射频增强-VUV灯单光子/化学电离复合离子源研究

微型VUV放电Kr灯因体积小巧、功耗低,适合作为现场/便携式质谱的光电离源,但是该光源存在光强弱、照射区域离子利用率低等缺点,制约了质谱的灵敏度。本工作基于射频四极杆电场聚焦离子传输的原理,发展了射频增强-单光子/化学电离复合离子源技术,通过改善离子源传输效率和引入化学电离方式,进一步提高了VUV光电离源质谱的灵敏度。相比单光子电离,射频增强复合电离方式的灵敏度提高了26倍。测试结果表明,基于该复合离子源的质谱对苯、甲苯、对二甲苯的最低检出限（S/N=3）分别可达约52、53、71 ng/m³。结果显示,射频增强-VUV灯单光子/化学电离复合离子源的体积小巧,灵敏度高,适合用作现场/便携质谱的离子源。     

介质阻挡放电电离技术及其应用研究进展

介质阻挡放电电离源是一种非表面接触型的常压敞开式电离源,借助大气压下惰性气体的介质阻挡放电产生稳定的低温等离子体,可在几秒钟内实现液态、固态和气态样品的解吸附离子化,将其用于质谱检测,无需复杂的样品前处理,在常温、常压环境下即可对样品进行原位、实时、快速和无损检测。介质阻挡放电电离源自提出以来发展迅速,现已被广泛应用于食品安全、公共安全、药物分析、环境监测、生命科学等诸多领域。本文综述了介质阻挡放电电离源的发展历程、电离机理、结构分类、影响因素及应用进展,并对其发展趋势进行了展望。     

纸喷雾软电离质谱分析性能研究

纸喷雾电离源-质谱法具有操作简单、价格低廉、无需繁琐的预处理便可对复杂样品进行快速分析等特点.作为一种电喷雾离子源,关于纸喷雾电离源与常用电喷雾电离源、纳升电喷雾电离源之间离子化性能的差异鲜有报道.本文采用汽油、肌红蛋白、细胞色素c和GAP样品作为分析对象,系统地比较了上述3种电离源的离子化特征,发现电离程度呈现纸喷雾...     

敞开式离子化质谱技术研究进展

军事、公共安全和应急救援等对现场、实时、准确、快速检测技术提出了迫切需求。敞开式离子化质谱技术可以现场直接分析样品,具有简单、快速、无需样品前处理、可分析多种相态物质的特点。本文总结了基于激光、等离子体和电喷雾原理的敞开式离子化技术的研究进展,介绍了敞开式离子化质谱技术在化学战剂、生物和爆炸物检测领域的应用,并对敞开式离子化质谱技术面临的问题和未来研究方向进行了总结与展望。     

大气压电离液质联机的应用

本文以我们几年来的实际工作为素材，对电喷雾（ESI）和大气压化学电离（APCI）这一近年发展起来的软电离质谱接口技术做了应用性介绍。文中列举了该技术用于药物代谢、蛋白质构象以及热不稳定化合物分析的几个实例，对一些典型化合物在离子源内经碰撞诱导解离（CID）形成的质谱开裂产物进行了解析，对流量匹配、脱溶剂的技术特点、离子在溶液中的预形成、溶剂的选择、仪器的噪声等实践中遇到的问题做了较为详细的讨论。     

Ionization techniques in capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry: principles, design, and application

A major step forward in the development and application of capillary electrophoresis (CE) was its coupling to ESI-MS, first reported in 1987. More than two decades later, ESI has remained the principal ionization technique in CE-MS, but a number of other ionization techniques have also been implemented. In this review the state-of-the-art in the employment of soft ionization techniques for CE-MS is presented. First the fundamentals and general challenges of hyphenating conventional CE and microchip electrophoresis with MS are outlined. After elaborating on the characteristics and role of ESI, emphasis is put on alternative ionization techniques including sonic spray ionization (SSI), thermospray ionization (TSI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) and continuous-flow fast atom bombardment (CF-FAB). The principle of each ionization technique is outlined and the experimental set-ups of the CE-MS couplings are described. The strengths and limitations of each ionization technique with respect to CE-MS are discussed and the applicability of the various systems is illustrated by a number of typical examples.     

