V型坡口多层多道焊焊道几何参数预测

中厚板V型坡口多层多道焊焊接过程中,每一条焊道的几何参数都会影响最终焊缝成形质量。为了评估V型坡口多层多道焊缝成形质量,提出了基于麻雀搜索算法(SSA)优化的BP神经网络模型预测焊道几何参数。文中通过实验分析各焊接工艺参数对焊道成形几何尺寸的影响,确定了以焊接电流、焊接速度、熔池宽度作为模型的输入,将能表征焊道质量的焊道高度和焊道计算高度作为模型的输出。对优化前后BP神经网络预测模型的性能进行对比,结果表明,优化后模型预测结果的相对误差分别保持在±4%、±8%以内,模型的稳定性、准确率都有较大提升,证明了该方法可有效预测V型坡口焊接时的焊道几何参数。     

基于模糊自适应PID焊缝轨迹跟踪的机器人焊接前瞻控制方法

研究了机器人焊接的控制.针对当前传统焊接工业机器人通常仅按照示教点进行既定轨迹运动,不能适应小批量多品种的柔性与智能生产线的问题,将工业相机、图像处理技术与智能机器人相结合,提取出焊缝轨迹发送给机器人,同时为提高机器人焊接过程中的轨迹跟踪精度问题,提出了一种基于模糊自适应PID焊缝轨迹跟踪的前瞻控制方法.在工程大型薄壁结构件的焊接过程中,该方法将视觉检测与识别用于焊缝轨迹跟踪,以提高焊接机器人的作业精度.最后通过实验,验证了该方法具有良好的自适应性和控制精度,能够实现前瞻偏差补偿控制.     

焊接顺序对管状大厚度V形接头焊接残余应力场的影响

在工业级大型结构中,大厚度钢的应用越来越广泛,由于结构的复杂性,组件间不可避免地需要熔化焊连接;对于大厚度结构,通常采用多层多道焊,而多层多道焊的焊接工艺选择不合理或多焊缝间的焊接顺序选择不当时,会造成焊接结构的局部区域残余应力过大或焊接的残余变形过大,影响结构的服役时间.为了得到管状大厚度V形接头焊接最优工艺方案和残余应力分布规律,本研究利用非线性有限元软件Marc从多层焊焊接顺序的角度,对管状大厚度V形接头焊接残余应力场的影响进行了有限元数值分析,并通过实际测试结果进行验证.分析结果表明:在多层焊的过程中,采用对称焊接的方法得到的焊接残余应力最小;对于管状环形焊缝,内侧焊缝在焊接路径上的残余应力值大于外侧焊缝.     

多层多道焊温度和热应力场对角变形影响分析

为探究Q235中厚板多层多道焊温度与热应力耦合场作用下对工件角变形的影响,利用有限元软件COMSOL对中厚板多层多道焊温度和热应力耦合场进行分析.通过建立中厚板多层多道焊温度与热应力耦合场模型,对工件不同方向温度场、热应力场的变化以及工件最终角变形情况进行模拟,并将模拟结果与相同工艺条件下焊接试验结果进行比较验证.结果表明：仿真分析结果与焊接实验结果具有较好的重合度;温度和热应力耦合场主要作用于工件的横向和纵向,对厚度方向的角变形影响较小.这为后续多层多道焊接角变形问题的进一步研究奠定了基础.     

贯穿件环焊缝多道焊温度场数值模拟

以贯穿件构件为研究对象,运用ANSYS有限元分析软件,建立了其环焊缝多道焊温度场的有限元模型,采用双椭球热源模型,应用生死单元技术,利用ANSYS软件的APDL语言编写程序,实现了热源在环焊缝上的移动加载,模拟得到了贯穿件环焊缝多道焊焊接过程的瞬态温度场及各点的焊接热循环曲线.结果表明:模拟得到的温度场结果符合实际情况.多道焊温度场模拟方法能准确计算出其温度场,为以后研究贯穿件焊接过程的残余应力场数值模拟提供了依据.     

