低温堆上空腔失水事故模拟实验研究

叙述了位于低温堆上空腔位置的中小尺寸管道破裂引起的小破口失水事故研究。在核供热堆热工水力学实验系统ＨＲＴＬ－５上，对停堆后堆内有剩余功率的上空腔小破口失水事故进行了模拟实验，分析了小破口失水事故发生后，系统运行重要参数的变化，给出了上空腔小破口失水事故对低温安全性的影响。     

DVI管小破口失水事故实验研究

在模块化小型反应堆非能动安全系统综合模拟实验装置上进行了压力容器直接注入（DVI）管小破口失水事故实验,研究了DVI管小破口失水事故过程中的热工水力现象和非能动安全系统运行特性。研究结果表明：模块化小型反应堆DVI管小破口失水事故中,非能动安全系统可对堆芯进行注水,有效导出堆芯衰变热量,保护堆芯安全。     

压水堆冷管段 2% 小破口失水事故实验研究

在高压综合实验装置（ＨＰＩＴＦ）上进行了压水堆冷管段２％小破口失水事故实验（ＮＳＢ－６），破口方向为冷管段底部，破口面积为２％。实验再现了核电厂发生小破口失水事故时的热工水力学现象，实验结果与ＲＥＬＡＰ５／ＭＯＤ２系统分析程序的计算结果作了比较，验证了该程序对小破口失水事故的分析能力。     

AP1000典型事故简要分析

AP1000典型事故包括失去外部电力负荷、失水事故、小破口失水事故、大破口失水事故、失水事故后的长期冷却、主蒸汽管道破裂、弹棒事故。通过对这些典型事故的分析,详细描述了事故的发生过程,讨论了事故后果及其影响。     

PWR冷管段1%小破口失水事故实验研究

在高压综合实验装置（ＨＰＩＴＦ）上进行核电厂反应堆一次系统冷管段小破口失水事故（ＳＢＬＯＣＡ）模拟实验，破口方向为冷管段底部，破口面积为１％（ＮＳＢ－７工况）实验再现了核电厂发生小破口失水事故时的热工水力学现象，实验结果与ＲＥＬＡＰ５／ＭＯＤ２分析程序的计算结果上比较，验证了该程序对小破口失水事故的分析能力。     

4×4燃料组件考验装置小破口失水事故分析

采用ＲＥＬＡＰ５／ＭＯＤ３热工水力瞬态分析程序，对４×４燃料组件考验装置（以下简称考验装置）小破口失水事故进行了分析计算，预计小破口失水事故下堆芯的热工水力行为（选取当量直径为φ４ｍｍ小破口）。分析结果表明：在发生当量直径为φ４ｍｍ的小破口失水事故下，考验装置专设安注系统能确保考验堆芯安全，且不会危及高通量反应堆。     

船用核动力装置小破口失水事故放射性后果分析

建立了小破口失水事故下热工水力分析与放射性源项计算耦合模型,利用研发的反应堆源项放射性计算软件(Nuclear source radioactive compute,NSRC),分别就不同破口尺寸的堆舱放射性泄漏进行了分析和研究,进一步研究了小破口失水事故,冷端安注和热端安注对堆舱放射性影响。结果表明:破口尺寸大小、安全注射位置及破口隔离时间直接影响堆舱放射性泄漏大小。本工作的分析结果为小型船用堆在小破口设计基准事故下,放射性污染后果分析及事故处置提供了依据。     

低温堆上空腔破口失水后期的流动振荡实验研究

在５ＭＷ低温堆的模拟试验台架ＨＴＲＬ－５上对该低温堆上空腔破口失水事故进行了实验研究。重点研究了事故后期的流动振荡现象,揭示了振荡的发展过程和发生机理。经实验研究,给出了小破口失水闪蒸过程中回路内压力、温度、空泡份额、循环流量等重要参数的变化规律,同时表明了小破口失水过程中由于压力下降引起闪蒸产生大量气泡并引起自然循环流量的变化,这些变化又反过来对各参数产生影响,使循环流量的传热情况发生周期性变化     

