回火温度对工程机械用超高强钢组织及回火脆性的影响

通过SEM、TEM、-20 ℃夏比V型冲击试验等分析手段研究了回火温度对工程机械用超高强钢微观组织及回火脆性的影响,并结合断口特征及微观组织分析裂纹扩展路径。结果表明,试验钢在200~500 ℃回火时,随着回火温度的升高,马氏体分解后形成的碳化物的析出位置从马氏体板条内逐步过渡到原始奥氏体晶界和马氏体板条界,其形状由针状变为粒状,并不断粗化。回火温度为200 ℃和500 ℃时,冲击试样断口的不稳定断裂区为韧性断裂。300 ℃回火时,出现了回火脆性,其冲击试样断口的不稳定断裂区为准解理断裂,裂纹扩展路径相对平直。微观组织分析发现,在原始奥氏体晶界及马氏体板条界析出大量的针状碳化物,这些碳化物提供了裂纹形核位置,促进了裂纹扩展,导致了回火脆性的产生。     

Grain boundary embrittlement by Mn and eutectoid reaction in binary Fe–12Mn steel

The grain boundary embrittlement in a binary Fe–12Mn is due to the grain boundary segregation of Mn. During tempering at 400 °C (higher than the equilibrium eutectoid reaction temperature 247 °C), reverted austenite particles were formed at lath and grain boundaries through the equilibrium reaction of lath martensite to ferrite + austenite. Surprisingly, hydrostatic pressure, which is induced by the transformation of epsilon martensite to austenite during heating at the tempering temperature, resulted in the nonequilibrium eutectoid reaction producing α-Mn precipitates at the interface between lath martensite and the transformed austenite during the tempering. The segregation concentration kinetics of Mn formed a convex profile due to the active grain boundary precipitation of the reverted austenite particles and the α-Mn particles, which act as a sink for the segregated Mn. Finally, the convex segregation profile of Mn corresponded to the concave profile of intergranular fracture strength.     

Effect of prior hot rolling on the microstructures and mechanical properties of duplex stainless steel containing tempered martensite and ferrite

A duplex structure of δ-ferrite and lath martensite with interlath retained austenite film is developed in this study by modifying the alloy addition. The presence of δ-ferrite can further strengthen the grain refinement of austenite during hot rolling. As a result, the amount of retained austenite is enhanced. Tempered martensite embrittlement occurs due to the decomposition of retained austenite, and grain refinement can in fact ameliorate the tempered martensite embrittlement by delaying the onset of the embrittlement to a higher temperature. The combined effect of uniform and small grains as well as a large amount of retained austenite provides a further increase in the mechanical properties. After identical tempering treatments, all mechanical properties measured in the as-rolled condition were found to be higher than those of direct quenching without rolling. After hot rolling, the increase in the hardness and tensile strength was not accompanied by a drop in the ductility and toughness.     

Influence of tempering temperature on both the microstructural evolution and elemental distribution in AISI 4340 steels

In the present study, the influence of tempering temperature on the microstructural evolution and prior austenite grain boundary segregation of AISI 4340 steels was investigated by transmission electron microscope and atom probe. The transmission electron microscopy results showed a variation in the microstructure and the morphology of carbides with a change in tempering temperature. Additionally, the chemical compositions of the prior austenite grain boundaries and carbides were quantified by atom probe tomography. An increase in the tempering temperature led to a decrease in the amount of carbon segregated at the prior austenite grain boundary from 7.9 to 1.3 at.%. It was found that a higher tempering temperature can accelerate the diffusion of carbon from the prior austenite grain boundary into carbide. However, phosphorus atoms were segregated mainly at the prior austenite grain boundary in steel tempered at 400°C (up to 0.18 at.%). It was found that formation of film-like carbide and phosphorus segregation along the prior austenite grain boundary is the main cause of embrittlement in steel tempered at 400°C.     

回火保温时间对A-100钢力学性能和组织的影响

采用力学性能测试、显微组织观察和断口失效分析等方法研究了回火保温时间对淬火+深冷处理后的A-100超高强度钢组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明,A-100超高强度钢482℃回火时在板条马氏体晶界上会析出逆转变奥氏体,马氏体周围析出M2 C型碳化物,且随回火保温时间增加,逆转变奥氏体数量增多、分散更均匀,马氏体晶粒尺寸有所增...     

