Evaluation of residual and cumulative phosphorus effects in contrasted Moroccan calcareous soils

Consideration of factors affecting the availability of applied P in soils could improve P fertilization recommendations. Little information is available on the effects of continuous P fertilizer applications under cropping systems in Morocco. A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the residual and cumulative P effects on three succeeding crops, wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)-corn (Zea maize)-wheat, in contrasting calcareous soils from the arid and semiarid zones of Morocco. The treatments were the amount (0, 3.4, 6.7, or 13.4 mg P kg^-1 soil) and time of application of P. The residual P effects on grain yield, dry-matter production, and total P uptake were significant. In this study, the increase in yields as a function of applied P was explained by the model: Y = a + b*(P_ad)^0.5. The increase rate (constant b in the model) of dry-matter production of corn ranged from 0.56 (soil 10) to 2.89 (soil 11). At the same P fertilizer rate, single applications yielded less grain production than repeated applications. These results showed that if we want to take residual P into consideration in P fertilizer recommendations, the critical soil test P level should be lower than the one normally determined by soil test calibration method. Also, soils with low initial NaHCO₃-P levels had the lowest residual value, inferring that a large portion of added P is fixed in these soils. This study showed that a significant response of corn to residual P would occur in soils with initial NaHCO₃-P test levels less than 6 mg P kg^-1. The response would be inconsistent between 9 and 14 mg P kg^-1, and no response is expected above a soil test P level of 14 mg P kg^-1. In general, soils with more than 14 mg kg^-1 NaHCO₃-P could provide adequate P for maximum yield for three succeeding crops under greenhouse conditions.     

Residual effectiveness of boron fertilizer for oilseed rape in intensively cropped rice-based rotations

Long-term field experiments (3–4 years) were conducted to evaluate the residual effect of boron (B) fertilizer for oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) in an intensive crop rotation including two rice (Oryza sativa) crops per year. Experiments were conducted on four sites where the soil types were sandy, silty and clayey Inceptisols, and an Ultisol, located in the Zhejiang Province, Southeast China. Application of B fertilizer at rates of 1.1, 1.65 and 3.3 kg B/ha in the first year showed a different residual effect on oilseed yield in successive years, but had only small positive effects on the rice grain yield at two sites. The residual effect of 1.1 kg B/ha remained fully effective in correcting B deficiency in oilseed rape for 2 years in the Inceptisols, whereas the residual effect of 1.65 kg B/ha continued to correct B deficiency for at least 3 years in both the Inceptisols and the Ultisol. Foliar application of B fertilizer generally corrected B deficiency for oilseed rape but showed limited residual effect in the following years after application. The decline in residual values of B from a single fertilizer addition was closely related to the soil and leaf B concentration. Soil available B also decreased dramatically with the advance of rotation, but a larger decrease was found at a depth of 20–40-cm for the Inceptisols and the Ultisol. Thus, a more detailed understanding of the B cycling in the system is now needed to optimize management of B fertilizer.     

黄磷生产中磷过滤新工艺的开发及应用效果

结合国内外元素磷分离提纯的生产工艺,提出了中国石化集团南京工程有限公司昆明设计分司自行开发创新的磷过滤新工艺技术,并对其流程和工艺特点进行了阐述。该工艺装置已在黄磷企业成功运行,取得了较好的节能减排效果和经济效益,有广泛的应用前景,对于黄磷生产企业具有一定的参考和借鉴价值。     

Studies on the substitution of inorganic fertilizers with organic manure and their effect on soil fertility in rice—wheat rotation

Field studies on the substitution of N and P fertilizers with farm yard manure (FYM) and their effect on the fertility status of a loamy sand soil in rice—wheat rotation are reported. The treatments consisted of application of 12 t FYM ha^–1 in combination with graded levels of N and P. Application of fertilizer N, FYM and their different combinations increased the rice yield significantly. There was no significant response to P application. The magnitude of response to the application of 12 t FYM and its combined use with each of 40 kg and 80 kg N ha^–1 was 0.7, 2.2 and 3.9 t ha^–1 respectively. Application of 120 kg N ha^–1 alone increased the yield by 3.9 t ha^–1, and was comparable to rice yield obtained with 80 kg N and 12 t FYM ha^–1. This indicated that 12 t FYM ha^–1 could be substituted for 40 kg N as inorganic fertilizer in rice. In addition FYM gave residual effects equivalent to 30 kg N and 13.1 kg P ha^–1 in the succeeding wheat. The effect of single or combined use of inorganic fertilizers and FYM was significantly reflected in the build up of available N, P, K and organic carbon contents of the soil. The relationship for predicting rice yield and nutrients uptake were also computed and are discussed.     

磷矿中磷的测定方法初探

采用“以二甲酚橙为指示剂 ,用硝酸铋标准溶液直接滴定试液中的 PO43 -”的方法来测定磷矿中的磷     

焦炭质量对电炉制磷的影响

介绍了有关焦炭国家标准和理化特性,总结了黄磷生产经验,分析了焦炭比电阻,组份以及粒度等因素对电炉生产的影响。提出必须严把焦炭质量关,称量要准确,炉料混合要匀,严格控制入炉焦炭粒度,使电炉正常生产。     

磷酸酯中结合磷与无机磷的分析测定

将试样在硝酸、硫酸、高氯酸中分解 ,用钒钼酸铵法以 72 1型分光光度计测定阴离子表面活性剂磷酸酯中的无机磷、结合磷的质量。     

磷泥中黄磷的提取方法研究

磷泥是电炉法生产黄磷过程中产生的主要副产物之一,针对磷泥中黄磷回收的方法和研究现状,介绍了水煮法、蒸馏法、电场法、溶剂萃取法、盐酸-硝酸法、纯碱法、氨解法、碳铵-烧碱-双氧水法等,讨论了各种方法的特点,指出存在的问题和今后的研究重点。     