质谱电喷雾电离源研究新进展

自1984年约翰芬恩(John Fenn)发明一种软电离离子源,即电喷雾电离源(ESI)以来,促进了质谱技术在大分子分析领域,特别是生物大分子领域的广泛使用。ESI源的低取样效率由ESI源的离子化效率和传输效率的构成,制约着ESI源质谱灵敏度的提高,因此研究者们一直努力改进ESI源的性能,以提高取样效率、改善ESI源质谱灵敏度。本研究介绍了ESI源的原理,并评述了近年来ESI源研究的新进展和应用。     

Mass spectrometry imaging under ambient conditions

Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has emerged as an important tool in the last decade and it is beginning to show potential to provide new information in many fields owing to its unique ability to acquire molecularly specific images and to provide multiplexed information, without the need for labeling or staining. In MSI, the chemical identity of molecules present on a surface is investigated as a function of spatial distribution. In addition to now standard methods involving MSI in vacuum, recently developed ambient ionization techniques allow MSI to be performed under atmospheric pressure on untreated samples outside the mass spectrometer. Here we review recent developments and applications of MSI emphasizing the ambient ionization techniques of desorption electrospray ionization (DESI), laser ablation electrospray ionization (LAESI), probe electrospray ionization (PESI), desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization (DAPPI), femtosecond laser desorption ionization (fs‐LDI), laser electrospray mass spectrometry (LEMS), infrared laser ablation metastable‐induced chemical ionization (IR‐LAMICI), liquid microjunction surface sampling probe mass spectrometry (LMJ‐SSP MS), nanospray desorption electrospray ionization (nano‐DESI), and plasma sources such as the low temperature plasma (LTP) probe and laser ablation coupled to flowing atmospheric‐pressure afterglow (LA‐FAPA). Included are discussions of some of the features of ambient MSI for example the ability to implement chemical reactions with the goal of providing high abundance ions characteristic of specific compounds of interest and the use of tandem mass spectrometry to either map the distribution of targeted molecules with high specificity or to provide additional MS information on the structural identification of compounds. We also describe the role of bioinformatics in acquiring and interpreting the chemical and spatial information obtained through MSI, especially in biological applications for tissue diagnostic purposes. Finally, we discuss the challenges in ambient MSI and include perspectives on the future of the field. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 32:218–243, 2013     

多氯联苯的质谱裂解规律探析

分析比较了6种多氯联苯（PCBs）化合物在电子轰击离子源（EI）和大气压化学离子源（APCI）条件下的质谱裂解规律。在APCI离子源中,无（准）分子离子峰,但存在质量比化合物分子质量少19 u的加合离子峰,此加合离子同位素峰的强度变化规律与EI质谱中分子离子同位素峰的强度变化规律一致;结合不同流动相辅助探讨此类物质的裂解途径,推断该加合离子是多氯联苯解离一个氯原子后从流动相的水分子中捕获一个羟基,随后又失去一个质子形成的。该质谱裂解规律有助于为此类化合物的快速鉴定提供依据。     

Matrix effects in quantitative pesticide analysis using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Combined liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry using electrospray or atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization has become an important tool in the quantitative analysis of pesticide residues in various matrices in relation to environmental analysis, food safety, and biological exposure monitoring. One of the major problems in the quantitative analysis using LC-MS is that compound and matrix-dependent response suppression or enhancement may occur, the so-called matrix effect. This article reviews issues related to matrix effects, focusing on quantitative pesticide analysis, but also paying attention to expertise with respect to matrix effects acquired in other application areas of LC-MS, especially quantitative bioanalysis in the course of drug development.     

Direct analysis in real time—Mass spectrometry (DART‐MS) in forensic and security applications

Over the last decade, direct analysis in real time (DART) has emerged as a viable method for fast, easy, and reliable “ambient ionization” for forensic analysis. The ability of DART to generate ions from chemicals that might be present at the scene of a criminal activity, whether they are in the gas, liquid, or solid phase, with limited sample preparation has made the technology a useful analytical tool in numerous forensic applications. This review paper summarizes many of those applications, ranging from the analysis of trace evidence to security applications, with a focus on providing the forensic scientist with a resource for developing their own applications. The most common uses for DART in forensics are in studying seized drugs, drugs of abuse and their metabolites, bulk and detonated explosives, toxic chemicals, chemical warfare agents, inks and dyes, and commercial plant and animal products that have been adulterated for economic gain. This review is meant to complement recent reviews that have described the fundamentals of the ionization mechanism and the general use of DART. We describe a wide range of forensic applications beyond the field of analyzing drugs of abuse, which dominates the literature, including common experimental and data analysis methods. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:171–187, 2018.     

