高压脉冲电场对苹果崩塌温度的影响

以苹果为研究对象,进行真空冷冻干燥实验并与高压脉冲电场预处理的样品进行分析对比,研究电场预处理对苹果微观结构及崩塌温度的影响。结果表明:当加热板温度设定为70℃时,未处理的苹果样品出现了较为明显的塌陷以及断裂现象。而经过高压脉冲电场预处理的样品,在缩短了干燥时间、降低了能耗及物料的最终含水率的同时,样品的骨架结构保存完整,没有出现崩塌现象。高压脉冲电场预处理可以提高果蔬的临界崩塌温度约20℃,并使物料的最终含水率达到1.20%,而未经高压脉冲电场预处理样品的最终含水率为7.84%。本文对解决干燥过程中崩塌现象的产生有重要意义。      

高压脉冲电场对苹果多酚氧化酶的钝化效果

多酚氧化酶(PPO)促褐变影响苹果鲜果和果汁的品质。探讨高压脉冲电场(PEF)钝化苹果鲜果PPO的可行性。在电压、停留时间、频率、脉冲宽度等单因素试验的基础上,采用响应曲面分析法优化钝酶工艺。结果表明,PEF对红富士多酚氧化酶活性抑制的最佳条件为:电压25 k V,频率530 Hz,停留时间45 s和脉冲宽度8μs,此条件下多酚氧化酶的抑制率达51.86%。鲜榨果汁的色值和褐变指数与PPO的相对活力直接相关。PEF处理能够抑制果汁的酶促褐变,与对照组相比,由最优钝化条件下处理的果块制备的果汁(4 h时)的色值极显著大于对照组(P0.01),总可溶性固形物,pH值没有发生显著改变(P0.05),还原型维生素C呈下降趋势,但下降不显著(P0.05)。     

高压脉冲电场灭菌机理

对高压脉冲电场产生的原理，影响杀菌效果的因素，高压脉冲电场杀菌的有关理论进行了介绍。     

高压脉冲电场杀菌系统中高压脉冲发生器研究进展

文章综述高压脉冲发生器的设计原理,分析国内外高压脉冲发生器的研究进展及其优缺点,并讨论系统设计的要点以及应用现状与展望。     

高压脉冲电场对油酸的影响

研究了高压脉冲电场处理(PEF)对油酸理化性质的影响及PEF处理过的油酸在贮藏过程中理化性质的变化。PEF处理过的油酸在贮藏过程中其折光系数、色泽等变化不大;PEF处理对油酸的酸价无显著影响;油酸的过氧化值随着PEF处理强度和贮藏时间的增加显著增大;反映二次氧化产物的羰基值在PEF处理后的一周内变化不大,但随后迅速升高;PEF处理过的油酸碘价在贮藏2d后有下降趋势。      

高压脉冲电场对油酸的影响

研究了高压脉冲电场处理(PEF)时油酸理化性质的影响及PEF处理过的油酸在贮藏过程中理化性质的变化.PEF处理过的油酸在贮藏过程中其折光系数、色泽等变化不大;PEF处理对油酸的酸价无显著影响;油酸的过氧化值随着PEF处理强度和贮藏时间的增加显著增大;反映二次氧化产物的羰基值在PEF处理后的一周内变化不大,但随后迅速升高;PEF处理过的油酸碘价在贮藏2d后有下降趋势.     

基于高压脉冲电场灭菌的高压脉冲发生器仿真研究

高压脉冲电场(HPEF)灭菌技术是当前最具有发展前景的一种杀菌技术,而高压脉冲发生器(HVPG)是HPEF灭菌系统设计的关键。本文对基于IGBT开关的Marx型HVPG与由IGBT串联构成全固态开关的HVPG两种结构进行理论研究分析,并通过Pspice仿真平台进行仿真,论证两种结构运用HPEF灭菌的可行性,且两者独特的优势克服了传统HVPG系统存在的缺陷。     

高压脉冲电场非热杀菌技术对原料乳的预处理

针对国内原料乳质量低下这一问题,运用高压脉冲电场非热杀菌技术对原料乳进行预处理。发现原料乳的细菌总数随电场强度、脉冲数、初始温度的增加而降低,随流速的增加而升高。当出口温度为常温20℃,电场强度E=50kv/cm,脉冲频率为1000Hz,流速为20ml/min时,能使其菌落总数降低2.6个数量级,从四级原料乳提升至一级原料乳,且不改变其营养结构和风味。     

高压脉冲电场对大豆分离蛋白结构特征的影响

本文研究了高压脉冲电场对大豆分离蛋白结构特征的影响。结果表明：在其它脉冲条件一定时，脉冲处理时间在0-288us范围，大豆分离蛋白的分子量、粒径及二级结构改变较小或几乎没有改变。当脉冲处理时间大于432us时，由于蛋白质分子变性、亚基的解离以及通过非共价键相互作用重新聚集，大豆分离蛋白的分子量、粒径发生了变化，形成了大分子的聚集体，但二级结构变化较小。     