波动管小破口失水事故实验研究

在模块化小型反应堆非能动安全系统综合模拟实验装置上进行波动管小破口尺寸失水事故实验,研究波动管小破口失水事故过程中的热工水力现象和非能动安全系统运行特性。模块化小型反应堆发生失水事故后,压力平衡管和安注管线内流体的密度差可以驱动堆芯补水箱(CMT)内的冷流体注入反应堆压力容器,压力平衡管裸露后CMT安注流量出现波动;安注箱(ACC)的安注对事故初期的堆芯冷却效果显著;经自动卸压系统卸压后,内置换料水箱(IRWST)可以对堆芯进行持续稳定的安注和冷却。研究结果表明:波动管小破口失水事故中,非能动安注系统可以对堆芯进行有效注水,并带走堆芯衰变热量。     

脉冲堆失水事故计算程序的开发和应用

由于西安脉冲堆的特点，致使国际上通用的瞬时堆芯裸露模型不能使用。中国核动力研究设计院建立了反映西安脉冲堆失水事故机理和过程的真实真芯裸露模型，开发了相应的计算机程序，用于分析和评价西安脉冲堆的安全特性。分析结果表明，真实堆芯裸露模型具有广泛的实用性，可用于计算全部侧面破口和底部破口的失水事故。在破口直径相同的条件下，西安脉冲堆侧面破口失水事故后果比底部破口失水事故严重。在目前的设计条件下，即使发生失水事故，西安脉冲堆也能满足安全准则的要求。     

Analysis of LSC phenomena of ATLAS cold leg SBLOCA tests using MARS-KS code

Loop seal clearing (LSC) is an important phenomenon for the safety of a pressurized water reactor (PWR) during a small-break loss-of-coolant accident (SBLOCA). The investigation on an LSC phenomenon of 4″, 6″, and 8.5″ break cold leg SBLOCAs simulated by Advanced thermal–hydraulic Test Loop for Accident Simulation (ATLAS) is performed using a Multi-dimensional Analysis of Reactor Safety-KINS Standard (MARS-KS) code. The LSC triggers earlier for larger break sizes during tests and calculations. LSCs occur during the simultaneous sudden decrease of steam condensation rate and the sudden increase of the break volumetric flow rate while the core volumetric flow rate increases slowly in calculation. The five phases of an SBLOCA transient are blowdown, pressure plateau, LSC, boil-off, and core-recovery phase, which can be identified by observing the volumetric flow rate and the time-dependent pressure variation. Loop seal refilling (LSR) occurs due to the trivial steam flow rate to the crossover leg inlet in calculation. The sensitivity analysis shows that the combination of countercurrent flow limitation (CCFL) model option for hot leg and steam generator (SG) inlet (Kutateladze, c = 1.36, m = 1), crossover legs (Kutateladze, c = 1, m = 1), and SG U-tubes (Wallis, c = 1, m = 1) provide good prediction of the LSC phenomenon and thermal-hydraulics behaviors in an SBLOCA transient by MARS-KS code calculation.     

基于堆芯模型耦合过渡方法的严重事故模拟机开发研究

采取系统分析程序耦合过渡一体化严重事故（SA）分析程序的方法,对严重事故模拟机的开发进行研究。该方法首先使用系统分析程序计算事故早期响应,当满足耦合条件时,系统程序停止计算,切换至严重事故程序计算模拟事故中晚期。为实现切换时参数平滑过渡,以全范围模拟机常用程序RELAP5和严重事故程序MAAP4为例,主要分析了两程序热工水力模型重叠部分的堆芯区域的物理模型,选择传递了堆芯节点的芯块温度、包壳温度和堆芯功率。基于通用百万千瓦级压水堆小破口失水事故（SBLOCA）模型,使用该方法计算和SA程序单独计算进行对比验证。结果表明,过渡参数的选取是正确的,该系统分析程序耦合过渡SA程序的方法不仅能成功平滑地过渡参数,还保证了后续计算的准确性。      

船用堆小破口失水事故处置的影响因素分析

针对船用堆小破口失水事故处置复杂的特点,利用运行安全分析平台对事故进行了仿真研究,探讨了补水系统、危急冷却系统、二回路设备等对事故处置过程和后果的影响,为运行人员的处理和操作提供了参考,有助于失水事故应急处置规程的制定。     