Effect of phosphorus segregation on fracture properties of 2.25Cr-1Mo pressure vessel steel

Phosphorus is a very common trace element that can segregate at prior austenite grain boundaries and/or carbide/matrix interfaces of low alloy steels at high temperature (e.g., order of 500 °C) and adversely affect the fracture properties. This paper investigates segregation of P during reversible temper embrittlement (96 h at 520 °C) of quenched and fully tempered 2.25Cr-1Mo steel by Auger electron spectroscopy and describes the segregation mechanism. This paper also describes the effect of P segregation on fracture resistance and fracture mode of unembrittled steels, respectively, by fracture toughness testing over a temperature range of −196 °C to 20 °C and fractography in scanning electron microscopes. During temper embrittlement phosphorus segregation has been attributed due to the mechanism of “carbide rejection”. This segregation caused a reduction in fracture toughness values of the quenched and tempered steels at all test temperatures and an increase in the transition temperature. Phosphorus segregation also changed the brittle fracture micromechanism of quenched and fully tempered samples from one of transgranular cleavage to a mixed mode of fracture (transgranular cleavage and intergranular decohesion). The micromechanism of fracture at temperatures from the upper shelf, however, remained almost unchanged.     

Rapid Tempering of Martensitic Stainless Steel AISI420: Microstructure,Mechanical and Corrosion Properties

In this research, the effect of rapid tempering on the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of AISI 420 martensitic stainless steel has been investigated. At first, all test specimens were austenitized at 1050 °C for 1 h and tempered at 200 °C for 1 h. Then, the samples were rapidly reheated by a salt bath furnace in a temperature range from 300 to 1050 °C for 2 min and cooled in air. The tensile tests, impact, hardness and electrochemical corrosion were carried out on the reheated samples. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the microstructure and fracture surface. To investigate carbides, transmission electron microscopy and also scanning electron microscopy were used. X-ray diffraction was used for determination of the retained austenite. The results showed that the minimum properties such as the tensile strength, impact energy, hardness and corrosion resistance were obtained at reheating temperature of 700 °C. Semi-continuous carbides in the grain boundaries were seen in this temperature. Secondary hardening phenomenon was occurred at reheating temperature of 500 °C.     

Effect of Tempering Temperature on the Microstructure and Properties of Fe-2Cr-Mo-0.12C Pressure Vessel Steel

To obtain the high-temperature strength and toughness of the medium–high-temperature–pressure steel, the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Fe-2Cr-Mo-0.12C steel subjected to three different tempering temperatures after being normalized were investigated. The results show that the microstructure of the sample, tempered in the range 675-725 °C for 50 min, did not change dramatically, yet the martensite/austenite constituents decomposed, and the bainite lath merged together and transformed into polygonal ferrite. At the same time, the precipitate size increased with an increase in tempering temperature. With the increase in the tempering temperature from 675 to 725 °C, the impact absorbed energy of the Fe-2Cr-Mo-0.12C steel at ?40 °C increased from 257 to 325 J, and the high-temperature yield strength decreased; however, the high-temperature ultimate tensile strength tempered at 700 °C was outstanding (422-571 MPa) at different tested temperatures. The variations of the properties were attributed to the decomposition of M/A constituents and the coarsening of the precipitates. Fe-2Cr-Mo-0.12C steel normalized at 930 °C and tempered at 700 °C was found to have the best combination of ductility and strength.     

Influence of Prior Austenite Grain Size on the Degree of Temper Embrittlement in Cr-Mo Steel

Reversible temper embrittlement has been frequently observed in many different low alloy steels serving at high temperature, e.g. order of 500 °C. This type of embrittlement can change the brittle transgranular fracture mode to intergranular decohesion with subsequent change in fracture stress and fracture toughness. The present paper deals with the influence of the prior austenite grain size and isothermal aging time on the degree of embrittlement of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel, which is very popular for its use in power generating and other petrochemical industries. In this research work, the specimens of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel were treated in three different austenitizing temperatures along with different isothermal embrittling time periods. Then the induced degree of embrittlement was characterized by the fracture stress values at −196 °C and area fraction of intergranular failure. The outcome of the experimental results shows that the increase in austenite grain size and/or isothermal embrittling time severely weakens the grain boundary cohesive strength leading to brittle intergranular failures and thus to a greater degree of temper embrittlement.     

Effect of single and double austenitization treatments on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 16Cr-2Ni steel

Double austenitization (DA) treatment is found to yield the best combination of strength and toughness in both low-temperature as well as high-temperature tempered conditions as compared to single austenitization (SA) treatments. Obtaining the advantages of double austenitization (DA) to permit dissolution of alloy carbides without significant grain coarsening was attempted in AISI 431 type martensitic stainless steel. Structure-property correlation after low-temperature tempering (200 °C) as well as high-temperature double tempering (650+600 °C) was carried out for three austenitization treatments through SA at 1000 °C, SA at 1070 °C, and DA at 1070+1000 °C. While the increase in strength after DA treatment and low-temperature tempering at 200 °C is due to the increased amount of carbon in solution as a result of dissolution of alloy carbides during first austenitization, the increased toughness is attributable to the increased quantity of retained austenite. After double tempering (650+600 °C), strength and toughness are mainly found to depend on the precipitation and distribution of carbides in the microstructure and the grain size effect.     

