高温时效过程中SnAgCu钎焊接头显微组织的演化规律

研究了215℃时效过程中Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu无铅钎料焊点内部及与Cu基板界面处显微组织的演化规律.结果表明:试样在时效过程中的放置方式对显微组织的变化会产生重要影响.当钎料焊点处于Cu基板的上方时,215℃时效后显微组织的变化与以往170℃时效后显微组织的变化相似,即界面处金属间化合物层的厚度会随着时效时间的延长而逐渐增加.然而,当钎料焊点处于Cu基板的下方时,215℃时效后钎料焊点内部及界面处的显微组织发生了显著的变化,伴随着Cu基板的溶解在钎料焊点表面形成了大量的体积较大的金属间化合物Cu6Sn5.     

电流作用下Cu/Sn-15Bi/Cu焊点的组织演变

对Cu/Sn-15Bi/Cu焊点在150℃下的电迁移组织演变进行了研究. 结果表明,焊点阳极侧出现了近共晶相的偏聚,近共晶相厚度随电迁移时间的延长而逐渐增加;受“电子风”力的影响,钎料中Cu6Sn5金属间化合物逐渐向阳极侧偏聚,此外,由于阴极侧Cu6Sn5界面金属间化合物的脱落,钎料中的Cu6Sn5金属间化合物体积分数逐渐增加;焊点阴极侧界面金属间化合物厚度随电迁移时间延长逐渐增加,阳极侧界面金属间化合物厚度随电迁移时间延长先增加,后降低,当电迁移时间超过5 h后,界面金属间化合物厚度迅速增加.     

回流温度对Cu/Sn58Bi-0.06Sm/Cu微焊点组织和性能的影响

采用回流焊工艺制备Cu/Sn58Bi-0.06Sm/Cu微焊点,研究不同的回流温度(200、220、240℃)对焊点的微观组织、力学性能和时效性能的影响。试验结果表明:随着回流温度的升高,钎料中富Bi相逐渐粗化且含量增多,焊点界面金属间化合物IMC层厚度逐步增大,钎料合金的显微硬度下降,界面IMC的硬度却提高,抗拉强度也降低。高温时效加速了钎缝界面两端Cu和Sn的相互扩散,加速了IMC层厚度的增长,且回流温度越高,时效后抗拉强度下降越明显。     

时效对Sn-Zn无铅钎料焊点可靠性的影响

采用扫描电子显微镜及STR-1000微焊点强度仪器,研究了Sn-9Zn-0.06Nd/Cu钎焊接头在150℃时效过程中界面组织形貌和力学性能的变化.结果表明,Sn-9Zn-0.06Nd/Cu接头焊接后的界面生成了较为平坦的金属间化合物层Cu5Zn8,随着时效时间的增加,金属间化合物层不断增厚.经过时效处理,钎料中的稀土元素Nd向界面富集并在界面附近生成了Nd3Sn相,同时微焊点的拉伸力不断减小,当时效720 h后,焊点的拉伸力下降了近50%.时效后焊点断裂方式由韧性断裂向脆性断裂转变.     

时效时间对Cu/In-Sn-2.5Ag/Cu焊点组织形貌及剪切性能的影响

研究了Cu/In-Sn-2.5Ag/Cu复合钎料焊点在125 ℃时效不同时间后的微观组织和剪切性能。结果表明:随着时效时间的延长,Cu/In-Sn-2.5Ag/Cu焊点界面金属间化合物(IMCs)层厚度呈现增加的趋势,焊点界面IMCs层组织先生成Cu₆(In, Sn)₅相,同时焊点中生成少量的Ag₉In₄相,随着时效时间的延长,钎料与Cu原子进一步反应生成Cu₃(In, Sn),部分Ag₉In₄转变为Ag₃In。当时效时间为168 h,形成全IMCs焊点。焊点剪切强度随时效时间延长呈现先增大后减小的趋势,时效时间为120 h时剪切强度最大,达到15.38 MPa。     