厚板高强钢激光填丝多层焊接头特征及断裂机制研究

本文在11CrNi3MnMoV低合金高强钢激光填丝多层焊工艺优化的基础上利用电子万能试验机、HVS-5维氏硬度计、扫描电子显微镜和能谱分析仪等对焊缝接头进行了力学性能测试,并重点对断裂机制进行了分析.结果发现:激光填丝焊接头的HAZ很窄,约为1 mm.焊缝平均硬度值高出母材30%左右;顶层焊道硬度高于内层焊道;最高硬度值出现在熔合区附近;接头断裂机制为韧窝断裂;能谱分析发现韧窝中第二相粒子成分主要由母材和焊缝的合金元素决定.焊缝金属与母材界面处存在一层Fe、Mn等合金元素的氧化物,其导致侧壁未熔合,这是接头断裂的主要原因.     

6061-T6铝合金中厚板-节点套多层多道焊数值模拟

为研究铝合金中厚板-节点套接头在多层多道焊后的残余应力和变形分布,本文基于ABAQUS软件建立了该接头三维有限元模型,采用双椭球热源、生死单元法以及顺序耦合法,对6061-T6铝合金中厚板-节点套多层多道焊进行数值模拟,并分析了接头的温度场,以及在夹具约束下的焊接残余应力及变形的分布情况。研究结果表明:数值模拟与实际接头的熔池形状吻合度较高;摆动焊接过程中温度曲线呈多峰结构;焊件的升温速率明显大于冷却速率,且冷却速率随时间逐渐减小;焊接残余应力主要集中在焊缝及夹具区域,且小于6061-T6铝合金在室温下的屈服强度;接头的最大横向残余应力为129.9 MPa,中厚板上的横向残余应力大于节点套上的横向残余应力;接头的最大纵向残余应力为132.9 MPa,沿焊接方向,焊缝处的纵向残余应力呈山峰状分布;该接头在Y轴方向上的变形最大,为1.494 mm,该接头的最终变形结果为上凸变形。     

基于二次滤波的对接焊缝路径识别

当前视觉传感器广泛应用于焊接机器人的轨迹规划。针对焊接图像噪声干扰引起的焊缝路径提取精度差的问题,本文提出了一种基于二次滤波的方法实现焊缝的路径识别。通过对采集的焊接图像依次进行灰度处理,滤波处理,边缘提取和填充,将焊缝特征通过二值图像体现出来。同时,为了去除二值图像上噪声的干扰,再次进行滤波处理,并通过灰度重心法提取整张图像上的焊缝坐标。最后,在对接焊缝上验证了本方法识别焊缝路径的平均误差在1像素以内,满足工业的要求。     

基于焊接路径节点提取的对接焊缝路径规划方法

当前,焊接机器人大都采用离线编程和示教再现的方式进行路径规划,存在着焊缝定位复杂度高和灵活性差等问题。为了提高路径规划效率和焊接自动化程度,本文提出了一种基于焊接路径节点提取的对接焊缝路径规划的方法。首先通过视觉传感器获得焊接图像,经滤波去噪和阈值分割将焊接图像中的焊缝特征提取出来,进一步通过灰度重心法提取焊缝坐标点并进行直线拟合,将相邻的拟合直线交点作为焊缝的节点输出,完成焊接路径的轨迹规划。最后在对接锯齿形焊缝上进行实验,验证了本文方法的可行性。     

Incoloy 800H/20g复合板材料焊接技术探讨

研究Incoloy 800H/20g复合板焊接工艺,以解决以镍基合金复合板材为主体的设备在焊接过程中易产生裂纹、气孔及成分偏析等问题.焊接实验选择H1Cr16Ni21作为过渡填充金属,采用惰性气体保护焊和手工电弧焊2种形式焊接.实验结果表明,选择H1Cr16Ni21作为过渡填充金属,采用小电流、多道次焊接工艺,可得到质量良好的焊缝,焊缝宽度、焊缝余高、咬边及焊接错边均符合JB4730-94标准要求;力学性能优于20g耐热钢,焊缝成分与Incoloy800H接近.成功地解决了成分差异较大的2种材料焊接时易出现裂纹和气孔的问题.     