磷石膏中有效磷的测定方法比较

分别用EDTA、中性柠檬酸铵两种萃取剂萃取并测定磷石膏中有效磷含量,通过比较,选择能够完全萃取磷石膏中有效磷的萃取剂——中性柠檬酸铵,用于磷石膏中有效磷的分析测定。     

泥磷中温真空提取黄磷的技术研究

该法可提取泥磷中96. 9%以上的黄磷,提取黄磷的含量可达99. 94%,杂质砷含量仅为0. 00958%,达到国家标准工业黄磷中优等品要求。     

磷和水体富营养化(续前)

２ ３西欧国家自上世纪７０年代以来 ,西欧的一些国家根据各自水体的富营养化状况和经济水平 ,采取了不同的控制含磷洗衣粉的生产和销售政策。其中 ,瑞士、挪威和德国等制定了“禁磷”法规。以德国为例 ,１９７５年实施禁磷措施以来 ,１９８８年无磷洗衣粉的产量占总量的８０ % ,１９９０年上升到９５ %。瑞典、法国、英国、丹麦和西班牙等国则没有颁布“禁磷”条例。结果表明 ,“禁磷”措施对降低生活污水中的磷含量有一定效果［６］。实行“禁磷”的国家中 ,洗衣粉带入地表水中磷所占的比率一般为２ %～３ % ,明显低于非禁磷国家（１４ %…     

Efficiency of P utilization by pigeonpea and wheat grown in a rotation

Field experiments were conducted for three years to investigate the effect of direct, residual and cumulative P application on the grain yield, P removal and P use efficiency of pigeonpea and wheat grown in rotation. Four levels of P, i.e. 0, 13, 26, and 39 kg P ha^-1 were applied to either pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L., cv. AL 15) or wheat (Triticum aestivum, cv. WL 711) or to both crops. Maximum increase in wheat grain yield ranged from 1.5 to 1.9 t ha^-1 and in pigeonpea from 0.28 to 0.36 t ha^-1. On average, the grain yield of pigeonpea was 8–15% higher in the residual P treatment than by direct application. In wheat, cumulative P application (to both crops) resulted in highest grain yield, but it did not differ significantly from the direct effect. However, the residual effect of P (applied to previous pigeonpea) on wheat proved to be significantly inferior to direct application. Percent recovery of P from applied fertilizer decreased with P level. Total recovery in the complete rotation was higher where P was directly applied to wheat compared to pigeonpea. The P use efficiency was also highest in the treatment comprising direct application to wheat. Pigeonpea could utilize the residual P more efficiently, indicating that fresh application to this crop can be omitted without any reduction in yield.     

黄磷氧化制五氧化二磷危险性分析与预防

黄磷氧化制五氧化二磷属危险化学品生产,生产过程中可能发生火灾、中毒和灼伤等生产事故。运用预先危险性分析法(PHA)对五氧化二磷生产过程的潜在危险性进行辨识,并对主要危险、有害因素进行分级、分类。根据辨识与分析结果,提出相应的措施,以提高企业安全生产管理水平,预防事故的发生。     

制磷生产中焦丁用量及其粒径与电炉操作的关系

重点讨论了入炉焦丁用量及其粒径与磷矿中Ｐ２Ｏ５ 含量及焦丁中固定碳含量之间的关系以及对制磷电炉操作所造成的影响程度。     

浅析多电极制磷电炉设计运行与现状

简要介绍了国内外黄磷工业技术的发展过程与现状,通过对制磷电炉熔池合理性的研究分析,介绍了三相多电极制磷电炉电极布置的型式、运行和考核情况及需要重视的问题,指出多电极制磷电炉是当前我国扩大黄磷生产规模被采用的主要炉型,在增大电炉容量、降低消耗、节能减排等方面效果明显.     

与黄磷生产装置有关的制磷电炉规模问题探析

针对我国的磷矿资源分布、经济发展、交通与能源结构等实际情况,探讨了黄磷生产的电炉电耗、原材料消耗和产品质量及水电资源的合理利用,认为制磷企业根据当地资源情况配置多台制磷电炉是适宜的。     

Residual value of superphosphate for wheat and lupin grain production on a uniform yellow sandplain soil

In a field experiment on a sandplain soil in a low rainfall (326 mm per annum) Mediterranean environment of south-western Australia, the effectiveness of superphosphate applied in 1986 was measured in three subsequent years relative to freshly-applied superphosphate each year, using grain (seed) yields of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and lupins (Lupinus angustifolius). The wheat and lupins were grown in rotation and both crops were grown each year starting in 1986. Bicarbonate-soluble phosphorus was determined on soil samples taken in mid June from where the P treatment was applied in 1986 only. These soil test values were related to the grain yields produced that year.For each level of superphosphate applied in 1986, soil test values decreased with increasing time from application. The relationship between grain yield and soil test values had the same general form within each year for both plant species, but varied between years.For both species, the effectiveness of superphosphate decreased by about 70–80% between the year of application and the first and second years after application, and by a further approximate 10% in the third year. The relationship between grain yield and the level of superphosphate applied became sigmoidal by 1989.     

三氯化磷生产装置的技术改造及运行总结

介绍了三氯化磷产品的运行状况.采用黄磷与氯气直接氯化法生产三氯化磷,对不合理工艺过程进行技术改造,总结了日常生产的控制措施.     

MES系统在磷化工中的应用

运用专业化的制造执行系统(MES)将生产调度系统、DCS和PLC、瓮福集团局域网、物质备件计划K3系统、财务及办公自动化系统等孤岛信息,建立信息综合管理平台.系统投运后,企业生产管理的效率进一步提高.