Sn-Ag-Cu钎料焊接显微组织演化和性能研究

利用DSC、微焊点强度测试仪、SEM、EDS及XRD,研究了Sn0.3Ag0.7Cu、Sn1.0Ag0.5Cu和Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu钎料的熔化特性、润湿性、力学性能、显微组织及相种类。通过TL-1000型高低温循环试验箱测试了-55~125℃循环条件下Sn-Ag-Cu焊点的界面层变化。结果表明,随着Ag含量的增加,钎料的熔点变化不大,钎料的润湿角显著降低,N2氛围条件下,3种钎料的润湿性均出现明显的提高。此外,3种焊点的力学性能也随着Ag含量的增加显著提高。Sn0.3Ag0.7Cu、Sn1.0Ag0.5Cu焊点的基体组织存在着少量的Ag3Sn和大颗粒Cu6Sn5化合物,且分布杂乱,Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu焊点的基体组织则相对较为均匀,这也是Sn0.3Ag0.7Cu、Sn1.0Ag0.5Cu焊点的力学性能低于Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu的主要原因。对焊点进行热循环处理,发现3种焊点界面金属间化合物的厚度明显增加,界面层的形貌也由原来扇贝状向层状转化。     

La对Sn-Ag-Cu无铅钎料与铜钎焊接头金属间化合物的影响

研究微量稀土La在钎焊和时效过程中对Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu无铅钎料与铜基板的钎焊界面及钎料内部金属间化合物(IMC)的形成与生长行为的影响.结果表明:钎焊后钎焊界面形成连续的扇形Cu6Sn5化合物层,其厚度随La含量的增加而减小;在150℃时效100h后,连续的Cu3Sn化合物层在Cu6Sn5化合物层和铜基板之间析出,且Cu6Sn5层里嵌有Ag3Sn颗粒;界面金属间化合物总厚度随时效时间的延长而增厚,且在相同时效条件下随La含量的增加而减小;时效过程中金属间化合物生长动力学的时间系数(n)随着La含量的增加逐渐增大;钎焊后钎料内部Ag仍以共晶形式存在,时效后Ag3Sn颗粒沿钎料内部的共晶组织网络析出.     

Bi对Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu/Cu无铅钎焊接头剪切强度的影响

研究了Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu-xBi(x=0,1,3)/Cu钎焊接头在140和195 ℃时效过程中的剪切强度变化.结果表明:随着时效时间的增加,界面金属间化合物(IMC)层的厚度逐渐增加; 140 ℃时效时,Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu接头的剪切强度随时效时间延长变化不大, Bi元素的添加提高了钎焊接头的剪切强度; 195 ℃时效时,钎焊接头剪切强度均随时效时间延长而下降,Bi元素的添加对接头剪切强度的影响不明显.剪切断口分析表明:随着界面化合物层厚度的增加,断裂机制逐渐由韧性断裂变为脆性断裂,较高剪切强度对应于钎料基体的韧性断裂,而低剪切强度对应于钎料与界面化合物层之间的脆性断裂.     

BGA结构Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu/Cu焊点低温回流时界面反应和IMC生长行为

采用差示扫描量热法将焊点的熔化行为表征与焊点回流焊工艺相结合,研究了球栅阵列（BGA）结构单界面Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu/Cu微焊点在钎料熔化温度附近等温时效形成局部熔化焊点时的界面反应及界面金属间化合物（IMC）的生长行为.结果表明,在钎料熔点217℃时效时,焊点中钎料基体仅发生界面局部熔化;而在稍高于熔点的218℃时效时,焊点钎料基体中全部共晶相和部分-Sn相发生熔化,且Cu基底层的消耗量显著增大,绝大部分Cu基底直接溶蚀进入钎料基体并导致界面IMC净生长厚度相对217℃时效时减小;等温时效温度升高至230℃时,焊点中钎料基体全部熔化,界面IMC厚度达到最大值.界面IMC的生长动力学研究结果表明,界面Cu₆Sn₅和Cu₃Sn层的生长分别受晶界扩散和体积扩散控制,但界面IMC层的晶界凹槽、晶粒粗化和溶蚀等因素对其生长行为也有明显影响.     