RELAP5/MOD3.3程序对非能动核电厂小破口失水事故的适用性研究

AP1000核电厂采用非能动堆芯冷却系统来缓解小破口失水事故(SBLOCA),缓解事故的理念是流动冷却。RELAP5/MOD3.3程序适用于传统核电厂SBLOCA研究,对于非能动电厂SBLOCA研究的适用性需重新研究与评估。本工作基于非能动电厂小破口失水事故的分析,结合RELAP5/MOD3.3的结构与模型,对其进行评估和改进。为验证改进后的RELAP5/MOD3.3的适用性,以AP1000小破口失水事故的验证试验台架APEX-1000为模拟对象,分析模拟DBA-02、NRC-05事故工况。分析结果表明,改进后的RELAP5/MOD3.3的计算结果与试验数据符合较好。     

Analysis of Effect of SBLOCA before and behind Isolation Valve of PRHRS on Passive Reactor Core Cooling System

For the test process of small break loss of coolant accident (SBLOCA) of AP type nuclear power plant, there is a more consistent understanding at home and abroad. However, the influence of the same size of the break on the test process and passive core cooling system in different locations still needs further study. In this paper, a large passive core cooling integrated test facility ACME was used to study the break accident test conditions of passive residual heat removal system (PRHRS) before and behind the isolation valve, and the bottom break test of the cold pipe of core makeup tank (CMT) was used as the contrast condition. The test results show that the accident process of PRHRS before and behind the isolation valve is in accordance with the process of SBLOCA, the core is always in a good cooling statement and the safety of passive core cooling system is effectively verified. There is a certain impact on the accident process for the same break size and different break locations, and the location of the break has a key impact on the CMT level and safety injection flow. In contrast, the heat transfer of PRHRS equipment is also quite different. The heat transfer of cold pipe break and break behind the isolation valve is greater than break before the isolation valve, however, the flow and heat transfer mechanism of PRHRS heat exchange tube needs further study.     

PRHRS隔离阀前后破口事故对非能动堆芯冷却系统的影响分析

对于AP型核电站小破口失水事故(SBLOCA)试验进程,国内外有较为一致的认识,但对于相同尺寸破口在不同破口位置对试验进程、非能动堆芯冷却系统的影响仍需进一步研究。本文利用大型非能动堆芯冷却整体试验台架ACME开展了非能动余热排出系统（PRHRS）隔离阀前后破口事故试验工况研究,并以堆芯补水箱（CMT）侧冷管底部破口事故工况作为对比工况。试验结果表明：ACME开展的PRHRS隔离阀前后破口事故模拟工况事故进程符合典型SBLOCA进程,堆芯始终处在良好的冷却状态,非能动堆芯冷却系统的安全性得到有效验证;相同破口尺寸工况下,不同破口位置对事故进程有一定的影响,其中破口位置对CMT液位、安注流量的影响较为关键。对比工况中,PRHRS设备换热量也有较大不同,冷管破口和隔离阀后破口工况较隔离阀前破口工况换热量更大,但PRHRS换热管内部流动换热机理需进一步研究。     

Reliability of Core Exit Thermocouple for Accident Management Action during SBLOCA and Abnormal Transient Tests at ROSA/LSTF

Presented are experimental results on the general performances of core exit thermocouples (CETs) to detect core overheat for accident management (AM) action by using the Large-Scale Test Facility (LSTF) of the ROSA Program of the Japan Atomic Energy Agency. The LSTF is a full-height, full-pressure, and 1/48-volumetric-scaled model of a 4-loop pressurized water reactor (PWR). This study was motivated by a significant delay in the time and temperature rise of the CETs from core heat-up during a vessel top head small break loss-of-coolant accident (SBLOCA) test. A certain delay in time and temperature rise of the CETs was also observed in various SBLOCA and abnormal transient tests. Such CET performances are derived from thirteen LSTF tests as follows: (1) general CET performances are obtained in the form of equations including cases under limited influences of water fall-back from hot legs, (2) the major reason for the delay is the interaction of three-dimensional steam flows with low-temperature structures in and around the core and core exit, (3) break location was insignificant except for the PV top and bottom break cases, and (4) CET superheat is suitable for AM instead of the temperature value for significantly high or low pressure transients. The applicability of the results to PWR is discussed further.