Development of an eco-friendly hybrid lacquer based on kurome lacquer sap

An eco-friendly hybrid lacquer that dries quickly in a low relative humidity environment was synthesized using kurome lacquer (KL) and volatile organic compound-free hydrolyzed amine-functionalized silane (HAS). The HAS structure was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and the results showed that the ethoxysilyl group in N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane was completely hydrolyzed. After hybridization with the kurome lacquer, the properties of the hybrid lacquer were measured in detail including viscosity, molecular weight, drying behaviors, and film hardness. Viscosity measurements confirmed the mechanism of hydrolysis and the condensation reaction of silane.     

Today and Yesterday for Lacquerware art and industry in Thailand

在泰国,漆器艺术和生漆工业已经成为一个重要且多交叉的学科。在泰国传统工艺品的制作过程中,工匠们所使用的生漆主要从Gluta usitata和Gluta laccifera等漆树采取,部分则是从中国进口,系Rhus verniciflua等漆树所产生漆。传统的泰国生漆工艺包括印刷技术、螺钿和珍珠镶嵌技术,以及建筑装饰工程、雕塑等领域。由于生漆是从漆树获得,所以泰国政府的禁止伐木政策致使生漆的产量非常低,已经成为泰国生漆工艺和生漆工业发展的桎梏。本文就泰国生漆的历史、生漆工艺的沿革、生漆工业的发展、漆树的品种以及存在的问题作了综述,并展望了泰国生漆的将来,使读者对泰国的生漆发展史有个较为具体的了解。     

O/W型生漆光固化膜的理化性能

以漆酚(U)/聚乙烯醇(PVA)为混合乳化剂,借助相反转技术,将W/O型天然生漆转化成可直接用水稀释的O/W型生漆,用紫外光固化法使其固化成膜;采用红外光谱、扫描电镜、热分析等手段对该固化膜进行结构表征和性能测试。结果表明:在紫外光辐照下,O/W型生漆可在2min内快速固化成膜,固化膜具有优良的理化性能。     

Improvement on properties of Chinese lacquer by polyamidoamine

In this study, polyamidoamine (PAMAM) was added to raw lacquer in different proportions, and the curing process and properties of lacquer film were investigated by using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). To investigate the cross-linking state between PAMAM and urushiol, NMR was used in this study. The experiments revealed that the comprehensive mechanical properties of modified-film, especially the impact strength, were significantly improved. In addition, the touch-free drying time of lacquer film decreased, and its alkali resistance was improved due to the cross-linking of PAMAM and urushiol molecules.     

Development of a new type lacquer based on Rhus vernicifera sap with chitosan

A new type lacquer coating was developed by adding certain molecular weight of chitosan to the Rhus vernicifera lacquer sap. The optimum range of chitosan molecular weight and adding quantity were investigated, and the blended lacquer coating was prepared based on these results. The properties, such as molecular weight distribution, particle size distribution, drying times, and gel fraction were examined. In addition, the reaction between urushiol and chitosan is discussed based on the results of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and infrared (IR) measurements. A blended lacquer coating with 3% chitosan dissolve in 5% of citric acid showed almost the same drying time and film hardness as 100% R. vernicifera lacquer sap as examined in an automatic drying time recorder, but had lighter surface color. Furthermore, the UV resistance and viscoelastic property also were investigated in detail.     

天然生漆改性研发进展

从漆树采割的天然生漆是一种天然树脂,具有优良的耐腐蚀性、耐久性等性能,在我国有着上千年的应用史。作为生物资源的生漆,在当今对于环境保护和资源利用有着重要意义。详细介绍了天然生漆的研究进展,寻找开发生漆应用的新途径。     

Applied analysis and identification of ancient lacquer based on pyrolysis‐gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Three lacquer samples taken from a “four‐eared” pottery container, which was designated an important National Cultural Property of Japan excavated in 16–17th century ruins of Kyoto City, were analyzed by pyrolysis‐gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py‐GC/MS) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy to determine the source of the lacquer. It is an unexpected result that the lacquer in this pottery container is actually used by Melanorrhoea usitata. Alkylbenzene and alkenylbenzene as cleavage pieces of undecylbenzene (MW = 232 g/mol) and undecenylbenzene (MW = 230 g/mol), which are products of the pyrolysis of thitsiol, were detected in all three samples. Moreover, ω‐phenylalkylcatechols and ω‐phenylalkylphenols, which are the specific components of M. usitata, were also detected by Py‐GC/MS, suggesting that lacquer sap of M. usitata was used by the Japanese people in the 16–17th centuries. In addition, Japanese lacquer culture and the advantages of the Py‐GC/MS method for lacquer analysis are discussed in detail. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Resurrection of dead lacquer—Cupric potassium chloride dihydrate (K2CuCl4·2H2O) used as the mimic laccase