Ti90及其优化合金的组织与力学性能研究

研究了钎焊与时效过程中,在Sn0.7Ag0.5Cu(SAC0705)钎料与Cu基板和石墨烯Cu基板界面处金属间化合物(IMC)的形成与演变。采用加热平台制备焊接试样并在120℃时效600h。结果表明,界面金属间化合物在时效过程中增厚。SAC0705/Cu和SAC0705/G-Cu 2种焊接界面金属间化合物均为Cu6Sn5。当钎料中添加Ni元素后,Cu6Sn5化合物转变为(Cu,Ni)6Sn5。随着钎料中Ni元素含量的增大,2种基板上的界面金属间化合物厚度先增加后减小。此外,随着Ni含量增大,化合物生长速率降低。石墨烯Cu基板表面的石墨烯层起到扩散阻挡层效果,因此,石墨烯Cu板上的化合物厚度小于常规Cu基板,同时其界面化合物生长速率较低。     

Structural, mechanical and corrosion properties of TiOxNy/ZrOxNy multilayer coatings

Results on the deposition and characterization of TiO_xN_y/ZrO_xN_y multilayers, with bilayer periods of 20 and 400 nm, are presented. The coatings were deposited on TiNiNb alloy substrates by the pulsed magnetron sputtering method. The elemental composition, hardness, adhesion and corrosion resistance of the coatings were analyzed.As resulted from the XPS analysis, the individual layers consisted of a mixture of titanium or zirconium oxynitrides and corresponding oxides. X-ray analysis revealed that the coatings were amorphous. Only slight differences between the microhardness and adhesion values of the coatings with small and large bilayer period Λ were found. The experiments also showed that the multilayered coatings improved the corrosion resistance of the uncoated alloy and reduced the amount of ion release in artificial body fluids.     

Ag/LaNixCo1-xO3触点材料的制备及电接触性能研究

本文运用溶胶-凝胶燃烧法合成了双钙钛矿型LaNixCo1-xO3(LNCO)纳米材料,利用粉末冶金和热挤压技术制备了相应的Ag/LNCO触点材料及元件样品。重点考察了不同Ni、Co含量对Ag/LNCO触点材料微观结构、物相组成、物理性能、力学性能及电寿命服役能力的影响,对其电弧侵蚀失效行为进行了研究,并与SnO2粉体增强Ag基触点材料进行对比。结果表明:溶胶凝胶法合成的LNCO纳米颗粒粒径为20-30 nm,经粉末冶金工艺制备的Ag/LaNi0.5Co0.5O3触点材料电学性能和电寿命都优于Ag/SnO2触点材料,其电阻率低至2.10 μΩ?cm,电寿命性能达到51287次。表明Ag/LaNi0.5Co0.5O3触点材料性能较佳,是一种可以取代Ag/CdO的新型触点材料。     

MOCVD growth and characterizations of BxAl1−xAs and BxAl1−x−yInyAs alloys

Zinc-blende B_xAl_1−xAs and B_xAl_1−x−yIn_yAs alloys have been grown on exactly oriented (0 0 1)GaAs substrates by low pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (LP-MOCVD). The influence of susceptor coating, growth temperature and gas-phase boron mole fraction on boron incorporation into AlAs has been comprehensively investigated. It has been found that boron incorporation into AlAs could be enhanced and the optimal growth temperature range of B_xAl_1−xAs alloys changed from 580 °C to 610 °C when SiC-coated graphite susceptors were replaced by the non-coated ones. In this study, the maximum boron composition x of 2.8% was achieved for the pseudomorphically strained B_xAl_1−xAs alloys. AFM measurements show that RMS roughness of B_xAl_1−xAs alloys increased sharply with the increase of gas-phase boron mole fraction. Raman spectra of B_xAl_1−xAs alloys show a linear increase of the BAs shift with boron composition x. Based on BAlAs deposition, bulk B_xAl_1−x−yIn_yAs (x = 1.9%) quaternary alloy was grown lattice-matched to GaAs successfully. Moreover, 10-period BAlAs/GaAs and BAlInAs/GaAs MQW heterostructures were also demonstrated.     

High strength and good ductility of casting Al-Cu alloy modified by PrxOy and LaxOy

A modified Al-Cu alloy with high tensile strength and ductility of about 574.0 MPa and 10.4%, respectively, was obtained by adding multiple rare earth oxides (Pr_xO_y and La_xO_y) as modifier. Compared with the unmodified Al-Cu alloy, the tensile strength and ductility of the modified sample were increased by 24.3% and 42.5%, respectively. The improvement both in the strength and ductility may attribute to the finer crystal grains and dendrites, more homogeneously distributed θ′ phase precipitates and the intermetallic compounds formed at the crystal grain boundaries as well as in the space of the dendrites.     