光致二溴甲烷离子化学电离质谱分析VOCs

以真空紫外（VUV）灯作为电离源的单光子电离质谱（SPI-MS）分析方法是一种快速分析复杂样品中挥发性有机物（VOCs）的技术,但SPI-MS灵敏度受限于VUV灯较低的光通量及部分VOCs较小的电离截面。本工作自行研制了一种基于VUV Kr灯的新型光致二溴甲烷正离子化学电离源,并将该电离源与飞行时间质谱（TOF MS）联用进行VOCs分析。该电离源以体积分数1000 μL/L的二溴甲烷为试剂气体,利用VUV光电离产生稳定且充足的二溴甲烷正离子,二溴甲烷正离子与样品分子通过电荷转移发生化学电离,大大提高了样品的电离效率。与SPI源相比,该电离源不仅对电离能在10.0 eV附近的VOCs信号强度提升100倍以上（如对2-丙醇、乙酸乙酯和3-氯丙烯分别提高了103、118和126倍）,而且保持着与SPI一致的软电离特性。该电离源10 s内对复杂样品EPA TO-14、TO-15/17校准标气中的42种化合物的最低检测限达到0.06 μg/m³,并且因其具有较好的稳定性,在VOCs的实时在线监测方面有着广泛的应用。     

Microchip technology in mass spectrometry

Microfabrication of analytical devices is currently of growing interest and many microfabricated instruments have also entered the field of mass spectrometry (MS). Various (atmospheric pressure) ion sources as well as mass analyzers have been developed exploiting microfabrication techniques. The most common approach thus far has been the miniaturization of the electrospray ion source and its integration with various separation and sampling units. Other ionization techniques, mainly atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and photoionization, have also been subject to miniaturization, though they have not attracted as much attention. Likewise, all common types of mass analyzers have been realized by microfabrication and, in most cases, successfully applied to MS analysis in conjunction with on‐chip ionization. This review summarizes the latest achievements in the field of microfabricated ion sources and mass analyzers. Representative applications are reviewed focusing on the development of fully microfabricated systems where ion sources or analyzers are integrated with microfluidic separation devices or microfabricated pums and detectors, respectively. Also the main microfabrication methods, with their possibilities and constraints, are briefly discussed together with the most commonly used materials. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 29:351‐391, 2010     

电喷雾萃取电离和电喷雾电离所获一价正离子内能差异的比较研究

电喷雾萃取电离（EESI）和电喷雾电离（ESI）均属于软电离技术,但EESI比ESI更温和,能更好地保持蛋白质的构象。本研究以一价正离子为例,分别采用EESI和ESI技术对罗丹明B准分子离子m/z 443的裂解行为进行多级串联质谱研究,考察了不同碰撞能量对裂解行为的影响,建立了这两种离子源产生的离子内能差异（简称内能差异）的定量测定方法,并探讨了该方法的影响因素及适用范围。结果表明,EESI与ESI离子源的内能差异为11.5 eV。该方法可为其他不同离子源产生的离子内能差异比较提供基本思路,也可为深刻理解不同离子源产生离子的质谱行为提供参考。     

大青叶化学成分及抗氧化活性研究

采用高效液相色谱-大气压化学电离质谱法（HPLC-APCI/MS）和直接进样的电喷雾串联质谱法（ESI-MS²）分析大青叶乙酸乙酯、正丁醇和95%乙醇提取物的化学成分。采用Kromasil C18分析柱（4.6 mm×250 mm×5 μm），以0.15%乙酸/水-甲醇为流动相进行线性梯度洗脱，流速0.8 mL/min，柱温25 ℃；采用全波长扫描紫外检测器,检测波长分别为254 nm和265 nm；采用大气压化学电离源和电喷雾电离源，在正、负两种离子模式下进行检测。结果表明，在大青叶乙酸乙酯、正丁醇和95%乙醇提取物中共鉴别出39种化合物，包括生物碱类、有机酸类、核苷嘌呤类、氨基酸类、黄酮类、糖类、卟啉类以及含硫类成分化合物。采用铁离子还原能力法（FRAP）对大青叶的抗氧化活性进行评价，并用自由基清除能力法验证FRAP法的测试结果。抗氧化活性评价结果表明，大青叶抗氧化活性部位主要集中在极性较低的化学组分中，吲哚类、奎唑酮类和有机酸类化合物是其主要有效成分。该方法快捷、灵敏，适用于中药化学成分分析和抗氧化活性评价。     