Oriental lacquer collected from lacquer trees is widely used as surface coatings for centuries. The lacquer with little activity of laccase is called dead lacquer vividly which cannot be cured automatically. In this study, the cheap copper chloride dihydrate (K₂CuCl₄·2H₂O) was used as a novel catalyst to cure the dead lacquer at room temperature. The redox property of K₂CuCl₄·2H₂O was studied by cyclic voltammetry. The process of oxidative polymerization of urushiol was confirmed by FT-IR, ¹H NMR, UV–vis, and electron spin-resonance spectroscopy. At 75% relative humidity, the dead lacquer film with the gloss of 101.0% and hardness of 0.84 (glass value) could be obtained when the K₂CuCl₄·2H₂O content was 0.6 wt%. The results of the thermal properties and the chemical resistance tests showed that the dead lacquer film catalyzed by K₂CuCl₄·2H₂O had better thermal stability and chemical resistance than those of the raw lacquer film catalyzed by laccase.     

Chrome-free corrosion protective coating based on lacquer hybridized with silicate

A lacquer sap hybridized with a silicate oligomer was synthesized, and its characteristics as a chrome-free corrosion protective coating were examined. A new absorption due to a siloxane structure appeared at 6.6 ppm in the NMR and at 1080 and 840 cm⁻¹ in the IR spectra. The hybrid lacquer dries faster due to the reaction between the alkoxy radical of the silicate and hydroxyl of the urushiol, and had a higher glass transition than kurome and raw lacquers. In addition, the ability of the hybrid lacquer to prevent corrosion was comparable to the protection offered by chrome treatment.     

新型单组分松香蔗糖聚氨酯—聚丙烯酸涂料研究

以松香,蔗糖,聚丙烯酸酯及异氰酸酯预聚体等为原料,合成了一种单组分聚氨酯清漆。研究了化学组成对漆膜性能的影响。结果表明,当松香蔗糖聚氨酯（ＡＲＳＰＵ）与聚丙烯酸酯（ＰＡ）共混的质量比为６５／３５,而ＡＲＳＰＵ合成中ＡＲＳ与异氰酸酯预聚体的质量比为６５／３５时,漆膜的耐溶剂性能及硬度较为合适。该清漆快干,耐低温,耐油,耐水,耐酸碱性能良好。     

漆树资源、环境与人类文化——漆树与科学技术

漆树资源在我国有着悠久的栽培和利用历史,形成了中华民族特有的生漆文明。漆树具有高等植物的生态功能,并向人类提供大量的生物质材料。生漆作为漆树的次生代谢产物,伴随人类走过7000多年的历程,成为世界文明史、科学技术史、工艺美术史上的一朵奇葩。随着人类技术进步、经济发展、文化创造以及物质化应用需求的增长,漆树资源的开发向多元化、深层次推进,从文化到人类经济社会,从髹漆艺术品到生物基材料产品,从医药保健品到精细化学品,从石油化工领域到军工产品等等,应用领域不断拓展,桼彩光辉。     

漆酚金属高聚物防腐涂料的研究进展

生漆是漆树科植物漆树树皮割取的汁液,为我国特产。作为涂料应用已有6900多年历史。采用漆酚与金属化合物反应合成系列漆酚金属高聚物防腐涂料不仅保持了生漆原有的优良性能,还附与了特殊的耐酸碱、耐高温、干燥快,半导性等优良性能。     

漆树资源、环境与人类文化——漆树与经济社会、人类健康

漆树资源在我国有着悠久的栽培和利用历史,形成了中华民族特有的生漆文明。漆树具有高等植物的生态功能,并向人类提供大量的生物质材料。生漆作为漆树的次生代谢产物,伴随人类走过7000多年的历程,成为世界文明史、科学技术史、工艺美术史上的一朵奇葩。随着人类技术进步、经济发展、文化创造以及物质化应用需求的增长,漆树资源的开发向多元化、深层次推进,从文化到人类经济社会,从髹漆艺术品到生物基材料产品,从医药保健品到精细化学品,从石油化工领域到军工产品等等,应用领域不断拓展,桼彩光辉。     

Preparation and properties of raw lacquer/multihydroxyl polyacrylate/organophilic montmorillonite nanocomposites

Raw lacquer (RLA) has been widely used indoors for centuries in Asia. But its weak UV-resistant property limited its outdoor application. In this article, the UV-resistant property of lacquer film was significantly improved by solution intercalation method. The intercalated nanocomposites were obtained from RLA, multihydroxyl polyacrylate resin (MPA), and organophilic montmorillonite (OMMT). The structure and morphology of the RLA/MPA/OMMT nanocomposites were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The variation of the film gloss and impact strength with different UV exposure time was also investigated. Owing to the dispersion of nanometer-sized OMMT in polymer matrix, the RLA/MPA/OMMT nanocomposites exhibited improved UV-resistant property. When the OMMT content is 3.0 wt%, the best physical–mechanical properties can be obtained. These results indicated that the solution intercalation with nanoparticles was an efficient and convenient method to improve the properties of raw lacquer.     