高压脉冲电场杀菌系统的研究进展

杀菌是食品加工处理过程中的一个重要工序。杀菌效果的好坏直接影响食品的安全与卫生,传统的杀菌技术会对食品的营养价值和风味产生一定的副作用。高压脉冲电场(PEF)杀菌技术因其杀菌效果好、快速、低耗、安全等优点而被广泛地用于食品杀菌中。文章介绍国内外高压脉冲电场杀菌技术对高压脉冲发生器、处理室、杀菌系统的影响,并综述对其应用的研究。     

Combined effect of temperature and pulsed electric fields on apple juice peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase inactivation

Pulsed electric fields (PEF) were applied to freshly prepared apple juice using a laboratory scale continuous PEF system to study the feasibility of inactivating peroxidase (POD) and polyphenoloxidase (PPO). Square wave PEF using different combinations of electric field strength, pre-treatment temperature and treatment time were evaluated in this study and compared to conventional pasteurisation (72 °C; 26 s). Inactivation curves for the enzyme were plotted for each parameter and inactivation kinetics were calculated. Results showed the highest level of decrease in the enzymatic activity of 71% and 68%, for PPO and POD, respectively, were obtained by using a combination of preheating to 50 °C, and a PEF treatment time of 100 μs at 40 kV/cm. This level of inactivation was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that recorded in juice processed by conventional mild pasteurisation where the activity of PPO and POD decreased by 46% and 48%, respectively. The kinetic data for the inactivation of both enzymes could be described using a 1st-order model (P < 0.001).     

Modelling of mass transfer during osmotic dehydration of apple tissue pre-treated by pulsed electric field

The osmotic dehydration mechanism of apple sample pre-treated by pulsed electric field (PEF) was investigated over a range of 44.5-65 ° Brix sucrose concentrations. Apple disks treated by PEF field of 0.90 kV/cm during a constant time were immersed in sucrose solution at ambient temperature with 3:1 syrup to apple ratio (w/w). Increase of the initial solute concentration and the PEF treatment resulted in acceleration of the osmotic dehydration (OD). The PEF-treated samples had a higher water loss (WL) and higher solid gain (SG) than the untreated samples. The osmotic dehydration kinetics was studied on the basis of two approaches: Fick's unsteady state diffusion equation and a two-exponential kinetic model. The coefficients of effective diffusion of water and solute were calculated. Their values were higher for samples pre-treated electrically. The effect of PEF was more pronounced for the WL comparatively to the SG. The two-exponential kinetic model permits evaluating of both convective and diffusion stages of OD. The PEF pre-treatment accelerates the kinetics of water and solute transfer during convective and diffusion stages of OD.     

高压脉冲电场在苹果汁加工中的应用研究进展

在分析高压脉冲电场技术(PEF)对苹果微形态特征的影响及杀菌钝酶效果的基础上,重点综述了PEF技术对苹果汁品质的影响所取得的最新进展及存在的问题,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望,为PEF技术更好地应用于苹果汁的加工提供研究依据。     

Impact of pulsed electric fields on physical properties of freeze-dried apple tissue

The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of pulsed electric field (PEF) pre-treatment of apple tissue on kinetics of freeze-drying preceded by vacuum freezing and physical properties of such processed material. PEF intensified freeze-drying kinetics and thus reduced processing time by 57% in comparison to untreated apples slices. Furthermore, the effective water diffusion coefficient increased by 44% as a result of PEF application. Water activity changes during storage of freeze-dried apple tissue were more evident in the case of untreated material albeit initial water activity was higher in the case of electroporated samples. As proved by thermal properties measurements these differences were linked to higher crystallinity of the PEF treated samples (35.5%) in comparison to the untreated material (11.0%). The freeze-dried fruits subjected to PEF pretreatment absorbed more water than the untreated samples while no changes were observed for hygroscopicity and loss of the soluble solids during rehydration.Industrial relevanceObtained results confirm that application of pulsed electric field before freeze-drying makes possible to obtain high quality freeze-dried product preceded by vacuum freezing performed inside freeze-dryer which could reduce freeze-drying time. Since the rehydration capacity of PEF treated material, expressed as ability to absorb water, is better than untreated samples the application of this method could be beneficial when designing instant products. Performed research indicates also that PEF treated freeze-dried apples exhibit better stability expressed by water activity which in turn is related to crystallinity. What more, higher crystallinity of PEF pre-treated freeze-dried samples not only complements the explanation of different physical properties in comparison with intact freeze-dried material but also suggest that sensorial properties may vary.     

