离轴抛物面反射式红外平行光管设计

文章阐述了一种由离轴抛物面反射镜和平面反射镜组成的红外平行光管,然后从两个方面对这种红外平行光管进行了详尽的分析.一方面对离轴抛物面反射镜的焦平面成像质量进行了详细的分析,另一方面为了提高平行光管结构设计的合理性,通过ANSYS软件对该平行光管进行了模态分析,为改进平行光管结构提供了理论依据,进而阐述了改进平行光管的方法.     

光电瞄具多光轴平行性检测系统的设计与研究

为了精准地测量光电瞄具多光轴的平行性,采用大口径离轴抛物面反射镜平行光管的多光轴检测方法进行了理论分析,并设计了完整的测量系统(包括光学成像系统、控制系统、图像采集与处理系统)。该系统采用离散余弦变换系数作为评价标准,实现了高精度的自动对焦;采用大口径离轴抛物面反射镜满足不同型号瞄具的测量,实现了可见光、近红外和远红外3种光学系统的光轴平行性的自动检测。结合一种光电瞄具成品进行了实际测试,当光轴之间偏差角为0.04mrad~0.08mrad时,相对误差在13%以内,此范围可认为是系统检测角度的下限。结果表明,该系统减小了人为读数等主观原因造成的误差,通用性强、检测效率高,精度满足需求。     

扰动环境中红外平行光管光路的优化设计

为了降低在振动环境中红外平行光管形变量对检测精度的影响,提高红外平行光管结构设计的合理性,文章应用有限元原理通过ANSYS软件对一种由离轴抛物面反射镜和平面反射镜构成的红外平行光管进行了模态分析,得出系统的固有频率和平行光管壳体的形变量分布,为改进平行光管结构提供了理论依据,进而提出了一种红外平行光管的改进光路,该光路不仅能提高在振动环境下红外平行光管的检测精度,而且能够减少红外平行光管的体积和质量.     

中高轨道空间详查相机光学设计

明确了几种三反和四反结构的性能优劣,进而获得一种性能优良的中高轨空间详查光学系统的设计方案。针对同一种光学设计技术指标,分析了空间详查相机的各项主要参数,利用Zemax光学设计软件设计了同轴三反射镜,一次中间像离轴三反射镜和无中间像离轴三反射镜3种三反光学系统以及同轴四反射镜,无中间像离轴四反射镜和一次中间像离轴四反射镜3种四反光学系统,均满足指标要求。对比了上述系统的优缺点,在综合考虑当前的光学加工、检测、装调的可行性以及高分辨力空间对地成像技术发展先进性的基础上,决定选用有一次中间像的离轴四反射镜光学系统作为最终方案,得到了有效焦距29 m,F数9.7,视场角1°×0.3°,外形尺寸3200 mm×6489 mm×8194 mm的空间详查相机光学系统。对该光学系统的性能进行了模拟和验证,结果表明该光学系统的分辨率、传递函数、像差、畸变等各项性能优异。     

红外离轴系统金属反射镜设计与分析

随着单刃金刚石数控车削技术的不断提高,越来越多的红外系统选用金属作为反射镜材料以提高系统的性价比。同共轴光学系统相比,离轴光学系统的反射镜结构和装调更为复杂,为了深入研究金属反射镜在红外离轴系统中的应用,提出了一种集Kinematic定位和柔性去应力相结合的轻量化金属反射镜结构。首先从金属结构件的加工特点出发,分析了金属反射镜的轻量化形式和安装结构;接着针对某离轴反射系统中口径最大的离轴主镜,按照各设计要素建立了金属反射镜结构模型;最后采用有限元仿真分析方法,在各种工况下,对该主反射镜进行了详细的分析,结果均满足光学设计要求。     

离轴四反射镜光学系统设计

与一般光学系统相比,航空遥感光学系统具有长焦距、大口径、宽波段等特点。因此,广泛使用反射式光学系统。常见的离轴三反系统已不能满足系统小型化、轻量化的要求。介绍了一种无中心遮拦的离轴四反射镜系统,由离轴三反系统改进而成,结构更加紧凑。带一次中间像面的离轴三反系统的中间像位于次镜和三镜之间,为了进一步折叠光路,在中间像面处加入球面反射场镜,从而成为离轴四反。分析了离轴四反的设计步骤,设计了一个焦距为1 200 mm,视场为0.8°×0.8°,相对孔径为F/6的光学系统,系统总长只有300 mm,并达到很好的光学性能,具有长焦距、小尺寸、良好的杂散光抑制能力等特点。     