On-tissue chemical derivatization in mass spectrometry imaging

Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) combines molecular and spatial information in a valuable tool for a wide range of applications. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is at the forefront of MSI ionization due to its wide availability and increasing improvement in spatial resolution and analysis speed. However, ionization suppression, low concentrations, and endogenous and methodological interferences cause visualization problems for certain molecules. Chemical derivatization (CD) has proven a viable solution to these issues when applied in mass spectrometry platforms. Chemical tagging of target analytes with larger, precharged moieties aids ionization efficiency and removes analytes from areas of potential isobaric interferences. Here, we address the application of CD on tissue samples for MSI analysis, termed on-tissue chemical derivatization (OTCD). MALDI MSI will remain the focus platform due to its popularity, however, alternative ionization techniques such as liquid extraction surface analysis and desorption electrospray ionization will also be recognized. OTCD reagent selection, application, and optimization methods will be discussed in detail. MSI with OTCD is a powerful tool to study the spatial distribution of poorly ionizable molecules within tissues. Most importantly, the use of OTCD−MSI facilitates the analysis of previously inaccessible biologically relevant molecules through the adaptation of existing CD methods. Though further experimental optimization steps are necessary, the benefits of this technique are extensive.     

Plasma-based ambient mass spectrometry: Recent progress and applications

Ambient mass spectrometry (AMS) has grown as a group of advanced analytical techniques that allow for the direct sampling and ionization of the analytes in different statuses from their native environment without or with minimum sample pretreatments. As a significant category of AMS, plasma-based AMS has gained a lot of attention due to its features that allow rapid, real-time, high-throughput, in vivo, and in situ analysis in various fields, including bioanalysis, pharmaceuticals, forensics, food safety, and mass spectrometry imaging. Tens of new methods have been developed since the introduction of the first plasma-based AMS technique direct analysis in real-time. This review first provides a comprehensive overview of the established plasma-based AMS techniques from their ion source configurations, mechanisms, and developments. Then, the progress of the representative applications in various scientific fields in the past 4 years (January 2017 to January 2021) has been summarized. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and propose the future directions of plasma-based AMS from our perspective.     

板蓝根化学成分及抗氧化活性的研究

采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法（HPLC-MS/MS）和直接进样的电喷雾串联质谱法（ESI-MS/MS）分析板蓝根乙酸乙酯提取物、正丁醇提取物和95%乙醇提取物的化学成分。同时,采用铁离子还原能力法（FRAP）评价板蓝根的抗氧化活性,并通过自由基清除能力法（DPPH）对FRAP法的测试结果进行验证。结果表明：在板蓝根乙酸乙酯提取物、正丁醇提取物和95%乙醇提取物中共鉴别出吲哚类、喹唑酮类、有机酸类、核苷类、嘌呤类、氨基酸类、黄酮类以及糖类等28个化合物。研究发现,板蓝根抗氧化活性部位主要集中在极性较低的化学组分中,吲哚类、喹唑酮类和有机酸类化合物是其主要的有效成分。该方法简便、快捷、灵敏,可为中药化学成分分析和抗氧化活性评价提供方法参考。     

Atmospheric pressure ion sources

This review of atmospheric pressure ion sources discusses major developments that have occurred since 1991. Advances in the instrumentation and understanding of the key physical principles are the primary focus. Developments with electrospray and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and variations encompassing adaptations for surface analysis, ambient air analysis, high throughput, and modification of the ionization mechanism are covered. An important and limiting consequence of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, chemical noise, is discussed as is techniques being employed to ameliorate the problem. Ion transfer and transport from atmospheric pressure into deep vacuum is an area undergoing constant improvement and refinement so is given considerable consideration in this review. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 28:870–897, 2009