and was confirmed from the FESEM micrographs. UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer was used to study the absorbance of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide samples. Finally, the chemically reduced graphene oxide was heat-treated in air to obtain chemically modified graphene.     

Aggregation reduction of atomic force microscopy sample preparation of reduced graphene oxide nanosheets

Aggregation, occurring in the preparation of atomic force microscopy samples, usually results in difficulties for morphologic observation and nanosheet-thickness analyses of the reduced graphene oxide nanosheets prepared by chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide. In this paper, a simple method, primarily based on nitrogen-blow, was proposed for reducing the degree of aggregation occurring in atomic force microscopy sample preparation. The aggregation degree was characterized by the ratio of the region covered by overlapping nanosheets to that by single-layer nanosheets. Atomic force microscopy imaging results showed that the aggregation degree (20.5%) of the sample prepared by our proposed method was obviously lower than that (90.7%) by air-dry method. The possible mechanism analyses indicated that this obvious change may be attributed to the elimination of droplet-evaporation step entailed in air-dry method from our proposed method.     

Preparation and growth mechanism of lead telluride nanocrystals by a modified molten composite-hydroxides method

PbTe nanocrystals were prepared by a modified molten composite-hydroxides method at 180 degrees C for different times, using Pb(NO3)2 and TeO2 as starting materials and KBH4 as a reductant. The nanocrystal structure and morphologies of the synthesized products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and high resolution TEM (HRTEM), respectively. The results showed that the reaction time has a significant influence on the size and shape of the as-prepared PbTe nanocrystals. As the reaction time increased, the as-prepared products were eventually transformed from nanomaterials (nanocubes, nanorods, and nanosheets) to microcrystals with different morphologies (microcubes, mciroprisms, and microplates). The formation mechanism of the PbTe was proposed, and a one-dimensional oriented attachment growth process combined with two-dimensional oriented attachment growth process was suggested for the growth of nanorods and nanosheets.