Microstructural Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Low-Alloy,Medium-Carbon Steels After Multiple Tempering

The microstructure and mechanical properties of NiCrMoV-and NiCrSi-alloyed medium-carbon steels were investigated after multiple tempering. After austenitising, the steels were hardened by oil quenching and subsequently double or triple tempered at temperatures from 250 to 500 °C. The samples were characterised using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, while the mechanical properties were evaluated by Vickers hardness testing, V-notched Charpy impact testing and tensile testing. The results showed that the retained austenite was stable up to 400 °C and the applied multiple tempering below this temperature did not lead to a complete decomposition of retained austenite in both steels. It was also found that the microstructure, hardness and impact toughness varied mainly as a function of tempering temperature,regardless of the number of tempering stages. Moreover, the impact toughness of NiCrMoV steel was rather similar after single/triple tempering at different temperatures, while NiCrSi steel exhibited tempered martensite embrittlement after single/double tempering at 400 °C. The observed difference was mainly attributed to the effect of precipitation behaviour due to the effect of alloying additions in the studied steels.     

回火温度对Q1100超高强钢组织和性能的影响

采用力学性能测试、显微组织观察、扫描电镜观察,研究回火温度对Q1100超高强钢组织和性能的影响规律。结果表明:试验钢900 ℃保温后水淬再200~300 ℃回火后,为回火板条马氏体组织;在 400 ℃和500 ℃回火后,为回火屈氏体组织;在600 ℃回火后,为回火索氏体组织。试验钢具有较高的回火稳定性,在400~600 ℃回火时,α铁素体仍保持板条马氏体的形状和位向。在200 ℃回火后,小角度晶界含量较多,阻碍微裂纹扩展,韧性较好,随着回火温度的升高,小角度晶界占比逐渐减少,在400 ℃回火后,小角度晶界占比较少,碳化物的析出恶化试验钢的韧性,发生了回火脆性,韧性最差,500 ℃和600 ℃回火后,试验钢的小角度晶界占比较400 ℃相差不明显,但试验钢回复程度较大且600 ℃回火发生部分再结晶,回火软化作用较大,韧性较高。当回火温度为200 ℃时,试验钢具有最佳的综合性能,屈服强度为1164.38 MPa,抗拉强度为1429.70 MPa,断后伸长率为14.66%,硬度为430.27 HV3,标准试样-40 ℃冲击吸收能量为92.30 J。     

淬火与回火工艺对42CrMo钢显微组织和奥氏体晶粒长大规律的影响

研究了860～940℃淬火与200～600℃回火对42CrMo钢显微组织的影响,并用金相截线法对奥氏体晶粒尺寸进行测量,建立了42CrMo钢奥氏体晶粒生长动力学方程。结果表明,随着淬火温度和保温时间的增加,42CrMo钢中残留碳化物数量明显减少,碳化物由片状逐渐变为颗粒状。随着淬火温度的升高,板条马氏体组织变得越来越均匀细小。随着回火温度的升高,钢的显微组织向回火屈氏体、回火索氏体转变,当回火温度为600℃时,得到的回火索氏体组织更均匀密集。基于Beck模型的42CrMo钢奥氏体晶粒生长规律的拟合结果,得出奥氏体晶粒长大激活能为2.62×10³ J·mol^-1。     

高温形变节能热处理技术

本文介绍了高温形变热处理的意义、分类、强韧化机理和应用实例。文中指出:40Cr钢经高温自由锻淬火并高温回火后,其屈服强度、夏氏冲击韧性、断裂韧性增高,脆性转折温度降低。其原因归结于钢的淬透性增加,高温回火后球形碳化物均匀分布于铁素体基体上,形成稳定的位错网络和晶界被净化。9CrSi钢经高温自由锻形变淬火和短时球化退火,可得到理想的球化组织和切削加工硬度。经最终热处理后强度提高382MPa,冲击韧性提高一倍。性能提高的原因归结为奥氏体晶粒、马氏体组织、末溶碳化物细化,位错密度增加,孪晶马氏体分布发生改变和胞状结构的遗传等。     