生物医用NiTi形状记忆合金腐蚀研究进展

镍钛形状记忆合金(NiTi-SMA)具有较好的耐腐蚀和机械性能,在口腔和临床医学中有着大量而广泛的应用。NiTi-SMA腐蚀后释放Ni²⁺会引发细胞毒性和过敏反应,进一步提高NiTi-SMA的耐蚀性是目前生物医学材料领域发展的核心之一。本文对近年来国内外有关口腔医学和临床医学中常用NiTi-SMA的腐蚀研究现状进行了总结,同时也对NiTi-SMA增材制造及表面改性技术进行了评述,以期为开发高性能抗腐蚀生物医用NiTi-SMA提供一定的指导意义。     

Hydrothermal synthesis of superconductors Ba1−xKxBiO3 and double perovskites Ba1−xKxBi1−yNayO3

Superconductors Ba_1−xK_xBiO₃ and body-centered double perovskites Ba_1−xK_xBi_1−yNa_yO₃ have been selectively synthesized by a facile hydrothermal route. The appropriate ratio and adding sequence of initial reagents, alkalinity, reaction temperature and time are the critical factors that influence the crystal growth of the compounds. The purity and homogeneity of the crystals were detected by the ICP, SEM, EDX and TEM studies. Magnetic measurements show that the superconducting transition temperatures T_C of Ba_1−xK_xBiO₃ decrease from 22 K (for x = 0.35) to 8 K (for x = 0.55) with increasing the K doping level.     

CAD／CAE／CAM／PDM应用分析

分析了CAD／CAE／CAMP／PDM的作用和关系,介绍了常用CAD／CAE／CAMPDM软件及选型方法,为企业建立和应用CAD／CAE／CAM／PDM提供了依据。     

Li掺杂Ba(Ti1/7Sn1/7Zr1/7Hf1/7Nb1/7Ga1/7Li(1/7-x))O3高熵陶瓷的制备及介电性能研究

近年来,在高熵合金基础上发展起来的高熵陶瓷逐渐引起了研究者的广泛关注,其出现为开发高性能的无机非金属材料提供了新的设计思路。本文采用固相法制备了BaMO3基钙钛矿型高熵陶瓷Ba(Ti1/7Sn1/7Zr1/7Hf1/7Nb1/7Ga1/7Li(1/7-x))O3 (x = 0, 2.3%, 5.3%, 8.3%, 11.3%),并研究了Li含量对高熵陶瓷物相结构、微观形貌及介电性能的影响。结果表明,Li含量对陶瓷结构的影响不大,陶瓷均保持立方钙钛矿结构,且无杂相产生;陶瓷的晶粒尺寸相对较均匀。当x = 0时,即B位七元等摩尔比Ba(Ti1/7Sn1/7Zr1/7Hf1/7Nb1/7Ga1/7Li1/7)O3高熵陶瓷,其介电常数达到了最大值2920 (@100 Hz),相较于已报道的不掺Li的六元高熵钙钛矿陶瓷Ba(Ti1/6Sn1/6Zr1/6Hf1/6Nb1/6Ga1/6)O3提升了近50倍。     

Thermoelectric properties of Sn1−x−yTiySbxO2 ceramics

Thermoelectric properties of Sn_1−x−yTi_y Sb_xO₂ ceramics were investigated in detail. The addition of Sb into SnO₂ matrix increased the electric conductivity, σ. The increase in the σ value should be caused by the increase in the carrier concentration. The Seebeck coefficients of all the samples were negative, which means that these samples have n-type conduction. The samples of this study have porous structure. The maximum Z value of all the samples measured in this study was 2.4 × 10⁻⁵ K⁻¹.     

铸造CAD／CAE／ES／PDM／ERP一体化及集成技术研究

详细阐述了支持铸造工艺设计、工艺优化、工艺信息管理、企业管理的系统研究与应用特点,在此基础上提出了基于PDM平台的铸造CAD／CAE／ES／PDM／ERP一体化框架体系,在华铸实验室现有软件体系（华铸CAE／CAD／PDM／ERP）及应用的基础上,设计与实现了一体化系统关键点及其集成技术。最后,以若干实际案例来证明本研究一体化系统的实用性。