天然生漆的水基化改性及其性能研究

采用复合乳化剂将天然生漆（RL）乳化成水包油型的稳定水基化生漆乳液（WRL）,研究了乳化剂的种类、乳化剂的用量及不同乳化剂的配比对相反转过程及乳液稳定性的影响,并通过透射电子显微镜（TEM）与热重分析（TG）表征了水基化生漆乳液的粒径、粒子形貌及漆膜的耐热性能。研究结果表明,复合乳化剂聚氧乙烯辛基苯基醚（OP-10）/十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）/聚乙烯醇（PVA）的乳化效果最好,最佳质量配比为7∶3∶10,乳化剂用量为生漆质量的10%时能够形成稳定的乳液,粒径较小（〈800 nm）且分布均匀;水基化生漆漆膜保持了天然生漆漆膜优良的机械性能、耐污染、耐化学介质及耐热性能,其铅笔硬度为4H,附着力为2级,柔韧性为0.5 mm,正冲的抗冲击强度由35 cm提高到50 cm,反冲的冲击强度由25 cm提高到50 cm,且成膜时间由4-5 d缩短到3 d。     

漆树资源、环境与人类文化

漆树资源在我国有着悠久的栽培和利用历史,形成了中华民族特有的生漆文明。漆树具有高等植物的生态功能,并向人类提供大量的生物质材料。生漆作为漆树的次生代谢产物,伴随人类走过7000多年的历程,成为世界文明史、科学技术史、工艺美术史上的一朵奇葩。随着人类技术进步、经济发展、文化创造以及物质化应用需求的增长,漆树资源的开发向多元化、深层次推进,从文化到人类经济社会,从髹漆艺术品到生物基材料产品,从医药保健品到精细化学品,从石油化工领域到军工产品等等,应用领域不断拓展,桼彩光辉。     

漆树资源、环境与人类文化

漆树资源在我国有着悠久的栽培和利用历史,形成了中华民族特有的生漆文明。漆树具有高等植物的生态功能,并向人类提供大量的生物质材料。生漆作为漆树的次生代谢产物,伴随人类走过7000多年的历程,成为世界文明史、科学技术史、工艺美术史上的一朵奇葩。随着人类技术进步、经济发展、文化创造以及物质化应用需求的增长,漆树资源的开发向多元化、深层次推进,从文化到人类经济社会,从髹漆艺术品到生物基材料产品,从医药保健品到精细化学品,从石油化工领域到军工产品等等,应用领域不断拓展,桼彩光辉。     

Effects of polysaccharides on the properties of Chinese lacquer sap

Raw lacquer sap was modified by the addition of small amounts of 2 wt% polysaccharide (lacquer polysaccharide, chitosan, carboxymethyl cellulose and sodium alginate) aqueous solution. The polysaccharide-modified lacquer saps dried faster than raw lacquer sap at a high relative humidity of 80%. The drying property strongly depended on the structure of polysaccharides and the drying time was in the order of chitosan < carboxymethyl cellulose < sodium alginate < lacquer polysaccharide. All lacquer saps did not dry at a very low relative humidity of 16%. However, when the relative humidity was adjusted to 70%, the polysaccharide-modified lacquer saps dried, while the raw lacquer sap did not. This difference was probably due to stronger hydrophilicity of polysaccharide-modified lacquer films’ surfaces. In addition, the addition of polysaccharides greatly improved the gloss of lacquer films, but had little effects on the thermal, mechanical and chemical resistance properties of lacquer films.     

单宁改性生漆复合涂料的制备及其性能研究

通过添加单宁和金属离子催化剂,对生漆进行改性制备复合涂料,研究金属离子种类、单宁添加量、反应时间、反应温度对单宁改性生漆复合涂料成膜性能的影响。研究结果表明,生漆中加入其质量1/5倍的20%FeCl3乙醇溶液反应40min后,再添加生漆质量8%的单宁,在60℃下反应3h得到的改性生漆成膜性能最佳,干燥时间缩短为52h,附着力为3~4级,耐冲击力为30kg/cm,硬度为2H。与原生漆相比,改性生漆耐碱性提高了3倍,耐受温度提高了2倍;红外光谱分析表明,生漆中的漆酚和单宁的酚羟基发生了醚化反应,从而改善了漆膜特性。