Defining treatment conditions for pulsed electric field pasteurization of apple juice

The influence of temperature and the presence of N^α-lauroyl ethylester (ethyl lauroyl arginate, LAE) on the inactivation caused by continuous pulsed electric field treatments (PEF) in Escherichia coli O157:H7 suspended in apple juice have been investigated to define treatment conditions applicable at industrial scale that promote an equivalent safety level when compared with thermal processing. In the range of experimental conditions investigated (outlet temperature: 20-40 °C, electric field strength: 20-30 kV, treatment time: 5-125 μs) at outlet temperatures equal or lower than 55 ± 1 °C, the inactivation of E. coli O157:H7 treated in apple juice ranged from 0.4 to 3.6 Log₁₀ cycles reduction and treated in apple juice supplemented with LAE (50 ppm) ranged from 0.9 to 6.7 Log₁₀ cycles reduction.An empirical mathematical model was developed to estimate the treatment time and total specific energy input to obtain 5 Log₁₀ cycles reduction in the population of E. coli O157:H7 suspended in apple juice supplemented with 50 ppm of LAE at different electric field strengths and inlet temperatures. Treatment conditions established for E. coli O157:H7 were validated with other PEF resistant Gram-positive (Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium) strains. When the treatment was applied to the apple juice, a treatment of 25 kV/cm for 63 μs corresponding with an outlet temperature of 65 °C and input energy of 125 kJ/kg was required to achieve more than 5 Log₁₀ cycles in the four strains investigated. The addition of LAE reduced the treatment time required to obtain an equivalent inactivation (> 5 Log₁₀ cycles) in the four microorganisms to 38.4 μs, the outlet temperature to 55 °C, and the input energy to 83.2 kJ/kg.     

Pulsed electric field assisted vacuum freeze-drying of apple tissue

Impact of apple treatment by pulsed electric field (PEF) on vacuum freeze-drying was studied. Apple discs were PEF treated at an electric field strength of E = 800 V/cm for the different values of disintegration index Z. Then vacuum cooling was applied to decrease the temperature to sub-zero level and freeze-drying experiments were done at a pressure of 10 mbar. Time evolution of temperature and moisture content were compared for the PEF treated and untreated apple samples. Acceleration of cooling and drying processes was observed for the PEF treated samples. The microscopic, macroscopic analysis and data of capillary impregnation test evidenced that the PEF treatment facilitates preservation of the shape of the dried samples, allows avoiding shrinking and results in increase of the tissue pores. The sample rehydration capacity strongly depends on Z. At Z = 0.96 a high level of rehydration capacity (≈ 1.3) was observed.Industrial relevanceDifferent methods of food drying are very popular for food processing and are widely used for food preservation. However, they are very energy intensive processes and can cause undesirable changes of colour, flavour, nutrient and textural properties of foods. Vacuum freeze-drying allows obtaining high-quality food products. On the other hand, this process is power consuming, requires long time and low pressure and can provoke the damage of final dried product. Thus, the development of efficient and optimal methodology for freeze-drying of foodstuff is relevant. Application of PEF as a pretreatment procedure may be useful for improving the efficiency of drying and the quality of dried products.     

Effect of pulsed electric field treatment on water distribution of freeze-dried apple tissue evaluated with DSC and TD-NMR techniques

This work aimed to study pulsed electric fields (PEF) effect on the water distribution of freeze-dried apple. Apple (var. Cripps Pink) was treated in 15% trehalose and 1% ascorbic acid solution (388 μS/cm) at 3 Hz and various electric field strengths 0.3; 0.6; 0.9 and 1.2 kV cm^− 1 for 5, 10 or 15 pulses. The samples were frozen at − 45 °C and freeze-dried. The analyses were performed after rehydration. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in the domain of time (TD-NMR) were performed to assess thermal properties of freezable water and water distribution in apple tissue, respectively. PEF changed the integrity and continuity of the cell structure shown by the water redistribution between different compartments. The water in vacuoles and extracellular spaces had higher TD-NMR relaxation times as water molecules can diffuse in larger volumes before relaxing, even if the overall solutes concentration in the tissue increases.     

Effects of pulsed electric field treatment of apple mash on juice yield and quality attributes of apple juices

The influence of apple mash treatment with pulsed electric fields (PEF) on yield and quality attributes of the resulting cloudy juices were investigated. Apple juice was produced at laboratory scale (400 g apples per lot) by mash treatment with pulsed electric fields at three different field intensities (1, 3, 5 kV/cm, n = 30 pulses) and manual pressing at room temperature. The juices were compared with untreated control juices of the same mash and with a juice after pectolytic mash treatment. Relative to the control samples, juice yield increased with increasing field intensities. The overall composition as described by pH, total soluble solids, total acidity, density, contents of sugar, malic acid and pectin, respectively, as well as the nutritive value with respect to polyphenol contents and antioxidant capacities (TEAC, FRAP, DPPH) of the PEF-treated apple juices did not significantly differ from the controls.Industrial relevanceThis paper addresses the composition of apple juice after mash treatment applying pulsed electric fields and maceration enzymes, respectively. Since substantial equivalence of products derived from novel technologies, such as PEF, relative to their conventionally produced counterparts is required according to European food law, this aspect is of great relevance, especially for commercialisation of fruit juices based on PEF technology. Furthermore, the nutritional value of juices produced at different pulsed electric field activities is of relevance for their marketing.