Magnetic assembly of high-density DNA arrays for genomic analyses

A method for rapidly assembling high-density DNA arrays with near-perfect order is described. Photolithography is used to generate a wafer-scale array of microwells in a layer of photoresist on a chemically functionalized glass coverslip. The array is enclosed within a microfluidic device, and a suspension of superparamagnetic microbeads conjugated to DNA molecules is introduced into the chamber. A permanent magnet is used to direct the rapid assembly of the beads into the wells, with each well containing a single bead. These beads are immobilized on the glass surface via affinity binding, and excess beads can be recycled or washed away. Nonspecifically bound beads are removed by dissolving the photoresist. The result is a high-density array of beads with virtually no background. This method can be used to produce protein arrays for chip-based assays and DNA arrays for genotyping or genome sequencing.     

爆炸驱动多层球形破片初速场分析

为准确计算多层球形破片在爆炸驱动下的初速场,通过对装药结构的等效分析,基于Gurney假定和相邻层颗粒之间力和力的波动量等概率传递假定,忽略排列方式引起的孔隙率变化,应用动量和能量守恒建立了破片初速场的理论计算模型。该模型反映了炸药参数和破片的密度、层数和直径等因素对破片初速的影响;针对典型的爆炸驱动前向多层破片模型,用LS-DYNA3D非线性有限元程序对多层钨球破片的爆炸驱动过程进行数值模拟,开展了相关验证试验并分析了理论计算值与试验误差产生的原因,分析讨论了不同球形破片直径和不同破片层数下破片初速的变化情况。结果表明:理论计算值与数值模拟及试验结果吻合较好;随着相同直径破片层数的增大,破片初速减小,相邻层间破片的速度差值更大;层数相同时,随着破片直径的减小,破片初速增大,但相邻层数破片的速度差值更小。     

Equilibration-based preconcentrating minicolumn sensors for trace level monitoring of radionuclides and metal ions in water without consumable reagents

A sensor technique is described that captures analyte species on a preconcentrating minicolumn containing a selective solid-phase sorbent. In this approach, the sample is pumped through the column until the sorbent phase is fully equilibrated with the sample concentration, and the exit concentration equals the inlet concentration. On-column detection of the captured analytes using radiometric and spectroscopic methods is demonstrated. In trace level detection applications, this sensor provides a steady-state signal that is proportional to sample analyte concentration and is reversible. The method is demonstrated for the detection of Tc-99 using anion-exchange beads mixed with scintillating beads and light detection, Sr-90 using SuperLig 620 beads mixed with scintillating beads and light detection; and hexavalent chromium detection using anion-exchange beads with spectroscopic detection. Theory has been developed to describe the signal at equilibration and to describe analyte uptake as a function of volume and concentration, using parameters and concepts from frontal chromatography. It is shown that experimental sensor behavior closely matches theoretical predictions and that effective sensors can be prepared using low plate number columns. This sensor modality has many desirable characteristics for in situ sensors for trace level contaminant long-term monitoring where the use of consumable reagents for sensor regeneration would be undesirable. Initial experiments in groundwater matrixes demonstrated the detection of Tc-99 at drinking water level standards (activity of 0.033 Bq/mL) and detection of hexavalent chromium to levels below drinking water standards of 50 ppb.     