离轴抛物面镜准直输出辐照度特性

基于离轴抛物面镜的准直光学系统因其无色差、材料易得、工作谱段宽、无中心遮挡等优点被广泛应用于传感系统校准、辐射测量、红外目标模拟器等系统中。为了分析设计的准直系统是否满足实际需求,对准直系统输出的辐照度特性进行了理论分析及仿真研究。基于辐照度传输模型给出了准直系统输出面辐照度分布表达式,并给出了准直光束发散角与抛物面焦距、光源口径及离轴角之间等的定量关系。采用光线追迹方法仿真分析了准直系统在不同光源口径情况下的输出面辐照度分布情况,并对输出辐照度均匀性进行了定量分析。文中所提出的分析方法对提高离轴抛物面镜的准直性和输出辐照度均匀性有重要的意义。     

双通道成像光谱仪共用离轴三反射光学系统的设计

提出了一种双通道共用一个主光学的推帚式高光谱成像仪光学系统,该系统由离轴三反射主光学系统、狭缝、准直镜及分色镜、可见近红外光谱仪后光学和短波红外光谱仪后光学组成,设计中采用双通道共用离轴三反射主光学系统,不仅满足了成像仪大视场、宽谱段的要求,而且提高了系统的光学效率,使系统结构更加紧凑,双通道光谱仪均采用棱镜-全息透射光栅-棱镜分光组件分光,实现了宽光谱分光,提高了衍射效率,系统实现光谱范围覆盖450～2500nm,全视场达23.9°。     

基于TracePro的AOTF中红外光谱仪的优化设计

利用TracePro光学软件对不同焦距的球面反射镜和抛物面反射镜的准直和聚光效果进行仿真计算,结果表明:焦距相同时,球面镜的聚光和准直效果比抛物镜好,但球面镜对光源位置精度要求更高;当光源尺寸为Φ3.5×6mm2时、抛物镜焦距为15mm,光源能量的利用率最高;对同一焦距的抛物镜,当抛物镜深度大于焦距时,深度改变对结果没有影响。利用仿真结果指导光源和准直系统的优化设计,新系统相对原系统光源功率降低75%,准直系统的尺寸缩小一半,实现AOTF中红外光谱仪的光学系统的优化设计。     

大视场离轴三反光学系统设计

与传统折射光学系统相比,离轴反射光学系统具有小体积、轻量化和无色差等特点,因此被广泛应用于望远镜系统和空间观测系统等领域。随着目前自由曲面的广泛应用,首先分析了离轴三反光学系统的初始结构参数确定方法,然后在系统的主反射镜设计中引入Zernike边缘矢高形式的自由曲面,最终设计了一款有效焦距为700 mm,视场角为10°,F/#为4.5,系统总长为597.58 mm的离轴三反光学系统。该系统在71.4 lp/mm处各视场的调制传递函数(MTF)值均大于0.28,畸变均小于0.1%,结果表明,该系统在有效视场内成像质量较好。该系统的设计方法对类似的离轴三反光学系统设计具有一定的参考价值。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.     

New insert layer structure OLEDs

An insert layer structure organic electroluminescent device（OLED） based on a new luminescent material （Zn（salen）） is fabricated. The configuration of the device is ITO/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1. Effective insert electrode layers comprising LiF（1nm）/Al（5 nm） are used as a single semitransparent mirror, and bilayer cathode LiF（1 nm）/A1（100 nm） is used as a reflecting mirror. The two mirrors form a Fabry-Perot microcavity and two emissive units. The maximum brightness and luminous efficiency reach 674 cd/m^2 and 2.652 cd/A, respectively, which are 2.1 and 3.7 times higher than the conventional device, respectively. The superior brightness and luminous efficiency over conventional single-unit devices are attributed to microcavity effect.