工程机械用Q1100钢的热处理工艺

以一种屈服强度为1100 MPa的高强度工程机械用钢为对象,研究了再加热淬火温度(880～980 ℃)和回火温度(200～650 ℃)对Q1100钢显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,淬火温度从880 ℃升高至980 ℃,试验钢的平均奥氏体晶粒尺寸从8 μm增加到24 μm,试验钢的屈服强度和抗拉强度都呈先升高后降低的趋势,并在920 ℃时达到最大,而-40 ℃冲击性能则随之持续降低。试验钢经920 ℃淬火+200～650 ℃回火后,随着回火温度的提高,试验钢的马氏体板条合并,板条形貌逐渐模糊,碳化物数量和形貌也随之发生改变,强度大幅下降,塑性和韧性则先降低后升高。试验钢最佳的热处理工艺为920 ℃淬火+200～250 ℃回火。     

回火时间对1800 MPa级热成形钢组织和性能的影响

采用扫描电镜、电子背散射衍射技术、室温拉伸试验等研究了1800 MPa级热成形钢经930 ℃保温4 min保压淬火后在200 ℃回火不同时间(10~30 min)对其组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着回火时间的延长,试验钢的抗拉强度变化较小,其屈服强度和断后伸长率均呈先增后减的趋势。经20 min回火后,马氏体亚晶粒尺寸最小;回火10 min后,组织中的小角度晶界最多。200 ℃回火10 min后由于试验钢的残余应力释放、马氏体亚晶粒尺寸减小和小角度晶界增多,综合影响下热成形钢的综合力学性能最佳,其抗拉强度为1844 MPa,断后伸长率从淬火态的8.27%提升到11.78%,强塑积达21 GPa·%以上,说明短时回火有利于该超高强度钢的综合性能提高及其热成形件的可靠应用。     

回火温度对1100 MPa钢组织和性能的影响

采用低碳+Nb、Ti、B、Cr、Mo、Ni成分体系,利用SEM、TEM等研究不同回火温度下试验钢的组织和力学性能变化。结果表明:220 ℃回火,马氏体发生分解,马氏体板条束变粗,束内板条逐渐合并,残留奥氏体逐渐分解,位错密度大幅度下降,淬火带来的内应力得到释放,试验钢具有最佳的综合力学性能。300 ℃回火,碳化物在奥氏体晶界或回火马氏体板条间大量聚集、长大,降低了晶界、板条间的结合力,出现了回火脆性。     

热处理工艺对G115钢铸件组织与性能的影响

以均匀化退火后的G115钢铸件为对象,研究了不同正火+回火工艺处理对其显微组织及力学性能的影响,其中正火工艺分别为1070 ℃×1 h,AC和1100 ℃×1 h,AC,回火工艺分为一次回火(780 ℃×3 h,AC)和两次回火(780 ℃×3 h,AC+750 ℃×3 h,AC)。结果表明:随着正火温度的上升,G115钢铸件的室温强度和650 ℃高温强度均有所上升,而韧性有所下降,塑性无明显变化;随着回火次数的增加,G115钢的室温强度和650 ℃高温强度均有所降低,韧性和塑性无明显影响。正火+回火处理后G115钢铸件中的析出相主要有Laves相、M₂₃C₆以及MX(NbC、VN)相,冲击断口形貌呈解理或准解理断裂特征。随着正火温度升高,马氏体板条块(Block)宽度有所增加,排列相对整齐。原奥氏体晶粒尺寸是G115钢室温强度贡献值中晶界强化量的有效晶粒尺寸。推荐的热处理制度为1100 ℃×1 h(AC)正火+780 ℃×3 h(AC) 回火。     

800 MPa级高强钢焊缝金属热处理组织与性能

在10Ni5CrMoV高强结构钢焊接中,为了获得良好的强韧性匹配,焊后需要进行热处理来改善焊缝金属的组织和性能.试验采用富氩气体保护焊焊接10Ni5CrMoV钢,分析了不同调质热处理工艺下焊缝组织、性能的变化规律.结果表明,焊缝金属焊态的组织主要是贝氏体、少量马氏体和残余奥氏体组织,调质热处理后焊缝组织主要为回火马氏体,随着回火温度的升高,焊缝中残余奥氏体减少,马氏体中碳化物析出长大并有球化趋势.调质态焊缝金属的强度随着回火温度的升高而逐渐降低,而韧性随着回火温度的升高而显著提高.     

GD钢组织及低温冲击韧性研究

分析了900℃淬火及200℃回火后GD钢的显微组织、硬度及低温冲击的断口形貌,研究结果表明:900℃淬火后GD钢组织由粗针状马氏体、残余奥氏体、碳化物组成,200℃回火时,马氏体中析出部分碳化物,回火组织由回火马氏体和碳化物组成。900℃淬火+200℃回火后的GD钢冲击时,随着温度的降低,其冲击功随之减小,随着GD钢所处的环境温度不断升高,断口宏观形貌中反映起裂区和裂纹纤维扩展区所占比例越来越大,微观形貌中存在解理面、撕裂棱和韧窝,其断裂机理为准解理断裂。