Bead Compacts. I. Effect of Compression on Maintenance of Polymer Coat Integrity in Multilayered Bead Formulations

Abstract

Little information is available on the comparability of beads for oral sustained-release dosage forms. It is known that polymer-coated beads may fuse together to produce a non-disintegrating controlled-release matrix tablet when compressed. This study evaluates the effect of compression on beads with multiple layers of polymer and drug coat, and the effect of cushioning excipients and compaction pressure on drug release from compressed bead formulations. The multilayered beads consist of several alternating layers of acetaminophen (APAP) and polymer coats (Aquacoat®) with an outer layer of mannitol as a cushioning excipient. Percent drug release versus time profiles showed that the release of drug decreases from noncompacted beads as the amount and number of coatings increases, with only 43% of drug released in 24 hr for coated beads with 10 layers. It was shown that the compacted multilayered beads will disintegrate in gastrointestinal fluids, providing a useful drug release pattern. It was shown that beads of drug prepared by any method can be spray-layered with excipients such as Avicel and mannitol. Spray-layering of the cushioning excipient onto beads can provide an effective way to circumvent segregation issues associated with mixing of the polymer-coated beads and powdered or spherical/nonspherical cushioning excipients. Spray layering of the cushioning excipient can also provide excellent flow properties of the final formulation as visually observed in our experiments. Triple-layered caplets (TLC) were also prepared with outer layers of Avicel PH-101 or polyethylene oxide (PEO), and a center layer of polymer-coated beads. For TLC, the polymer coating on the beads fractured, and nondisintegrating matrix formulations were obtained with both caplet formulations.     

Acceleration of microwave-assisted enzymatic digestion reactions by magnetite beads

In this study, we demonstrated that microwave-assisted enzymatic digestion could be greatly accelerated by multifunctional magnetite beads. The acceleration of microwave-assisted enzymatic digestion by the presence of the magnetite beads was attributable to several features of the beads. Their capacity to absorb microwave radiation leads to rapid heating of the beads. Furthermore, their negatively charged functionalities cause adsorption of proteins with opposite charges onto their surfaces by electrostatic interactions, leading to a concentration on the surfaces of the beads of proteins present in trace amounts in the solution. The adsorbed proteins are denatured and hence rendered vulnerable to enzymatic digestion and are digested on the beads. For microwave heating, 30 s was sufficient for carrying out the tryptic digestion of cytochrome c, in the presence of magnetite beads, while 1 min was adequate for tryptic digestion of myoglobin. The digestion products were characterized by MALDI-MS. This rapid enzymatic digestion allowed the entire time for identification of proteins to be greatly reduced. Furthermore, specific proteins present in trace quantities were enriched from the sample on the magnetite beads and could be rapidly isolated from the sample by employing an external magnetic field. These multiple roles of magnetite beads, as the absorber for microwave irradiation, the concentrating probe, and the agent for unfolding proteins, contributed to their capability of accelerating microwave-assisted enzymatic digestion. We also demonstrated that trypsin immobilized magnetite beads were suitable for use in microwave-assisted enzymatic digestion.     

Erosion behavior and failure mechanism of Ti/TiAlN multilayer coatings eroded by silica sand and glass beads

Severe erosion by hard particles is a crucial problem to engine blades when aircraft take off and land in harsh environments,especially for the developed lightweight titanium alloy components.Here,we deposited the Ti/TiAlN multilayer coatings with various cycles on Ti-6Al-4V substrates by a home-made hybrid multisource cathodic arc system.The effects of the silica sand and glass beads on erosion behavior of the coatings were focused.Results showed that the Ti/TiAlN multilayer coatings eroded by the silica sand exhibited the predominant "layer by layer" failure mechanism.In particular,increasing the number of cycles led to the dramatic increase in erosion rate for Ti/TiAlN multilayer coatings,due to the deterio-ration of their mechanical properties.Different from the silica sand case,however,the erosion rate of the coatings treated by glass beads indicated faint dependence upon the number of cycles,where the coating failure was dominated by the "piece by piece" failure mechanism.Noted that the Ti layers along with the formed interfaces enhanced the erosion resistance of the coatings,although the failure mechanisms were differently eroded by silica sand and glass beads.Meanwhile,the Ti layers and interfaces hindered the propagation of radial cracks and restrained the lateral cracks within one single TiAlN layer.     

A renewable electrochemical magnetic immunosensor based on gold nanoparticle labels

A particle-based renewable electrochemical magnetic immunosensor was developed by using magnetic beads and gold nanoparticle labels. Anti-IgG antibody-modified magnetic beads were attached to a renewable carbon paste transducer surface by magnet that was fixed inside the sensor. Gold nanoparticle labels were capsulated to the surface of magnetic beads by sandwich immunoassay. Highly sensitive electrochemical stripping analysis offers a simple and fast method to quantify the capatured gold nanoparticle tracers and avoid the use of an enzyme label and substrate. The stripping signal of gold nanoparticles is related to the concentration of target IgG in the sample solution. A transmission electron microscopy image shows that the gold nanoparticles were successfully capsulated to the surface of magnetic beads through sandwich immunoreaction events. The parameters of immunoassay, including the loading of magnetic beads, the amount of gold nanoparticle conjugate, and the immunoreaction time, were optimized. The detection limit of 0.02 microg ml(-1) of IgG was obtained under optimum experimental conditions. Such particle-based electrochemical magnetic immunosensors could be readily used for simultaneous parallel detection of multiple proteins by using multiple inorganic metal nanoparticle tracers and are expected to open new opportunities for disease diagnostics and biosecurity.     

Requirements for modeling of a snowdrift

In an experiment of a model snowdrift formed behind each of two model snow fences, which are the same in shape but different in size, the independence of the wind speed ratio between them from their length ratio was observed. This phenomenon can be explained not by the Froude number, but by the effect of wakes behind an obstruction and movement characteristics of snow particles. The wind speed ratio and the duration of a storm in which the model snowdrifts of glass beads and activated clay particles become similar to each other, were examined. It follows from the result that the friction speed ratio is equal to the ratio of the threshold friction speed of both model snow particles, and the ratio of storm duration can be calculated by comparing the volume of both model snowdrifts. This result suggests strongly that the same relationships hold between the model and the prototype snowdrift.     

Monitoring thin films of the fence post design and its advantages for narrow bandpass filters

A fence post design, when viewed on a plot of index of refraction versus film thickness, has thin (usually of equal thickness) high-index posts that stand above a broad low-index ground. Monitoring fence post and related posthole designs offers error compensation and error reduction. There tend to be two or more extrema within the optical monitoring trace of each layer between the fence posts that aid in the calibration and control of film thickness. This also leads to a potentially improved control during deposition of narrow bandpass filters that have been designed with nonquarterwaves at the passband wavelength.     

Doxorubicin eluting beads − 1: Effects of drug loading on bead characteristics and drug distribution

DC Bead^TM is a FDA cleared embolisation device for the treatment of hypervascular tumours and arteriovenous malformations. This product is currently evaluated in a number of centres in Europe as an embolic device for transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE). The beads consist of poly(vinyl alcohol) microspheres modified with sulfonic acid groups and are available at different size ranges varying from 100 to 900 μm in diameter. The beads were shown to actively sequester doxorubicin hydrochloride (dox) from solution in a time dependent upon the dose of the drug and size of the beads. Drug uptake was by an ion-exchange mechanism, and in the absence of other ions in solution, the beads could load a maximum of around 40 mg dox/mL hydrated beads, with >99% of drug being sequestered from the solution. A loading of 25 mg dox/mL beads was recommended as providing a practical therapeutic dose and optimum handling characteristics. There was a decrease in equilibrium water content of the beads with increasing dox loading, which resulted in a decrease in the average diameter of the beads and an increase in the compressive modulus. The deliverability properties, however, were not affected after drug loading. Using a variety of microscopic methods, the drug was shown to be distributed throughout the bead structure, but concentrated in the outer 20 μm surface layer, a feature related to the method of synthesis. This study characterises the properties of DC Bead loaded with dox with respect to important characteristics in embolisation and demonstrates the potential of this drug device combination for the treatment of hypervascular tumours such as hepatocellular carcinoma.